the presentation provides a complete analysis of poverty in India

1. POVERTY

3. POVERTY IN THE WORLD

4. FACTS
 1.4 BILLION people in developing countries live on $1.25 or less
 3 out of every 4 people live on less than $1.25 a day
 22,000 children die every day due to poverty
 8MILLION people die from lack of food and nutrition about 24,000
deaths each day
 Among world’s hungry population, 60% are women
 Lack of proper maternal care results in 300,000 maternal deaths
annually
 1 out of 6 infants are born with a low birth rate in developing
countries
 Malnutrition causes 1/3 of all child deaths resulting in 2.6MILLION
deaths per year
 Every 5 second a child dies of hunger related diseases

5. FACTS
 98% of the world’s undernourished people live in developing
countries.
 2/3 of the worlds hungry people live in just 7 countries:
BANGLADESH, CHINA, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO,
ETHIOPIA, INDIA, INDONESIA and PAKISTAN.
 35MILLION people are living with HIV/AIDS out of which 65%
are women.
 More than 11MILLION children die from preventable health
issues such as malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia.

7. CAUSES OF POVERTY
CAUSES
OF
POVERTY
Rapidly
Rising
Population
Low
Productivity in
Agriculture
Low Rate of
Economic
Development
Price RiseUnemployment
Social
Factors
Under
Utilized
Resources

8. CAUSES OF POVERTY
 Poverty is also caused by DRUGS & ALCOHOL as
some people spend
 all their money on addictions like this.
•Lack of education
•Natural disasters
•Lack of money
•No opportunities
• provided
•Over population

9. MAJOR CAUSES OF EXTREME POVERTY
 Hunger & Malnutrition
 Limited access to quality health care
 Insufficient access to sanitary water
 Limited education

10. TWO WAYS OF POVERTY
 Relative Poverty :-
 Relative Poverty refers to the Income or Asset Position of one
Class or Group of People in comparison with the other Classes or
Groups, or of one Individual.
 The essential point here is that Poverty of One is Relative to the
Richness of the other.
 For Example, an Average Middle Class Person is Poor when
compared to the Upper Middle Class Person, who in turn, may be
poorer than the Richer Person and so on.

11. ABSOLUTE POVERTY :-
 It is associated with a Minimum Level of Living or Minimum
Consumption Requirements of Food, Clothing, Housing,
Health, etc.
 All those People who fail to Secure Income or Assets to
have access to even these Minimum Consumption
Requirements are classified as ‘Poor’.
 Is relevant for the Less‐Developed Countries.

12. POVERTY LINE
 Poverty Line is drawn on the basis of Expenditure that is necessary to
Secure the Minimum Acceptable Living Standard for Work & Efficiency.
 Since, Food is the most Basic Requirement, thus, Poverty Line is drawn on
the basis of a Minimum Necessary Nutritional Standard expressed in terms
of Calories per Day.
 In India, the Minimum Calories intake of a Person has been put at 2,400 in
Rural Area & 2,100 in Urban Areas.
 To convert this Calorie intake based Poverty Line into a Monetary Measure
of Poverty; the Cost of Minimum Consumption Requirements of Food
providing the minimum calories is calculated at prevailing Price.
 Thus, Government defined a Person with an Income of Less than Rs.672
(Rural) & Rs.859 (Urban) per month as living below Poverty Line.

15. METHODS OF POVERTY
 EXPENDITURE METHOD :-
 Under this the minimum food requirements for survival is
estimated.
 The food value is converted into calories.
 The caloric value of food is then converted into the money
value i.e. in rupees.
 The total equivalent amount is considered as the poverty
line.
 INCOME METHOD :-
 This method is used by the government while distributing
food through PDS at the local level.
 Under this a poverty line is fixed by the government.
 All the families whose total income is less than the poverty

16. CHARACTERISTICS OF POVERTY
(1) Health : one third of deaths are due to poverty
related causes. Those living in poverty have
short life expectancy.
 Almost 90% of maternal deaths during childbirth
occur in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, compared to
less than 1% in the developed world.

17. (2) Hunger : Rises in the living cost makes poor
people less able to afford items. Poor people
spend most of the portion of their budget on food
than a person with sufficient means.
 According to the World Health Organization,
hunger and malnutrition are the single gravest
threats to the world's public health and
malnutrition is the biggest contributor to child
mortality , present in half of all cases.

19. (3) Education : Children who live at or below the
poverty level will have far less success
educationally than children who live above the
poverty line.
• Poor children are given very less healthcare so
they are much more likely to suffer from hunger,
fatigue, irritability, headaches, ear infections, flu,
and colds. These illnesses could potentially restrict
a student's focus and concentration and this also
results in many absences from the academic year.

20. (4) Housing : Poverty increases the risk of
homelessness. Slum-dwellers, who make up
one-third of the world's urban population,
live in a poverty no worse than rural people,
who are the traditional focus of the poverty in
the developing world , according to a report
by the United Nations. There are over 100
million street children worldwide.

21. (5) Violence : Deterioration of living conditions often
compels children to abandon school to contribute to
family income and these children either take to violence
or become its victim in the form of slavery or human
trafficking.
 Also, according to the reports, many women become
victims of trafficking. The most common form of which is
prostitution as a mean of survival and economic
desperation.
 At least 20.9 million adults and children are bought and
sold worldwide into commercial sexual servitude, forced
labour and bonded labor.2

22. • E.g. In Zimbabwe, no. of girls are turning to
prostitution for food to survive because of
increasing poverty.

23. EFFECTS OF POVERTY
 High Death Rates.
 Increased health risks and
perpetuation of epidemics such as
HIV/AIDS and Malaria.
 Hampers children’s ability to grow &
develop properly and contributes to a
cycle of poverty
 Inhibits educational and social
advancement
 Increases armed conflicts

24. EFFECTS OF POVERTY
 Effects of poverty are divided into 3 parts :-
1) Effects on Children
2) Effects on Women
3) Effects on Education

25. 1.EFFECTS ON CHILDREN:
 22,000 children die each day
 27-28 % of all children in developing
 countries are underweight
 10.6 million died in 2003
 For the 1.9 billion children from the developing
world, there are:
 640 million without adequate shelter
 400 million with no access to safe water
 270 million with no access to health services

26. 2.Effects on Women:
 70% of the world's poor are women.
 Of the 500,000 women who die in childbirth every year, 99% live
in developing countries.
 Women and girls make up 98% of victims of trafficking for
sexual exploitation.
3.Effects on Education:
 About 72 million children of primary school age in the
developing world were not in school. 57 per cent of them were
girls.
 Nearly a billion people were uneducated after entering 21st
century.
 121 million out of education worldwide.

27. POVERTY REDUCTION
 Increasing supply of basic needs.
 Increasing supply of food and other goods.
 Increasing supply of healthcare and education,
water and energy utilities.
 Removing constraints on govt. services
 Reversing brain drains.
 Controlling overpopulation.
 Increasing personal income.

28. SOLUTIONS FOR REDUCTION OF
POVERTY IN INDIA :-
 Govt. Policy Regarding Reduction of Poverty
 The Govt, of India took certain measures to reduce poverty, inequality of
income and wealth in its five year plan periods. Followings are some steps
taken by the Govt, from time to time.
1. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
2. National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)
3. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)
4. Jawahar Rozgar Yojna
5. Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment
6. Development of Women and Children
7. Drought Prone Area Programme
8. Desert Development Programme
9. Employment Exchanges
10. Employment Guarantee Scheme
11. Employment Assurance Scheme
12. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana

30. Its Benefits and Hindrances

31. URBANIZATION
Urbanization is the
increase in the
proportion of people
living in towns and
cities.
Urbanization occurs
because people move
from rural areas to
urban areas .This
usually occurs when a
country is still
developing.

32. CAUSES OF URBANIZATION
 Rural to urban migration is happening on a
massive scale due to population pressure
and lack of resources in rural areas.
 People living in rural areas are “PULLED” to
the city. Often they believe that the standard
of living in urban areas will be much better in
urban areas.
 Natural increase caused by a decrease in
death rates while birth rates remain high.

33. EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION
 A range of economic, political,social, cultural
and environmental factors affect
urbanization.
 Urbanization is encouraged socially and
culturally through the media.

34. SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS
 Cities have a strong socio-cultural impacts on their
surrounding rural areas. The mass media depicts
city life as superior to rural life, the “STANDARD”
language is deemed that of the national capital,
and better services are received in the city due to
its wealth.
 The fertility rate in cities is often lower than in rural
areas due to the absence of agriculture, the cost of
children,food and living space in cities, and family
planning.

35. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS
 As a city grows, the cost of housing and
infrastructure also grows, since there are less
water, land and building material available,and
greater congestion problems.As a city decays in
this way, governments often do not meet the
service needs of residents and urban development
is dominated by private capital.
 Unemployment grows,as do drug abuse,crime and
homelessness.

36. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
 Waste are a major problem in
large cities.
 Air pollution results from over-
dependence on motorized
transport and from burning of
coal to supply energy.
 Water pollution results from
poor sewage facilities and
disposal of industrial heavy
metals into waterways.
 Vast quantities of solid waste
are produced in industries.
 Traffic congestion and noise
pollution are major
environmental impacts of large
cities.

37. BENEFITS OF URBANIZATION
 Improvement in economy
 Growth of commercial activities
 Social & cultural integration
 Efficient services
 Resources of utilization

38. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION
There is increasing competition for facilities due to the high
standard of
living in urban areas, which has triggered several
negative effects:-
•Slums and its consequences of overcrowding.
•Lack of sanitation,
•Poverty,
•Illiteracy,
•Unemployment and
•Crime is the worst impact of urbanization.
•Global warming, air ,pollution, water scarcity and pollution
and loss of
forest cover, agricultural land and depletion of wildlife as a
result of
urban sprawl, pose serious threats to the environment.

39. PROBLEMS OF URBANIZATION
Pressure on resources and
social services eg. water,
transport, health and
education.

40. MORE UNEMPLOYMENT.

41. INCREASED CRIME RATE,
ESPECIALLY SINCE THE
TYPICAL MIGRANT MAY BE
YOUNG, UNSKILLED OR
INEXPERIENCED.

42. DEVELOPMENT OF SLUMS
(GHETTOS) DUE TO
INADEQUATE HOUSING.
THIS WILL ADD TO THE
PROBLEM OF POLLUTION.

43. TRAFFIC CONGESTION

44. NOISE POLLUTION

45. HIGH LEVELS OF
STRESS

46. Challenges of rapid
urbanisation:
1. Informal Settlements

47. Challenges of rapid
urbanisation:
2. Service Provision

48. Challenges of rapid
urbanisation:
3. Economic Activity

49. CONCLUSION
 The challenge facing the world today is to
 Minimize the negative effects and build the
benefits .
 Infrastructure needs to be improved.
 Opportunities should be created within rural
areas to prevent migration to cities.

50. Criminalization

51.  Criminalization or criminalisation,
in criminology, is "the process by
which behaviours and individuals are
transformed into crime and
criminals.“
 To Criminalize is to term something
illegal.
WHAT IS CRIMINALIZATION?

52.  In ordinary language, the
term crime denotes an unlawful act
punishable by a state.
 A Harmful act or omission against
the public which the State wishes to
prevent and which, upon conviction,
is punishable by fine, imprisonment,
and/or death.
WHAT IS A CRIME?

53.  A person who commits a crime is
known as a criminal.
 The state takes action against the
criminal on basis of the crime.
WHO IS A CRIMINAL?

54.  An analysis by ADR (Association for
democratic reform) shows the degree
to which criminalization has entered
Indian Politics.
 7% of 5380 candidates in 2014 Lok
Sabha Elections charged with
criminal cases in the past.
CRIMINALIZATION IN INDIAN
POLITICS

55. As the new Lok Sabha Elections are
in Progress, The Criminal Law
Justice Of India is taking serious
actions to explore this whole web of
criminalization and to keep the house
of politicians with the cleanest
records.
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO
PREVENT IT?

56.  To prevent the occurrence of crime.
 To punish the transgressors and the
criminals.
 To rehabilitate the transgressors and
the
criminals.
 To compensate the victims as far as
possible.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM &
OBJECTIVES

57. PRESENTED BY-
 SWENY
 ANSHUL
 SURABHI
 NACHIKET
 SHREEYAL