This document provides an overview of edible vaccines. It discusses how edible vaccines are produced by introducing genes encoding vaccine antigens into edible plants using transformation methods. The document outlines various plant species used for edible vaccines like tomatoes, rice, maize, potatoes, and tobacco. It discusses factors affecting the efficacy of edible vaccines and provides examples of edible vaccine research for diseases like malaria, measles, hepatitis B, norovirus, and Alzheimer's disease. The conclusion states that edible vaccines could improve vaccination programs in developing countries by reducing costs and need for cold storage.

1. E
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LET THY FOOD BE THY MEDICINE
Presentation by,
Mr. Srinivas R. Bhairy
M.Pharmacy (F.Y)
Roll No. PH02
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
VES College of pharmacy,
chembur
Guidance
Dr. Rajashree S. Hirlekar
M.Pharm, PhD
Dept of Pharmaceutics
VES College of pharmacy,
chembur

2. Introduction to vaccines
Introduction to edible vaccines
Steps in the production of plant-derived vaccine antigens
Methods for transformation of DNA/gene into plants
Candidates for edible vaccines
Consideration factors/ factors affecting efficacy of edible vaccines
Regulatory aspects / issues
Applications of edible vaccines
Some patents of edible vaccines
Future aspects
Case study
Conclusion
References

4. A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves
immunity to a particular disease.
It contains an agent that resembles a disease-
causing microorganism and is often made from
weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins
or one of its surface proteins.
The process of distributing and administrating
vaccines is referred to as vaccination. Vaccination is
a form of immunization.

5. Continued…..
Routes of administration, including oral, nasal,
intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and intradermal
(ID).
Immunization science of prophylaxis.
 in studied that inoculation of
cowpox virus prevents small pox in human.
VACCINES
PROPHYLACTIC
(e.g. to prevent the effects of
a future infection by any
natural or "wild" pathogen)
THERAPEUTIC
(e.g. vaccines against
cancer )

7. Developed by Arntzen in the 1990s.
Introduce genes of interest into plants (Transformation)
Genes expressed in the plant tissues edible parts
(Transgenic plants)
Genes encode putatively protective vaccine antigens
from viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens that cause
disease in humans and animals
Ingestion of the edible part of the transgenic plant
(Oral delivery of vaccine)

8. EDIBLE
VACCINES
Nontoxic or
Nonpathogenic
very low levels of
side effects
Not cause
problems in
individuals with
impaired
immune systemLong lasting humoral
and cellular immunities
Vaccination
should be
Simple
Not
contaminate
the
Environment
Should be
effective in
affordable

9. Dependence on cold chain system, store and
transport the vaccine under strict controlled
conditions.
Risk of adverse reactions
Restricted production
Painful needle procedure

10. Cheap
Mass-production
Can be ingested
The need to process
and purify does not
arise
Extensive storage
Trigger the
immunity at the
mucosal surfaces ,
Which is the body’s
first line of defense
The difficulty in
providing a
standard dose
Contaminate the
food supply with
antigens or weedy
relatives
Ideal plant with
expression of stable
gene is difficult task
ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

15. Selected DNA sequences are precipitated onto metal
(e.g. Gold, tungsten) micro-particles
Bombarded against the vegetable tissue with a particle gun
at an accelerated speed
Micro-particles penetrate the walls and release the
exogenous DNA inside the cell where it will be integrated in
the nuclear genome
Produce large number of genetically identical crop

16. CPMV (Cowpea mosaic virus), alfalfa mosaic virus, TMV (Tobacco mosaic
virus), CaMV (Cauliflower mosaic virus), potato virus and tomato bushy
stunt virus.

17. Introduction of DNA into cells by exposing them for
brief period to high voltage electrical pulse which is
thought to induce transient pores in the plasma
lemma.
The cell wall presents an effective barrier to DNA.
Therefore, it has to be weakened by mild enzymatic
treatment so as to allow the entry of DNA into cell
cytoplasm.

19. Easily transformation
Stored for long period without
refrigeration
No Cooking
2-3 years to mature&12 months to bear
fruit
Spoils rapidly after ripening
Contains very little protein
Grow quickly
High content of vitamin A may boost
immune response
Heat-stable
Do not need special facilities for storage
and transportation.
They taste good.
Spoils easily
TOMATO

20. Commonly used in baby food low allergenic
potential
High expression of proteins
Vaccine does not dissolve when exposed to
stomach acids.
Less risk of contaminating than normal crop
Grows slowly
specialized glasshouse conditions
cheaper
not need to be refrigerated
need cooking to use
take a time to reach
RICE
MAIZE

21. Dominated clinical trials
Easily transformed
Stored for long period without
refrigeration
Cooking of the potatoes does not
always destroy the full
complement of an antigen
Need cooking
Good model for evaluating
recombinant proteins.
Easy purification of antibodies
stored in the seeds
Large harvests, number of
times/year
Produces high level of toxic alkaloids
POTATO
TOBACCO

22. Lettuce
Fast-growing But, Spoils readily
Wheat
Large number of seeds help in increased
harvest. but, Need cooking
Carrot
Rich in β carotein, production of Insulin

23. FACTORS
AFFECTING
EDIBLE
VACCINES
Antigen selection (Safe, suitable, Stable)
Efficacy in model systems (small qty)
Choice of plant species (Suitable, easy
grown, storage, cost)
Delivery and dosing issues
Safety issues (allergic & toxic potential)
Public perceptions and attitudes
to genetic modification
Quality control and licensing (consistent)

24. It has to be decided whether edible vaccines would be
shall be required for the
or or .
Transgenes may spread by pollen, sucking insects, transfer
to soil microbes during plant wounding or breakdown of
roots and may
usually restrict clinical trials from
directly assessing protection in humans.

26. 1. MALARIA
Three antigens are currently being investigated
for the development of a plant-based malaria
vaccine
Wang et al have demonstrated
that oral immunization of mice with
recombinant MSP 4, MSP 4/5 and MSP1, co-
administered with CTB as a mucosal adjuvant,
induced antibody responses effective against
blood-stage parasite.
2. MEASLES
Mice fed with tobacco expressing MV-H (measles
virus haemagglutinin from Edmonston strain) could
attain antibody titers five times the level considered
protective for humans and they also demonstrated
secretory IgA in their faeces.
Carrot, banana and rice are the potential candidates

27. 3. HEPATITIS B
potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported
The amount of HBsAg needed for one dose could be
achieved in a single potato.
Levels of specific antibodies significantly exceeded the
protective level of 10 mIU/mL in humans..
4. STOPPING AUTOIMMUNITY
The transgenic potato and tobacco plants
when fed to nonobese diabetic mice
showed increased levels of IgG, an antibody
associated with cytokines that suppress
harmful immune response.

28. 5. CHOLERA
plants were transformed with the gene
encoding B subunit of the E. coli heat
liable enterotoxin (LT-B). Transgenic
potatoes expressing LT-B were found to
induce both serum and secretory
antibodies when fed to mice; these
antibodies were protective in bacterial
toxin assay in vitro. This is the first
“proof of concept” for the edible vaccine.
6. ETEC
11 volunteers were fed raw transgenic potatoes expressing LT-
B. Ten (91%) of these individuals
and six (55%) developed a
.(Tacket et al., 1998).

29. 7. NORWALK VIRUS
people with
showed seroconversionn
(tacket et al., 1998).
Other applications of edible vaccines under research are:-
8. HIV
9. STDs
10.Anthrax
11.Bovine pneumonia pasteurellosis

30. S. No. Patent holder Claim
01 Prodigene Recombinant antigen production and transfer to plants cells using
plasmid vector system; Vaccine produced in genetically engineered
plants for hepatitis and transmissible gastroenteritis virus
02 Found Advan Mil Med
(USA)
Antibacterial vaccine expressed in plant cells, particularly useful
against shigellosis
03 Ribozyme-Pharm Nucleic acid vaccine used to treat or prevent viral infections in
plants, animals or bacteria
04 Rubicon-Lab Retrovirus expressed in animal or plant cells useful as virus and
cancer vaccine
05 Applied Phytologics Gene constructs for disease resistance, vaccine production in rice,
barley, wheat, corn
06 Biosource (now Large
Scale Biology)
Plant viral vector with potential as anti-AIDS vaccine; recombinant
proteins for use in vaccines to protect against parasitic infection, eg
malaria
07 University of Yale Vaccine against invertebrates (insects, arachnids, helminthes, etc)
08 University of Texas Hepatitis B virus core antigen recombinant vaccine
09 Biocem; Rhone-
Merieux
Rabies vaccine in transgenic plants
10 Institute Pasteur Attenuated E coli vaccine for use in gene therapy

31. The future of edible vaccines depends on following factors:
of genetically modified plants
of transgenic varieties
Proper segregation of transgenic plants and
n and
of transgenes as production of allergens.

33. Transgenic Rice Expressing Amyloid β-peptide for Oral Immunization
Various vaccine therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been
investigated. Here, transgenic rice expressing amyloid β-peptide (Aβ).
The Aβ42 gene fused with a green fluorescent protein gene was
introduced into rice using the Agrobacterium method. When transgenic
brown rice expressing Aβ was orally administered to mice, serum anti-
Aβ antibody titers were elevated. The were observed
when mice were

34. Western blotting was used to investigate the accumulation of the Aβ-
GFP fusion protein in Aβ transgenic rice. The signal intensity of the
band was compared against the signal intensity of Aβ42 as a control,
and differences were observed among lines. The highest
concentration, 8 μg of Aβ in a single grain of brown rice (400 μg/g
brown rice) was found in samples
Immunogenicity of Aβ rice was assessed by feeding brown Aβ rice to
C57BL/6J mice, from 8 to 11 weeks of age, and assessing serum anti-
Aβ antibody titer by ELISA. At 12 weeks age, we observed a
significant increase in serum anti-Aβ antibody titer in mice fed
boiled Aβ rice; the increase was not signifi-cant in mice fed
uncooked Aβ rice.

35. creating vaccines that might be
particularly useful in
where high cost, transportation and the need
for certain vaccines to be refrigerated, can hamper
effective vaccination programs.
Edible vaccine might be solution to get rid of various
ailments as it has
Edible plant-derived vaccine may lead to a future of

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