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Gender issues in health
1. GENDER ISSUES IN HEALTH
MODERATOR
Ms Anubha Devagauru
Nursing Tutor PRESENTOR
College Of Nursing Mr Sobin Chandran
AIIMS. New Delhi Post BSC nursing 2nd
year
College Of Nursing
AIIMS .New Delhi
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2. OBJECTIVES
•To define terminologies related to gender issues.
•To enlist all current vital statistics related to gender
issues.
•To differentiate between gender in various aspects
related to health.
•To explain health disparities among transgenders.
3. INTRODUCTION
•Gender issues in health is an important
topic to be included in health
professional’s curriculum. They need to
be more aware of the role of gender
norms , values and gender inequalities in
perpetuating disease , disability and
death and to promote the social change
with a view to eliminate gender as a
barrier to good health.
4. TERMINOLOGIES
• Sex : sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that
define men and women.
• Gender : gender refers to the socially constructed roles ,behaviors ,
activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for
men and women.
• Transgender :an umbrella term for a diverse group of people such as trans
female & trans male and many others whose gender identity or
expression differs from societal expectations of how they should look ,
act, or identify based on the sex they were assigned at birth.
5. Gender identity :a person’s own sense of identification as
male or female.
Gender equality : the absence of discrimination on the
basis of a person’s sex .
Gender equity : the fairness and justice in the distribution
of benefits 7 responsibilities between male & female
6. VITAL STATISTICS (INDIA)
•Current population of India in 2019 is 136.6crore as of
november 2019.
•Total male population is 69.7 crores.
•Total number of females is 66.9 crores.
•Sex ratio is 1000 : 960.
7. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE & FEMALE
.Physical differences
( male :taller,heavier,50%greater muscle mass,heart 25%larger,30%
greater lung capacity,100 gm more brain tissue . Female:10%more body
fat,less bone mass & wider pelvis)
.Emotional/mental differences.
(male:express hostility through physical violence & anger is more
characteristic.female: more verbally expressive & emotions of
happiness,sadness&fear are more characteristic.)
.Sexual differences.
8. GENDER ISSUES IN HEALTH
• Gender & heart diseases.
• Gender& stroke.
• Gender & HIV/AIDS.
• Gender & cancer.
• Gender & Reproductive Disorders.
• Gender & mental Health Disorders.
• Gender & road traffic injuries .
• Gender & nutritional disorders.
• Gender & violence.
• Gender & work.
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NC
9. GENDER & HEART DISEASES
• Leading killer of male & female.
• Before menopause , a women’s own oestrogen helps to protect her from heart
diseases by increasing HDL cholesterol & decreasing LDL cholesterol. Female have
increased risk of heart disease after 65 age.
• Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease in female more than it does in male ,
have added risk factors , such as obesity , hypertension &high cholesterol.
• Researches suggests that , for female , metabolic syndrome is the most important
risk factor for having heart attacks at an unusually early age .
10. GENDER & STROKE
• Researches shows that stroke kills more female than male and
the lifetime risk in female age 55 is 22% & in male age 55 is
18%.
• Factors which increases the stroke risk for female include :
pregnancy , history of pre eclampsia / eclampsia , gestational
diabetes , oral contraceptive use ( especially when combined
with smoking ) & post menopausal hormone therapy.
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11. GENDER & HIV / AIDS
• As per the recently released , India HIV
estimation 2017 result by NACO , people
between the age group 15 – 49 years , the HIV
prevalence in India is estimated at 0.22 % in
which 0.25% are male & 0.19% are females.
• According to UN report 2015 , India had the
3rd largest number of people living with HIV in
the world.
•What is the current rate ?
12. GENDER & CANCER
. Lung & oral cancers are the commonest
cancers among male while cervical and
breast cancers are the most common
cancers in female.
.In female the cancer is caused due to
over exposure to hormones , early
menarche & late menopause , obesity &
exposure to viruses like HPV.
15. GENDER & MENTAL HEALTH
• In childhood : conduct disorders are common in boys
.In adolescence : girls have higher prevalence of
depression , eating disorders , suicidal ideation etc where
boys experience more anger and engages in high risk
behaviour.
.In adulthood : depression & anxiety higher in female.
Substance abuse & antisocial behaviour are prominent in
males.
.In old age : Alzheimer’s &depression are more common
common in female.
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16. GENDER & ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
•Males are more prone to RTA’s.
•1.5 lakhs of people were killed in 2018 due to
RTA in India.
•Globally , almost 3 times as many males as
compared to females die from RTA’s
• why males are at risk ?
17. GENDER & NUTRITION
•Gender inequality in nutritional status is high
in India.
•Studies indicates that females do not get
adequate nutrition during pregnancy &
lactation and deficient by 500 to 600 calories.
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18. GENDER &VIOLENCE
• Violence against female
. A major public health problem .
.Around the world ,one in every three females has been beaten ,co-erced
into sex or abused.
.WHO study on domestic violence
.15 -71% females reported physical or sexual violence by a husband or
partner.
.4 – 12 % female reported being physically abused during pregnancy.
consequences ?
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19. • MDG – 2
• To promote the gender equality and empower females.
• MDG -3
• Eliminate gender disparity in primary & secondary
education at all levels
POLICY INITIATIVES
20. CONTINUES…..
• Beti bachao , beti padhao
• a social campaign aimed at eradication of female
foeticide and raising awareness on welfare services
intended for young Indian girls.
• STEP support to training and employment programme
for women scheme.
• provide skills that give employability to women
and to become self employed.
21. CONTINUES …..
•MOTHER & CHILD TRACKING SYSTEM
• monitors the health care system to
ensure that all mothers and their
children have access to a range of
services , including pregnancy care ,
medical care during delivery , and
immunizations.
22. HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG TRANSGENDERS
Numerous health disparities as well a stigma.
Discrimination and lack of access to quality care .
Increased risk for HIV & STD’s.
Mental health issues .
23. THINGS TO CARRY OUT
IN OFFICE SETTINGS
• Gender neutral bathrooms.
• Option to write’ transgender ‘
on application forms.
• Gender neutral language.
24. SUMMARY
•Discussed about :
. Different terminologies regarding gender &
health.
•vital statistics.
•gender & various disorders | health problems.
25.
26. CONCLUSION
•Protecting your health is gender neutral. Men
and women basically need to do the same
things to take care of themselves – at the
core that means a living a healthy lifestyle.
Eat a healthy diet, exercise and don’t smoke
.That could be as simple as adding 45
minutes of walking in a day or putting few
extra fruits and vegetables on your plate.
