1. New approaches for quantification scheme of
Carbon Footprint of paper-book and e-book
Dr. SHIMIZU, Hirokazu
Vice-President, WILL-POWER CONSULTING INC.
President, SHIMIZU PRINTING INC.
Visiting Senior Researcher, Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Expert, ISO TC130 (Graphic technology) WG11(Environmental impact of graphic technology)
1
Nagata Laboratory, Waseda University Graduate School of Environment and Energy Engineering

2. Agenda
2
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
1. Framework of the study
2. System boundary for paper-book and e-book
3. Additional items for environmental impact of paper-book
4. New ideas for environmental impact of e-book
5. Comparison of paper-book and e-book

3. 1.Framework of the study
3
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
1. Additional items for environmental impact of paper-book
• Carbon Footprint of positive impact (recycle) should be considered
• Carbon Footprint of “Bookstore”&”Shopping” should be considered
2. New ideas for environmental impact of e-book
• Back calculation to assume assumption of use hour/day for iPad
• Back calculation to assume assumption of use hour/day for iPhone
3. Comparison of carbon footprint: paper-book vs e-book
• Well-examined quantification rule is tried to be developed
• Well-refined quantification result is not expected

4. 2.System boundary for paper-book and e-book
4
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Raw material
acquisition
Data creation/editing Data conversion Server operation Electricity usage
Disposal/
Recycle
e-reading device (material input, production, distribution, use and disposal/recycle)
Raw material
acquisition
Production Use
Disposal
& Recycle
*Copy paper
*DVD/USB..etc.
*Meeting for planning
*Writing
*Designing
*Image editing
*Proof reading
*Info gathering activities
*None
*Copy paper
*DVD/USB..etc.
*Direction
*Authoring
*Verification
*Copy paper
*DVD/USB..etc.
*Software-
Development for
apps and server
*Server system
*Accessing
*Downloading
*Reading
*Copy paper
*DVD/USB..etc.
=life-cycle for e-book
=life-cycle for e-reader (laptop, desktop, tablet, smart-phone...etc.)
Distribution

5. 2.System boundary for paper-book and e-book
5
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Raw material
acquisition
Data creation/editing Data conversion Server operation Electricity usage
Disposal/
Recycle
Raw material
acquisition
Production Use
Disposal
& Recycle
*Copy paper
*DVD/USB..etc.
*Meeting for planning
*Writing
*Designing
*Image editing
*Proof reading
*Info gathering activities
*None
*Copy paper
*DVD/USB..etc.
*Direction
*Authoring
*Verification
*Copy paper
*DVD/USB..etc.
*Software-
Development for
apps and server
*Server system
*Downloading
*Accessing
*Reading
*Copy paper
*DVD/USB..etc.
=life-cycle for e-book
=life-cycle for paper-book
Distribution
*Paper
*Ink
*Plate
Printing materials Data creation/editing
Items are the
same as e-book
NADelivery
*Wrapping paper
*Transportation
Disposal/
Recycle
*Paper
*Aluminum (plate)
Press/Postpress
*Plate output
*Printing
*Binding

6. 3.Additional items for environmental impact of paper-book
6
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
• Size: B5 (127.0mm*188.0mm*14.0mm)
• Pages: 4P+224P
• Copy: 5000 copies, 3000 sold in 12-
month and the rest returned to
publisher’s warehouse
• Substrate: Coated paper for jacket,
Coated cardboard for cover,
Fine paper for text
• Books at home are incinerated (22%)
and recycled (78%) at the end
127.0mm
188.0mm
• Specification of paper-book
14.0mm

7. 7
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
3.Additional items for environmental impact of paper-book
•Carbon footprint of “Avoidance of new production: paper”
Item
Emission Factor
(kg-CO2e/kg)
Virgin pulp 0.837
Recycled pulp 0.335
Difference: 0.502
0 0.250 0.500 0.750 1.000
Virgin pulp
Recycled pulp
Item
Emission Factor
(kg-CO2e/kg)
Primary Al 10.000
Secondary Al 3.130
Difference: 6.870
0
2.500
5.000
7.500
10.000
Primaly Al
Secondary Al
•Carbon footprint of “Avoidance of new production: aluminum”
→1170.845kg×(0.837kg-CO2e/kg-0.335kg-CO2e/kg)=587.764kg-CO2e
→9.5kg×(10.000kg-CO2e/kg-3.130kg-CO2e/kg)=65.265kg-CO2e
Reference: CFP database, JEMAI CFP Program
0.502kg-CO2e/kg
6.870kg-CO2e/kg

8. 8
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
3.Additional items for environmental impact of paper-book
•Carbon footprint of “Bookstore operation”
Size of Bookstore kg-CO2e/sold-book
Floor space
ratio (%)
Weighted kg-
CO2e/sold-book
Large (sold-book 3500K</yr.) 0.0810 21.3% 0.0173
Medium (sold-book 600K</yr.) 0.0585 76.7% 0.0449
Small (sold-book 70K</yr.) 0.00850 2.0% 0.000170
Weighted averaage carbon footprrint/sold-book: 0.0623
0 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100
Large booksotre
Medium bookstore
Small bookstore
→0.0810kg-CO2e×21.3%+0.0585kg-CO2e×76.7%+0.00850kg-CO2e×2.0%=0.0623kg-CO2e/sold-book
0.0623kg-CO2e/
sold-book
Reference: Statistics of Publication 2011, actual data from Bookstores
kg-CO2e

9. 9
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
3.Additional items for environmental impact of paper-book
•Carbon footprint of “Shopping”
→80% of purchasers use rail to buy a book with stopping by 3-shop
→1-person×15km×0.030kg-CO2e/person-km÷3-shop=0.151kg-CO2e/book
→20% of purchasers use car to buy a book with stopping by 3-shop
→1-person×10km×0.498kg-CO2e/person-km÷3-shop=1.660kg-CO2e/book
→0.151kg-CO2e/book×80%+1.660kg-CO2e/book×20%=0.453kg-CO2e/book
0 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000
Rail
Automobile
kg-CO2e
0.453kg-CO2e/book

10. 4.New ideas for environmental impact of e-book
10
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Item
CO2e/yr.
(kg-CO2e)
Manufacturing 38.534
Use 13.033
Transportation 3.967
Recycle 1.133
Total: 56.667
Manufacutring
68%
Use
23%
Transportation
7%
Recycle
2%
→XX-kWh/yr.×0.648 kg-CO2e/kWh=13.033 kg-CO2e
Reference: Electricity Information 2009, International Energy Agency
→XX-kWh/yr.=20.113kWh/yr.
→20.113kWh/yr.÷0.008kW(battery charge/use)÷365-day
→6.888h/day=6 hours 53 minutes for battery charge/use
Reference: iPad Environmental Report (Apple), modified by Dr.Shimizu
•Carbon footprint of iPad for 1-year

11. 11
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Item 6h53m 3h 2h 1h
Manufacturing 38.534 38.534 38.534 38.534
Use 13.033 5.676 3.784 1.892
Transportation 3.967 3.967 3.967 3.967
Recycle 1.133 1.133 1.133 1.133
Total: 56.667 49.310 47.418 45.526
% to original practice: 100.0% 87.0% 83.7% 80.3%
CO2e/hour 0.023 0.045 0.065 0.125
4h to read e-book 0.090 0.180 0.260 0.499
(kg-CO2e)
Reference: iPad Environmental Report (Apple), modified by Dr.Shimizu
0 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500
6h53m use/day
3h use/day
2h use/day
1h use/day
4h to read e-book (kg-CO2e)
4.New ideas for environmental impact of e-book
•Carbon footprint of iPad for 1-year

12. 12
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Item
CO2e/yr.
(kg-CO2e)
Manufacturing 19.000
Use 4.500
Transportation 1.000
Recycle 0.500
Total: 25.000
Manufacutring
76%
Use
18%
Transportation
4%
Recycle
2%
→XX-kWh/yr.×0.648 kg-CO2e/kWh=4.500 kg-CO2e
→XX-kWh/yr.=6.944kWh/yr.
→6.944kWh/yr.÷0.004kW(battery charge/use)÷365-day
→4.756h/day=4 hours 45 minutes for battery charge/use
4.New ideas for environmental impact of e-book
•Carbon footprint of iPhone5 for 1-year
Reference: Electricity Information 2009, International Energy Agency
Reference: iPad Environmental Report (Apple), modified by Dr.Shimizu

13. 13
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Item 4h45m 3h 2h 1h
Manufacturing 19.000 19.000 19.000 19.000
Use 4.500 2.839 1.892 0.946
Transportation 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Recycle 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
Total: 25.000 23.339 22.392 21.446
% to original pracice: 100.0% 93.4% 89.6% 85.8%
CO2e/hour 0.014 0.021 0.031 0.059
4h to read e-book 0.058 0.085 0.123 0.235
(kg-CO2e)0 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500
4h45m use/day
3h use/day
2h use/day
1h use/day
4h to read e-book (kg-CO2e)
4.New ideas for environmental impact of e-book
•Carbon footprint of iPhone5 for 1-year
Reference: iPad Environmental Report (Apple), modified by Dr.Shimizu

14. 14
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Stage Item CO2e (kg) %
Substrate 2797.098 83.8%
Ink 63.396 1.9%
Procurement
Dampening solution 3.945 0.1%
Procurement
Plate 114.250 3.4%
Glue 10.697 0.3%
PP lamination 9.033 0.3%
Planning and research 36.436 1.1%
Writing 53.456 1.6%
Data creation Designing 14.514 0.4%
Image editing 2.419 0.1%
Proof-reading 11.430 0.3%
Computer to plate 9.728 0.3%
Production Press 336.096 10.1%
Post-press 116.236 3.5%
Distribution Packing and delivery 252.105 7.6%
Disposal/ Incineration 34.712 1.0%
Recycle Recycle 125.835 3.8%
Avoidance of Paper recycle -587.764 -17.6%
new production Plate recycle -65.265 -2.0%
Total: 3338.357 100.0%
Per book-1: 0.668 56.4%
Storage Bookstore/book 0.063 5.3%
Shopping By rail & car/book 0.453 38.3%
Per book-2: 1.183
•Carbon footprint of paper-book
-0.250
0
0.250
0.500
0.750
1.000
1.250
1.500
paper-book, 5000 copies
Procurement Data creation Production
Distribution Waste/Recycle Recycle impact
Storage Shopping
kg-CO2e/copy
5.Comparison of paper-book and e-book

15. 15
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
•Carbon footprint per e-book (besides e-reading device)
5.Comparison of paper-book and e-book
→Data creation/editing
→118.264kg-CO2e÷3000DLs=0.0394kg-CO2e
→Data conversion
→0.110kg-CO2e/kWh×20h÷3000DLs=0.000733kg-CO2e
→Server operation
→3420kg-CO2e×(2,097,152÷53,687,091,200)÷3000DLs=0.0000445kg-CO2e
→Internet use
→0.00164kg-CO2e/MB×2MB=0.00328kg-CO2e

16. 16
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
•Carbon footprint of paper-book and e-book
-0.250
0
0.250
0.500
0.750
1.000
1.250
1.500
paper-book
e-book (iPad)
e-book (iPhone5)
Material Device
Data creation Printing&binding
Data conversion BStore/Server
Dist./Dwld. Shopping
Use Dis&rec
N.P.avoidance
kg-CO2e/copy
5.Comparison of paper-book and e-book
item
paper-book,
5000copies
e-book,
3000DLs
(iPad)
e-book,
3000DLs
(iPhone5)
Material 0.600 - -
Device (manufacturing,
transportation)
- 0.465 0.219
Data creation 0.0237 0.0394 0.0394
Printing &binding 0.0924 - -
Data conversion - 0.000733 0.000733
Bookstore/Server
operation
0.0623 0.0000445 0.0000445
Dist./downloads 0.0504 0.00328 0.00328
Shopping 0.453 - -
Use - 0.0210 0.0103
Disposal/
recycle,Device(recycle)
0.0321 0.0126 0.00564
New production
avoidance
-0.131 - -
kg-CO2e/book: 1.183 0.542 0.278
% to paper-book: 100.0% 45.8% 23.5%

17. 17
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
5.Comparison of paper-book and e-book
•Carbon footprint of paper-book and e-book (0.5h use of iPad)
-0.250
0
0.250
0.500
0.750
1.000
1.250
1.500
paper-book
e-book (iPad)
Material Device
Data creation Printing&binding
Data conversion BStore/Server
Dist./Dwld. Shopping
Use Dis&rec
N.P.avoidance kg-CO2e/copy
item
paper-book,
5000copies
e-book,
3000DLs
(iPad)
Material 0.600 -
Device (manufacturing,
transportation)
- 0.930
Data creation 0.0237 0.0394
Printing &binding 0.0924 -
Data conversion - 0.000733
Bookstore/Server operation 0.0623 0.0000445
Dist./downloads 0.0504 0.00328
Shopping 0.453 -
Use - 0.0205
Disposal/
recycle,Device(recycle)
0.0321 0.0256
New production avoidance -0.131 -
kg-CO2e/book: 1.183 1.020
% to paper-book: 100.0% 86.2%

18. 18
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
5.Comparison of paper-book and e-book
•Carbon footprint of paper-book and e-book (0.5h use of iPad,
“Shopping is not considered”)
-0.250
0
0.250
0.500
0.750
1.000
1.250
1.500
paper-book
e-book (iPad)
Material Device
Data creation Printing&binding
Data conversion BStore/Server
Dist./Dwld. Shopping
Use Dis&rec
N.P.avoidance kg-CO2e/copy
item
paper-book,
5000copies
e-book,3000DLs
(iPad)
Material 0.600 -
Device (manufacturing,
transportation)
- 0.930
Data creation 0.0237 0.0394
Printing &binding 0.0924 -
Data conversion - 0.000733
Bookstore/Server operation 0.0623 0.0000445
Dist./downloads 0.0504 0.00328
Shopping - -
Use - 0.0205
Disposal/
recycle,Device(recycle)
0.0321 0.0255
New production avoidance -0.131 -
kg-CO2e/book: 0.730 1.019
% to paper-book: 100.0% 139.7%

19. 19
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Thank you for your attention.
You can have a look at presentation file:
http://www.slideshare.net/ShimizuHiro/edit_my_uploads
Corporate web site:
http://www.will-power.jp/en/
http://www.shzpp.co.jp