2. General Features of
Epithelium
1. Closely packed cells with little
extracellular material between them
arranged in sheets
2. Surfaces:
◦ Apical Surface – exposed to a body
cavity, the outside of the body or lining an
internal organ
◦ Lateral Surface – Face adjacent cells
◦ Basal Surface – bottom layer attached to a
basement membrane
3. Avascular – no blood vessels. Epithelial
cells must get their nutrients from
underlying connective tissue through
diffusion
4. Innervated (have a nerve supply)
5. High mitotic rate – high capacity for cell
3.
2 types:
◦ Covering and Lining Epithelium
Forms the outer covering of the skin and some
internal organs. It also lines body
cavities, blood vessels, ducts, and the interiors
of many of the body systems.
◦ Glandular Epithelium
Makes the secreting portion of glands
6. 1. ECZEMA (Atopic
dermatitis)
a form of chronic, itchy
inflammation of the skin
most often begins in
childhood before age 5 and
may persist into adulthood.
Non contagious
CAUSE:
The cause is unknown, but
it may result from a
combination of inherited
tendencies for sensitive
skin and malfunction in the
body's immune system.
7. Areas affected
Most commonly
affects:
◦ hands and feet,
◦ in the front of the
bend of the elbow,
◦ Behind the knees,
◦ Ankles
◦ Wrists
◦ Face,
◦ Neck
◦ Upper chest.
8. Signs and symptoms
include:
Red to brownish-gray
colored patches
Itching, which may be
severe, especially at night
Small, raised
bumps, which may leak
fluid and crust over when
scratched
Thickened, cracked or
scaly skin
Raw, sensitive skin from
scratching
9. Tests and diagnosis
There is no test to definitively
diagnose atopic dermatitis (eczema).
Instead, it's typically diagnosed based
on an examination of your skin and a
review of your medical history.
10. Treatments and drugs
Medications:
◦ Corticosteroid creams or ointments.
◦ Antibiotics.
◦ Oral antihistamines
Diphenhydramine
◦ Oral or injected corticosteroids.
◦ Immunomodulators
tacrolimus (Protopic)
◦ Moisturizers
Light therapy (phototherapy)
◦ use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or
ultraviolet B (UVB)
12. 2. PSORIASIS
is a common skin disease
that affects the life cycle of
skin cells.
is a persistent, long-lasting
(chronic) disease.
causes cells to build up
rapidly on the surface of the
skin, forming thick silvery
scales and itchy, dry, red
patches
Non contagious
CAUSE:
The cause of psoriasis isn’t
fully known, but it's thought to
be related to the immune
system and its interaction with
the environment in people
13. Factors that may trigger
psoriasis include:
Infections, such as strep throat or oral thrush
Injury to the skin, such as a cut or
scrape, bug bite, or a severe sunburn
Stress
Cold weather
Smoking
Heavy alcohol consumption
Certain medications — including
lithium, which is prescribed for bipolar
disorder; high blood pressure medications
such as beta blockers; antimalarial drugs;
and iodides
14. Signs and Symptoms
can vary from person to
person but may include one
or more of the following:
◦ Red patches of skin covered
with silvery scales
◦ Small scaling spots
(commonly seen in children)
◦ Dry, cracked skin that may
bleed
◦ Itching, burning or soreness
◦ Thickened, pitted or ridged
nails
15. Tests and diagnosis
diagnosis of psoriasis
is fairly straightforward.
Physical exam and
medical history
Skin biopsy
16. Treatments and drugs
Psoriasis treatments can be divided into three main
types:
topical treatments
Topical corticosteroids
Vitamin D analogues.
Anthralin
Topical retinoids.
Salicylic acid
Moisturizers
light therapy
use of artificial ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light
Photochemotherapy, or psoralen plus ultraviolet A
(PUVA).
Excimer laser
systemic medications
Retinoids, Methotrexate, Immunomodulator drugs (biologics)
18. 3. VITILIGO
is a condition in which
skin loses melanin,
occurs when the cells that
produce melanin die or
no longer form
melanin, causing slowly
enlarging white patches
of irregular shapes to
appear on skin.
Vitiligo affects all
races, but may be more
noticeable in people with
darker skin.
There is no cure for
19. Signs
The main sign of vitiligo is:
◦ Pigment loss that produces milkywhite patches (depigmentation) on
skin
Other less common signs may
include:
◦ Premature whitening or graying of
the hair on
scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows or
beard
◦ Loss of color in the tissues that
line the inside of mouth (mucous
membranes)
◦ Loss of or change in color of the
inner layer of eye (retina)
20. Patterns
Vitiligo generally appears in one of three
patterns:
Generalized.
◦ this most common subtype,
◦ pigment loss is widespread across many parts of
body, often symmetrically.
Segmental.
◦ Loss of skin color occurs on only one side of
body.
◦ This type tends to occur at a younger
age, progress for a year or two, then stop.
Focal.
◦ Depigmentation is limited to one or a few areas
of your body.
21. Tests and diagnosis
A family history of vitiligo or an autoimmune
disease
A personal history of sun sensitivity or other
skin conditions
A rash, sunburn or other skin trauma within
two to three months of the start of pigment
loss
A history of melanoma or multiple, atypical
moles
Premature graying of the hair (before age 35)
Stress or physical illness
May suggest the diagnosis of vitiligo.
Skin biopsy
22. Treatments and drugs
Treatment for vitiligo may take as long as six
to 18 months
Treatment is given to limit the spread the
disease
In some cases treatment may not be
necessary
Medical therapies
Topical corticosteroid therapy
Topical psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA)
Excimer laser
Surgical therapies
Autologous skin grafts.
Blister grafting
Tattooing (micropigmentation)