4. AMBLYOPIA
refers to a partial reversible loss of vision in one or
both eyes, for which no cause can be found by
physical examination of the eye, i.e., there is
absence of any organic disease of ocular media,
retina and visual pathway.
5.
6. results from prolonged
uniocular suppression
in children with
unilateral constant
squint who fixate with
normal eye
develops when one eye
is totally excluded from
seeing early in life as, in
congenital or traumatic
cataract, complete
ptosis and dense
central corneal opacity
a occurs in an eye
having higher degree of
refractive error than the
fellow eye
bilateral amblyopia
occurring in children
with bilateral
uncorrected high
refractive error
occurs in children with
uncorrected astigmatic
refractive error
Strabismic Stimulus
Deprivation
Anisometropic
Isometropic Meridional
TYPES
9. ● Amblyopia ex anopsia disuse amblyopia
● Least common but most damaging
● Cause when the visual axis is obstructed
● Monocular congenital or traumatic cataract, example ptosis,
corneal opacity and prolonged patching of the normal eye for
treatment of amblyopia
● Less than 6 years - severe amblyopia
● After 6 years - less harmful
●
10. ● Visual loss resulting from unilateral deprivation is worse than
that produced by bilateral deprivation of similar degree
12. ● Visual acuity is reduced. Recognition acuity is more
affected than resolution acuity.
● Effect of neutral density filter. Visual acuity when
tested through neutral density filter improves by one
or two lines in amblyopia and decreases in patients
with organic lesions.
● Crowding phenomenon is present in amblyopics i.e.,
visual acuity is less when tested with multiple letter
charts (e.g., Snellen’s chart) than when tested with
single charts (optotype).
● Fixation pattern may be central or eccentric. Degree of
amblyopia in eccentric fixation is proportionate to the
distance of the eccentric point from the fovea.
● Colour vision is usually normal, may be affected in
deep amblyopia with vision below 6/36.
15. TREATMENT
Treatment of amblyopia involves following steps:-
● 1) eliminate any obstacles to vision, such as cataract.
● 2) correct any significant error.
● 3) force use of the poorer eye by limiting use of the better
eye.
16. ● Removal of cataract
● Refractive correction
● Occlusion therapy
● Penalisation
METHODS
● Drugtherapy
● Pleoptics
● Cam stimulator
● Surgery to treat the
cause of amblyopia
17. CATARACT REMOVAL
● Removal of congenital lens opacity- first 4 -6 week of life.
● If symmetrical b/1 cases- interval b/wast & and eye should not be not
more than 1-2 weeks.
● Developing severe traumatic cataract in children less than
6 yrs removed within few weeks of injury.
18. OCCLUSION THERAPY
● Occlusion of the sound eye is the most effective treatment for
amblyopia treatment
● When fixation is central, simple & effective.
● When fixation is eccentric, <7yrs central fixation will be recovered.
● Older the child harder to regain central fixation.
● Success rate 30-92%
● MOA-prevent fixating eye taking part in act of vision and removes
inhibitory stimulus that arises from stimulation from fixating eye
20. EPIDERMIOLOGY
● In developed countries 1-5% of the population
● In india affects 1-4% of children
● Goel et al. found the incidence to be 0.7% in rural schools than in
urban schools 0.5%
● Onset is birth to 7 yrs of age
● SE Factors does not significantly influence the age of presentation of
amblyopia
● Earlier the onset greater the defecit
21. THIS IS A GRAPH
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
Therapies
Despite being
red, Mars is a
cold place
Retina
Mercury is the
closest planet to
the Sun
Donors
Jupiter is the
biggest planet of
them all
Cells
Venus is the
second planet
from the Sun
28%
25%
33%
14%
