2. OBJECTIVES
Understand the rationale for the existence of networks.
Distinguish between the three types of networks: LANs, MANs, and WANs.
Understand the OSI model and TCP/IP.
List different connecting devices and the OSI layers in which each device operates.
Understand client-server models.
3. Computer networks
A computer network is a combination of systems connected through
transmission media.
Local area network (LAN)
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Wide area network (WAN)
4. Model and protocol
A model is the specification set by a standards organization as a
guideline for designing networks.
A protocol is a set of rules that controls the interaction of
different devices in a network or an internetwork.
5. OSI MODEL
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a theoretical
model that shows how any two different systems can communicate
with each other.
6. Flow of data in the OSI model
Header
Header
Header
Trailer
7. Seven layers of OSI model
1. Physical layer
2. Data-link layer
3. Network layer
4. Transport layer
5. Session layer
6. Presentation
layer
7. Application layer
8. 1.Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible
for transmitting a bit stream over a
physical medium.
It encodes and decodes bits
into groups of bits.
It then transforms a stream of bits
into a signal.
9. 2.Data-link layer
The data-link layer organizes bits into
logical units called frames.
The data-link layer is responsible only for
node-to-node delivery of the frame.
The data-link layer is often
responsible for error handling
between two adjacent stations.
10. 3.Network layer
The network layer is responsible for delivery of a packet
between the original source and final destination.
Using logical addresses (IP addresses) instead
of physical addresses.
Example of IP address
140.122.76.121 (4 Bytes)
11. 4.Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for
source-to-destination delivery of the
entire message.
The transport layer is responsible for
breaking the entire message into
several packets and delivery them to
the network layer.
The transport layer is responsible
for ensuring that the whole
message is transmitted.
If packets arrive out of order, they must
be reorganized.
12. 5. Session layer
The session layer is designed to control the dialog
between users.
The synchronization points divides a long
message into smaller ones and ensure that each
section is received and acknowledged by the
receiver.
Most network implementations today do not use a
separate session layer, their services are usually
included in the application layer.
13. 6.Presentation layer
The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and
semantics of the information exchanged between two
systems.
It deals with the fact that different systems use different
coding methods.
Compress and decompress data
Encrypt and decrypt data
Most implementations do not use a presentation layer today,
their services are usually included
in other layer.
14. 7. Application layer
The application layer enables the user to
access the network.
It defines common applications that can
be implemented to make the job of the
user simpler.
Will be discussed later…
17. Local area network
Bus topology
When a station sends a frame to another
computer, all computer receiver the frame and
check its destination address.
Star topology
Hub (all, like a bus) v.s. switch (one)
Ring topology
When a computer needs to send a frame to
another computer, it sends it to its neighbor.
20. Wide area network
WAN is the connection of individual
computers or LANs over a large area.
A person using a telephone line to
connect to an ISP is using a WAN.
ISP: internet service provider
22. Repeater
A repeater is an electronic device and operate
only in the physical layer of the OSI model.
A repeater can regenerate the signal and send
it to the rest of the network.
25. Bridges
In bus topology, a bridge is a
traffic controller.
It can divide a long bus into
smaller segments so that each
segment is independent
trafficwise.
The bridge uses a table to decide if
the frame needs to be forwarded to
another segment.
With a bridge, two or more pairs of
stations can communicate at the same
time.
26. Note:
Bridges operate at the first two
layers
(physical layer and data-link layer)
of the OSI model.
29. Note:
Routers operate at the first three
layers
(physical, data-link, and network
layer)
of the OSI model.
30. Routers
Whereas a bridge filters a frame based
on the physical address of the frame, a
router routes a packet based on the
logical address of the packet.
Whereas a bridge may connect two
segments of a LAN, a router can connect
two independent networks.
31. Gateways
A gateway is a connecting device that
acts as a protocol converter.
A gateway is usually a computer installed
with the necessary software.
Today the term gateway is used
interchangeably with the term router. The
distinction between the two terms is
disappearing.
33. Protocols
TCP: Transmission control protocol
UDP: User datagram protocol
IP: Internet protocol
FTP: File transfer protocol
SMTP: Simple mail transfer protocol
POP: Post office protocol
HTTP: Hypertext transfer protocol
37. Client-server model
Client: an application program running on
a local machine
Server: an application program running
on a remote machine
A client requests a service from a server.
The server program is always running,
and the client program runs only when
needed.
39. FTP -- Client-server model
FTP was designed to resolve two
problems:
Different coding systems in use
One machine may use ASCII, and other may use
Unicode
Different file formats in use
42. TELNET-- a general client-server model
Local login v.s. remote login
TELNET is a general client-server program on
the Internet that allow remote login
46. Categories of Web documents
Static documents
HTML: Hypertext Markup Language
Dynamic documents
CGI: Common Gateway Interface (Perl)
Active documents
Java language