Perspectives of Scientifc Publishing

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Perspectives of
Scientific Publishing
Prof. Dr. Alexander Grossmann
HTWK Leipzig &
ScienceOpen
25th European Students‘ Conference
Berlin, September 17, 2014
Perspectives of Scientific Publishing
Alexander Grossmann

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© imagewell10 - Fotolia.com
Perspectives of Scientific Publishing Alexander Grossmann

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Scientific Publishing: Present Status
Problems:
slow and time-consuming
anonymous referees
possible editorial bias
high rejection rates
expensive subscription pricing
…
Alexander Grossmann

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Scientific Publishing: Present Status

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Questions:
how does scholarly publishing work today?
how to determine the relevance of research?
what is the future of scholarly publishing?
Perspectives of scientific publishing?
Alexander Grossmann

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Questions:
Alexander Grossmann

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Scientific Publishing: Present Workflow
Period of time?
Alexander Grossmann

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Period of time:
some months
rather than a few
weeks …
Alexander Grossmann

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Scientists
= authors
= readers
= reviewers
Peer Review
Alexander Grossmann

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Scientific Publishing: Business models
Scientists
$$$
2: Open Access:
Author pays article
charge(APC)
1: Subscription:
Library subscribes
journal
$$$
Alexander Grossmann

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Scientific Publishing: Pricing of journals
Development of average subscription pricing for journals
1980–2002 in STM and HSS disciplines
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2002
USD
1.500
1.000
500
100
Alexander Grossmann

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Scientific Publishing: Pricing of journals
Development of average subscription pricing for journals
1980–2002 in STM and HSS disciplines
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2002
USD
1.500
1.000
500
100
„Serial Crisis“
Alexander Grossmann

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Scientific Publishing: Open Access APCs‘ pricing
Open Access article charges (APC) 2012/13
Quelle: Wellcome Trust
Alexander Grossmann

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Scientific Publishing: Open Access APCs‘ pricing
Open Access article charges (APC) 2012/13
Quelle: Wellcome Trust
APCs up to 7.000 € per article – too expensive yet?
Alexander Grossmann

© Gina Sanders - Fotolia.com
© Gina Sanders
Credited by Fotolia

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Questions:
Alexander Grossmann

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Questions:
Alexander Grossmann

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Impact-Faktor vs. Artikel-Metrik

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Impact Factor vs. Article Level Metrics
How can we determine the „impact“ of research?
Not everything
that can be counted counts,
and not everything
that counts can be counted.
Albert Einstein

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„Your article X has been accepted for publication in journal Y
which has an impact factor of Z.“

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Methods to determine the journal rank
Impact Factor (IF)
Question to the audience:
Who knows how to calculate the IF?
Prof. Dr. Perspectives of Scientific Publishing Alexander Grossmann

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Impact Factor (IF): How is it calculated?
of
citations articles
in 2013 of 2011 and 2012
IF = 5 means:
Articles of a specific journal which were published in 2011/12
have been cited 5 times
at average in that journal or elsewhere in 2013
Perspectives of Scientific Publishing Prof. Dr. Alexander Grossmann

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„Your article X has been accepted for publication in journal Y
which has an impact factor of Z.“
= Measuring an impact via the journal rank
Is this a useful metrics?

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Impact Factor (IF)
Problems:
„One of the other major problems is that journals now live and
die by impact factor.
It’s become a holy grail for publication, and it’s being used in
ways it was never intended for.”
Randy Schekman
Nobel Price in Medicine 2013

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Impact Factor (IF)
Problems:
Not comparable: average IF differs significantly in different
scientific disciplines
Influencable: Journals editors could influence an IF of a
journal by means of topic, author or article type selection
Relevance: an journal IF makes no statement about the
relevance of the research which has been published in an
individual article

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Impact Factor (IF)
Problems:
No absolute metrics for relevance:
For example Nature: only 25% of all articles published in
2005/6 contributed 89% to the IF in 2007

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Scientific Publishing: Citation frequencies

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Perspectives of Scientific Publishing No „automatic“ visibility and citation by high IF

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Impact Factor (IF)
Problems:
Limited: Useful only in the scientific,
technical, and medical areas (STM) –
what about the Humanities and
Social Sciences (HSS)?

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Impact Factor (IF)
Problems:
Limited: Useful only in the scientific,
technical, and medical areas (STM) –
what about the Humanities and
Social Sciences (HSS)?
Are there more useful metrics?

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Examples for more useful metrics to determine the
relevance of scientific research:
Number of citations of an article
(citations = publications, links, social mentions)
Usage (downloads)
Statement of scientific peers
(reviewer, editorial board members, bloggers)
Feedback of the research community
(comments, ratings, open PPPR)

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Examples for more useful metrics to determine the
relevance of scientific research:
Number of citations of an article
(citations = publications, links, social mentions)
Usage (downloads)
Statement of scientific peers
(reviewer, editorial board members, bloggers)
Feedback of the research community
(comments, ratings, open PPPR)
= Alternative article level metrics (Altmetrics)

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Wissenschaftliches Publizieren: Neue Initiativen
Unterscheidungsmerkmale
OA-Journals (einzelne Disziplinen)

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Questions:
Alexander Grossmann

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Questions:
Alexander Grossmann

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Scientific Publishing: Alternatives?
?
Scientists
= authors
= readers
= reviewer
?
Peer Review
? ?

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Scientific Publishing: Future ideas?
Open Access only
enables universities, research institutes and
researchers to
maximize the reach of their research
make publicly funded research
accessible to all
speed up innovation
Alexander Grossmann

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Scholarly communication
use the power of professional networks
let the scholarly community comment and
evaluate scientific results
Alexander Grossmann

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Post-Publication Peer-Review
publish research results immediately
online only
fully transparent process
peer-review after publication
credits for reviewers (DOI, full profile)
author has option to revise article
Alexander Grossmann

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WWiisssseennsscchhaaffttlleerr
= Autoren
= Leser
= Gutachter
?
Begutachtung
(Peer Review) ?
? ?
Wie könnte ein
Publikationsmodell
aussehen, dass die
Community selbst
organisiert?
© creativeA lseoxaunld -erF Gortooslsima.acnonm

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Scientific Publishing: New initiatives (selection)

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Scientific Publishing: New initiatives (selection)
Year of launch:
1991 2000 2005 2008 2010 2012 2014

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Scientific Publishing: New initiatives
Criteria to differentiate:
Directories (Linking lists)
Repositories or preprint servers
OA journals (individual discipline)
Journal database („megajournal“)
Network

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Directories (Linking lists)

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Repositories or preprint servers

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Preprint server
launched in 1991
more than 940,000 papers (June 2014)
7,500 new submissions per months actually

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Preprint server
launched in 1991
more than 940,000 papers (June 2014)
7,500 new submissions per months actually
Disciplines: physics, mathematics, statistics
versioning is possible
No Document Object Identifer (DOI); No Impact Factor (IF)
No peer-reviewing or commenting
Preprints are usually published in a tradional journal
subsequently
Business model: funded by Cornell University (USA)

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OA journals (individual disciplines)

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launched in 2007
open access only
40 individual journals in specific disciplines
more than 20,000 articles published
Disciplines: STM
Peer-reviewing: yes, closed, but reviewers‘ identity will be
disclosed finally
Commenting option after publication
Impact Factor: yes
Article level metrics: yes
Business model: APC up to USD 2,000

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Journals database („megajournals“)

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Journal-Datenbank („Mega-Journal“)

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launched in 2002 (F1000Prime) and
2012 (F1000Research)
Open access only
„megajournal“
Disciplines: Medicine und life sciences
Peer-reviewing: yes, open after publication
Reviewers are suggested either by author or editor
= Post-Publication Peer Review (PPPR)
Impact Factor: no
Article level metrics: no
Business model: APC from USD 250 up to 1,000

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Networks

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Networks
What is ScienceOpen?
Short video introduction: http://goo.gl/Esru2a

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launched in 2013/14
open access only (CC-BY)
network
all disciplines in STM, SSH
Peer-Reviewing: yes, open after publication
Reviews: volontary (if qualified in a specfic area of expertise)
= Open Post-Publication Peer Review (open PPPR)
= Public Post-Publication Peer Review (4PR)
Rating or commenting of articles: yes
Impact Factor: no
Business model: APC of USD 800 (articles); USD 120 (posters)

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launched in 2013/14
open access only (CC-BY)
network
all disciplines in STM, SSH
Peer-Reviewing: yes, open after publication
Reviews: volontary (if qualified in a specfic area of expertise)
= Open Post-Publication Peer Review (open PPPR)
= Public Post-Publication Peer Review (4PR)
Short video introduction: http://youtu.be/5d6jzIT0Fzk
Rating or commenting of articles: yes
Impact Factor: no

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Scientific Publishing: the ScienceOpen network

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Idea
Collaborate
All comments in
one space
Evaluate
Transparent, fair
Post-publication
Community-based
Communicate
Share
Promote – Twitter,
Mendely, etc.
groups
Publish
Fast – DOI after
Editorial check
Professional
Flexible
All disciplines, all
article types
Alexander Grossmann

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Alexander Grossmann

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Workspace offers space and tools for
informal scientific communication
sharing and discuss new results in groups
drafting your next manuscript

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Publishes (all with a DOI)
original articles
topical reviews
negative reports
case studies
posters
reviewers‘ reports

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Services functionalities
immediately citeable via DOI
updating of articles and versioning
(with a unique DOI each)
copyediting and language polishing
altmetrics
commeting function
PPPR

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seit 2013/14
Open Access
„Mega-Journal“
Gebiete: Alle Disziplinen in STM, SSH
Peer-Review-Verfahren: ja, offen nach
Veröffentlichung
Gutachten: freiwillig (wenn im Gebiet qualifiziert)
= Open Post-Publication Peer Review
Impact Factor: nein
Artikel-Metrik:
Alexander Grossmann

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Questions:
Alexander Grossmann

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Questions:
Alexander Grossmann

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Scientific Publishing: Perspectives
Having analysed the new initiatives and projects:
Which current trends can we observe in summary?

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Traditional Publishing Current Trends
journals = content containers
for specific discipline
IF does not provide information
about relevance of research
no data available
limiting article type to
original or „new“ research
static publication
closed peer-review
anonymous reviewers
no credits for reviewer
no interaction between
authors and readers
content is paywalled
library pays for
journal subscriptions

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journals = content containers interdisciplinary database
for specific discipline = „megajournal“
IF does not provide information article level metrics
no data available open data
limiting article type to open to reproduction papers
original or „new“ research and negative results studies
static publication „living“ document; versioning
closed peer-review open evaluation;
anonymous reviewers post-publication peer-review
no credits for reviewer acknowledgement of reviews
no interaction between (open) communication and
authors and readers active feedback
content is paywalled open access (OA)
library pays for APCs paid by governmental
journal subscriptions or institutional funding partners

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journals = content containers interdisciplinary database
for specific discipline = „megajournal“
IF does not provide information article level metrics
no data available open data
limiting article type to open to reproduction papers
original or „new“ research and negative results studies
static publication „living“ document; versioning
closed peer-review open evaluation;
anonymous reviewers post-publication peer-review
no credits for reviewer acknowledgement of reviews
no interaction between (open) communication and
authors and readers active feedback
content is paywalled open access (OA)
library pays for APCs paid by governmental
journal subscriptions or institutional funding partners
authors prefer prestigous and authors prefer prestigous and
highly ranked journals to publish highly ranked journals to publish

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Thank you for your attention!
Alexander.Grossmann@scienceopen.com
youtube.com/user/ScienceOpen
facebook.com/pages/scienceopencom/151202981751490
@Science_Open and @ SciPubLab
ScienceOpen Roundtable Meeting:
Wednesday, September 24 7pm
Schliemannstr. 10, B-Prenzlauer Berg
Anmeldung bitte per Mail

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