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Homotopic hydrogens have identical chemical environments and the same chemical shift, while heterotopic atoms have different chemical shifts. Signal splitting is not observed for homotopic or enantiotopic protons. For nuclei to be magnetically equivalent, they must have identical chemical shifts and equal coupling to all other nuclei, with identical magnetic environments and coupling interactions.
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- 2. Homotopic hydrogens have identical environments and will have the same chemical shift. They are said to be chemical shift equivalent. Heterotopic atoms have different chemical shifts and are not chemical shift equivalent.
- 3. Signal splitting is not observed for protons that are homotopic (chemical shift equivalent) or enantiotopic.
- 6. Magnetically equivalent nuclei must be isochronous; that is, they must have identical chemical shifts. Magnetically equivalent nuclei must have equal coupling (same J values) to all other nuclei in the molecule. For a group of nuclei to be magnetically equivalent, their magnetic environments, including all coupling interactions, must be of identical types. Magnetic equivalence has two strict requirements: