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Appropriate technology part 1
1. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
Need for Energy saving eco-responsive sustainable development
Issue based Discussion
Part -1
BY
SHIRISH AVRANI
Architect - Planner
2. • D Need for alternative Technology
Due to national growth and rapidly rising need for building more houses, there is an
economic pressure on the construction industry to raise and speed up its production
potential.
• The current housing shortage stands at about 45 million in rural and urban areas
put together.
• Need for construction does not confine itself to housing alone, but also extends
to other tamenitiesype of buildings such as hotels, institutes, schools, health
centers, public, farm structures, social building, work places, ware housing etc.
• For the poorer counties, which often cannot afford or fully use sophisticated
equipment, there is a need for appropriate technology that will make use of their
most abundant resource : people. Our experience suggest that labor based
construction programs –like programs involving the most advance technology can
not solve the grave problem of the developing countries where labor is abundant
and capital scare, however labor based programs are an indispensible part of long
term strategies for rural development.- A world Bank Report
• Unfortunately, disproportion between the total need of buildings and available
construction capacity in terms of material and manpower constitutes the biggest
constraint in achieving any satisfactory level of construction output, even if financial
resources are made available.
• Limited construction capacity is largely due to:
• Scarcity of basic materials like cement, steel, bricks etc.,
• Persisting traditional design and construction methods, and
• General scarcity of financial resources.
3. LAND
Developed land
Physical &
Social
Infrastructure.
Accessibility
POTENTIAL
FINANCE
Self Finance
Govt. Schemes
Institutional
Finance
AFFORDABILITY
ACTORS
Individual
Public Agencies
Corporate Sector
Commercial
Entrepreneurs.
CREDIBILITY
TECHNOLOGY
Material
Techniques
Labour
APPROPRITE
BASIC RESOURCES FOR CONSTRUTION ACTIVITY
COMPOSITION OF BUILDING MATERIAL & LABOUR COMPONENT
Building material : 2/3 of the cost of construction (66.6 %)
Labour component : 1/3 of the cost of construction (33.3 %)
4. Guiding Principals
Some of the guide principals in developing the sustainable alternative building technologies
can be summarized as follow:
• Energy conservation
• Minimize the use of high energy materials
• Concern for environment
• Environment-friendly technologies
• Minimize transportation and maximize the use of local materials and resources
• Decentralized of industrial and mine wastes for the production of building materials
• Recycling of building wastes and use of renewable energy sources.
Building technologies manufactured by meeting these principles could become sustainable
and facilitate sharing the resources especially energy resources more efficiently, causing
minimum damage to environment.
Now people are searching for good and environment friendly material
5. COMPOSIT MATERILS FROM AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Item Source
Qty. in
Mt./Year Application as Building Material
Flyash Thermal Power-Station 95.00 Flyash bricks, Cellular Concrete, Lightweight
Aggregates
Clinder Thermal Power Station
Railways
NA Concrete Blocks, Mud Blocks from Black Cotton
Soil
Gypsum Gypsum Mines 4.00 Gypsum Plaster –fiber glass
Partitions, false ceiling
Phospo-Gypsum Fertilizer Plants NA Gypsum Boards, Gypsum Plaster etc.
Red Mud Aluminum Plants 3.50 Brick and Tiles,
Red mud PVC fiber –corrugated roofing sheet,
panels
Broken glass &
ceramic
Glass and ceramic
industry
NA Insulating bricks and tiles, flooring tiles, decorative
panels
6. Item Source
Qty. in
Mt./Year
Application as Building Material
Saw mill waste Saw mill 2.00 Cement bonded blocks, boards, particle boards,
insulation boards.
Rice Husk Rice Mill 20.00 Rise husk synthetic resin for Building Panels,
false ceiling, door /window shutters, roofing
panels, flooring, Bricks manufacturing
Bagasses Sugar Industries NA Insulation Boards, Wall Panels etc.
Bagassis synthetic resin -Door/window shutters,
flooring and furniture
Cotton stalk Cotton Plantation 1.10 Fibber Boards, Panels, Shutters
Coconut husk Coir fiber industry 1.60 Coir Polymer composite
Wall paneling, false ceiling, partitions,
door/window shutters
Roofing panels
Jute fiber Jute Industry 1.44 Jute, synthetic resin
Door / window shutters, frames
Groundnut shell Groundnut oil mill 11.00 Building blocks, panels, roofing sheets, particle
boards
Banana leaves/
stalk
Banana plants 0.20 Building boards, fire resistant fiber boards.
Rice/ wheat straw Agriculture farm 12.00 Roofing units, wall panels/boards
8. What is “Low Cost” TECHNOLOGY?
Not the inferior quality but appropriate / cost effective technology.
Not meant only for the poor but for all class of people.
Cheaper yet durable.
Does not require any sophisticated machinery or equipments.
Does not require large capital investment.
Construction technology without compromising on quality and
strength.
ALTERNATIVE- APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
Appropriate technology is the creation of human ingenuity and springs
in response to local needs and possibilities. It is ready for use by the
common people and aims directly at improving the quality of their lives.
It draws upon the existing resources and skills available in an area,
while maintaining man’s harmony with nature.
Our national imperative is now to combine modern scientific concept
and tools with traditional knowledge, resulting in forms useful to man:
A method, a process, a design, a device or a product which will open up
a new path to development.
IT IS A TECHNOLOGY : OF THE PEOPLE
FOR THE PEOPLE
BY THE PEOPLE
9. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
ASPECTS
PHILOSOPHICAL NEED - BASED
Affordability
Shortage of housing
stock and conventional
building materials
Resource Constraints
Energy Efficiency and
energy conservation
(Embodied Energy)
Ecological Balance Eco-
friendly, Biodegradable
Sustainable development
Self – help
Psychological
A way of life
10. ACHIVING COST EFFECTIVENESS
PLANNING /
DESIGN
INPUTS
CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGICAL
INPUTS
Design
considerations
Minimum openings
Less wall area
Minimum services
Span reduction
Financial
Resource planning
Timely procurement of
material
Work force planning
Scheduling
11. TECHNOLOGY
TRADITIONAL
RURAL BASE
Material and Technique
Mud, wood, bamboo
Bricks etc..
CONVENTIONAL
URBAN BASE
Material and technique
Cement, RCC, Steel etc.
NON – CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGY
ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY
APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
Cost – effective technology
Low – cost technology
Objectives
•Economic efficiency
Equity and social justice
Environmental harmony
Resource conservation
Self reliance
Means of Achieving
•Economy
Local economy
Locally available materials
Labour – intensive
Energy efficiency
(Less fuel)
Technology evolved
By
Research / development
institutions
Technology evolved
By
People themselves
12. CONCEPT OF ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
Defination
An “ Ecological Footprint “ is a measure of the “load” imposed on the
natural environment by a given population and represents the land area
necessary to sustain and represents the land area necessary to sustain
current levels of resource consumption and waste discharge by the
population. Human activities such as eating, traveling and purchasing
consumer items all contribute to ecological footprints. The measure was
invented by Drs. Mathis Wackernagel and William Reese.
Using eco-footprint we can estimate the area of land needed to support
a household, a school, a business or a society as they currently operate.
It is a technique that has begun to measure the ecological carrying
capacity of earth – to find out how many human beings the planet can
carry without degrading its ecology and atmosphere beyond a specified
limit.
13. What is ecological foot printing ?
“The ecological footprint represents the biologically productive land and
water areas required to produce the resources consumed and assimilate the
wastes generated by a given population using prevailing technology.”
Average ecological footprint of various nations in Global hectares
United Arab Emirates : 10.68
Qatar : 10.51
United States : 8.0
Canada : 7.01 (Approx. size of 15 football fields)
Australia : 6.84
Germany : 5.08
United Kingdom : 4.89
China : 2.21
India : 0.91
Pakistan : 0.77
Bangladesh : 0.62
Eco-foot printing indicates how much land ( in global hectares ) is
needed to support a person or population’s lifestyle.
29. View of building centre constructed using stabilized mud blocks and Ferro
cement roofing system
30. Curing ground for Ferro cement shell roofing units. – Curing with wet gunny bags
31.
32. MCR – Micro Concrete Roofing
System developed by Development
Alternatives – New Delhi
There is an arrangement for tying
the MCR units with rafters by wires
so that it does not blown off during
cyclonic wind.
33. Clay tiles press mould : The hexagonal clay tiles made out of simple mould
costing about Rs. 200. Can be developed as a cottage industry .
34. Process of making clay tiles. Lump of clay is prepared and mould is pressed
on it to give a hexagonal shape.
35. Demoulding of clay tiles. The tiles are kept for drying under the shade and
finally burnt in a kiln. About 400 tiles can be manufactured in a day.