SK The 5th force

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THE FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

Particle Accelerators
The search for the nature of momentum and force had been yielding no results even into
the twentieth century when science and technology began again to progress forward by
leaps and bounds. The concepts about force had also undergone serious changes mainly
due to the advanced research into the microscopic world with the aid of more and more
powerful accelerators.
CMS acceleratorChicago's Tevatron particle accelerator

The Four Fundamental
Forces
One of the most popular theories
accepted by the current
mainstream scientific community
is that all the fundamental forces
can be classified into four
categories:
(i) The Strong;
(ii) The weak;
(iii) Electromagnetic; and
(iv) Gravitation.
GRAVITATION
WEAK
In radiation process
STRONG
Binding nucleii
ELECTROMAGNETIC
Binding atoms

Strong force Week force
Gravitation Electricity Magnetism
The Four Fundamental Forces

Same charge Act on each other
These forces work like magic. All of them attract or repel other objects across
space in vacuums, with no transport mechanism whatsoever in between.
Magnetic charge
Gravitational charge
Electrical charge
Strong
Weak

WEAK
ELECTROMAGNETIC
STRONG
GRAVITATION
ELECTROWEAK
FORCE
Evolution of Forces
Scientists also hold the belief that all the four forces were of the same
origin in the beginning of the universe. In the course of time, the original
force evolved, the various force emerged and became independent.
UNIFIED FORCE
BIG BANG

The Scale of Strengths
These forces are shown here
in the order of strength. The
difference among them is in
fact much greater by the
factor of trillions. Here they
are represented roughly by
their relative strength.
STRONG
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WEAK
GRAVITATION

Relative Strength of the Forces
In numerical terms, their strength may be represented as follows. We take the strong force as
unity, then the other forces are weaker by the exponential numbers as -2, -8, and -45. One
can see that gravitational force is utterly and absolutely out of class.
1. Strong (nuclear) force (1)
The force that holds nuclei together.
2. Electromagnetic force (10-2)
Interaction among electrically and magnetically charged particles.
3. Weak force (10-8)
Responsible for certain nuclear decays and reactions.
4. Gravitational force (10-45)
Interaction between masses (all particles) familiar to us as weight.

PARTICLE EXCHANGE
Forces by

Force by Particle Exchange
In the 1930’s, Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) and Ettore Majorana (1906-1938) in
postulated that the force between particles is due to the exchange of force carrying
particles. For example the electromagnetic force is produced by the exchange of
photons between electrons.
Positive Positron Mediating Photon Negative Electron

Electromagnetic
e
e
e
Photon
Gluon
W Boson
StrongWeak
Interactions due to particle exchange
in Feyman’s diagrams
Gravitation – Higgs bosons (not shown here)
Electromagnetism – Photon
Weak – W-Bosons
Strong – Gluons
e
𝑝𝑝
𝑛𝑛
𝑒𝑒
𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

Passing Ball as Analogy
The mechanism of particle exchange may be compared to a basketball
exchange between two players on frictionless ground wearing skates. As the
second player catches the ball, he will recoil and moves away from the first
player. When he returns the ball to the first player, she will move away on
her turn. The actions carry on until both are pushed far apart.
Moves back upon
receiving the ball
Moves back upon
throwing the ball

No Analogy for Particles
The basketball scenario is, of course, a very crude analogy since it can only explain repulsive
forces and gives no clue for example of how exchanging particles can result in attractive
forces. However it is a good example of contact force which the physicists may have
overlooked. What the basketball represents is actually the mechanical momentum which is
not included in the basic forces. This momentum exchanges could be viewed as momentum
changing hosts.
Momentum

Momentum Particles
It is my postulate that momentum in classical mechanics exists in the form
of particles. They are transmitted from one object to another like little bees.
That is to say, these bees are the particles that mediated the mechanical
forces.
Momentum bees

The Momentum Particles
- Phonons
So finally, the true body of
momentum has surfaced. It is the
phonons that have been there all
along, unnoticed by any scientists
in the past.
Phonons are wave-particles most
familiar to solid state physicists. If
asked, they would present you
with hundreds of documents and
books written on it. So it is not a
hard subject to follow.
Let us see what it will unveil to us
in the coming sections.

PHONON
The Quasi-Particle

Igor Tamm & the Phonon
The idea of phonons was
introduced in 1932 by the
Russian physicist Igor Tamm
(1895-1971).
The phonon was not a real
particle but was fabricated
as a concept which
facilitated many treatment of
heat and sound in solids. The
virtual particle became a
great and successful idea
used by all scientists in solid
state physics.

Importance of Phonons
Phonons play a major roles in
deciphering many of the physical
properties of solids. They are
responsible for the electrical
conductivity and thermal property
of the condensed matter.
Interactions between phonons and
electrons are thought to be
responsible for such phenomena
as superconductivity.
The importance of phonons in
matter is equivalent to the
importance of photons in free
space.

The real Nature of Phonon Overlooked
Little did Igor and his follower scientists know that this phonon concept is actually one of
the greatest discoveries in the history of physics. Its usefulness has led people to
concentrate on the practicality ONLY and not on its real nature. In solid state physics,
phonons are only regarded as quasi-particles, that is, it is not in the same rank of real
particles.

Characteristics of Phonons
1. Phonons carry momenta.
2. Phonons do not play any part in altering the internal structure of any hosting body.
3. According to current studies, phonons do not have a rest mass so that the overall
mass change in the particle or in collisions is negligible.
4. Phonons can travel from one object to another.
5. The transfer of phonon from one place to another is so fast that the motion is not
measurable in conventional collision experiment.

Fulfilment of Newton’s Work
With these characteristics recognized,
all the pictures about motion come
fitting together. It is a simple matter to
replace all momentum terms by
phonons.
In Newton’s time, the concept of
particles mediating forces was not yet
available. So his concepts about motion
could not extend beyond force and
momentum. We cannot blame Newton
for not providing something more solid
than force and momentum.
Now it seems settled. All we need to do
is to confirm the existence of the
phonon particle. In doing so, we may
be able to put a smile on Newton’s face
which was hardly seen in his life.
That is what I have been
looking for!

The Culmination
This is exciting. Since the time of Aristotle, it has been an
epoch of over two thousand five hundred years of
speculating, philosophising, and calculating until now. The
elusive particle is finally found in its full glory. The phonon is
not only the crown jewel of modern science, it is also the
carrier of momentum, the cause of motion, the origin of
almost all particle motions in the universe – provided, of
course, we can prove it.

THE 5TH FORCE
Postulate 06

The 5th Fundamental Force.
Mechanical force is not a new force. The concept has been in existence for thousands of
years in the form of force, impetus, inertia, and momentum. But due to the strength of
Newton’s theories and the popularity of the theory of Four fundamental forces, it has been
laid under heavy cover unnoticed by current scientists. Mechanical force is not included as a
fundamental force because its true nature was never discovered. Einstein has come up with a
new concept to explain forces by space-time, making it difficult for the entry to become one
of the fundamental forces.

Postulate 06
Now, besides the existing system of four forces, we have one more item – the mechanical
force. The Eskade approach proposes that it is well qualified to be one because:
1. The effects of mechanical force is a result of particle exchange. Mechanical force is
that kind of force mediated by a mediating particle – the phonon.
2. Mechanical force is applicable to any scale – from particles to massive objects in the
cosmos. So it is fundamental as well as universal.
Thus the postulate is:
Mechanical force is the fifth fundamental force.

APPENDIX
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (1895 –1971)
was a Soviet physicist who received the
1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya
Frank, for their 1934 discovery of
Cherenkov radiation. Wikipedia.

Phonon Data
• Phonon symbol 𝛿𝛿 (delta → delton)
• Mass 𝑚𝑚 This is the rest mass or average mass .
• Velocity 𝑣𝑣 Velocity inside matter.
• Photum (momentum) 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 The average momentum.
• Frequency 𝑓𝑓 The original frequency as the photon.
• Angular frequency ⍵ Internal rotation or spin [5}.
• Wave Number 𝜅𝜅 With velocity 𝑣𝑣 and not 𝑐𝑐.
• Energy 𝐸𝐸 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 = ℏ⍵=𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐2
The original photon energy.

PHONON REPRESENTATION
The Art of

From Angels to Particles
In the past, we had been representing momentum by angels or cherubs. Now scientists
use balls to stand for phonon particles. Angels and cherubs are religious or mythical,
suitable only when the concept of impetus or momentum were introduced. Balls are not
what the phonons may look like, especially when they can perform so many functions.

Representation by Bees or Butterflies
According to conventional theories, phonons can vibrate, carry out wavy motions, attract
and repulse, perform heat and sound functions so on and so forth. These duties are
beyond what simple balls can perform. So we think that bees and butterflies are still the
best alternative before the true forms of the phonons are identified. To have more fun,
we can use the images of fairies to show the versatilities of these little particles.

References
• Igor Tamm. Chernenko, Gennady (19 October 2004). biographical encyclopedia
peoples.ru. Retrieved 7 September 2009. From Wikipedia.
• Electroweak & Strong Interactions. Florian Scheck. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
1996, 2012.
• EM Interactions & Hadronic Structure. Frank Close, Sandy Donnachie, Graham Shaw.
Cambridge University Press. 2007.
• The Four Forces. Mattson Rosenbaum. Mind-Blowing Physics (internet) 2012.
• Introduction to Solid State Physics. Charles Kittel. 8th Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 2005.
• The Fifth Force. www.new-physics.com. 2015

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