The document discusses research design. It begins by defining research design as the plan or blueprint for how a study will be conducted to answer the research question. It involves determining aspects like data collection methods, measurement tools, and data analysis strategies. The document then discusses different types of research designs like experimental, quasi-experimental, mixed methods, and qualitative designs. It provides examples and explanations of specific research designs like true experiments, randomized controlled trials, case studies, and more. Key elements of research design like manipulation, control, and randomization are also explained.

1. PRESENTED BY
MS SHILPA H
LECTURER
SRI SIDDHARTHA COLLEGE OF NURSING TUMKUR.

2. Research design is the arrangement of conditions for
collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims
to combine relevance to the research purpose with
economy in procedure.
It is the conceptual structure within which research is
conducted” It involves blueprint of data collection,
measurement and analysis.

3.  The researcher design is the master plan specifying the
methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing
the needed information in a research study.
 Research design is plan of how, when and where data
are to be collected and analyzed.
 Researcher design is the researcher’s overall plan for
answering the research question or testing the research
hypothesis.

4. It creates smooth sailing of the various research
operations, such as:
 Plan in advance about data collection
 Data analysis
 Mapping of objectives
 Testing of hypothesis
 Design eligibility criteria (Inclusion and
Exclusion criteria)

5. 1.Inference-conclusion drawn from study evidence
2.Reliability -accuracy & consistency of information obtained
in a study.
3.Validity -Soundness of the study’s evidence
4.Bias- Producing error
5.Randomization -random allocation of subjects
6.Manipulation –intervention
7.Research control- removing confounding or extraneous
variable.
8.Causality- Cause and effect / Exposure and Outcome.

6. 9.Credibility -Confidence that the result and interpretation are
true
10.Transferability -To the extent qualitative finding can be
transferred to another setting/ working hypothesis.
11.Confirmability -Objectivity or no subjectivity by researcher.
12.Dependability -Stability or reliability of data over time and
conditions.
13.Authenticity -Assuring fair and faithful data which shows
range of realities.
14.Reflexivity -Process of reflecting critically on the self/
Introspection which may affect data collection and
interpretation.

7.  Research design is also known as blueprint that
researchers select to carry out their research
study
 Sometimes research design is used
interchangeably with the term methodology.

8. 1.The approach
2.Population,sample and sampling technique
3.The time, place and sources of data collection
4.Tools and methods of data collection
5.Methods of data analysis.

9.  It involves the description of the plan to investigate
the phenomenon under study in a structured
(quantitative) unstructured (qualitative) or a
combination of the two methods (qualitative –
quantitative integrated approach)
 It helps to identify the presence or absence of control
groups for comparison

10.  Research design also provides the researcher with
directions about population, sample and sampling
technique that will used for the research study.
 Ex. In Ethnographic qualitative research design, a
researcher gets the directive that the population
will be a specific cultural group and the study will
include a small sample selected through a non
probability sampling techniques.

11. Time(specifying days, months and years of
study),location (study setting) and the sources of
the requisites data are the other important
constituents essential to ensure effective planning
to conduct a research study.

12.  This element of research design involves the
description of different tools and methods of data
collection
 Ex. Questionnaires Interviews, Direct observation or
any other methods that suit the particular approach
of the research as well as nature of the phenomenon
under study.

13.  A Research design must also include the description
of the methods of data analysis-either quantitative or
qualitative data analysis techniques-the helps the
researcher to collect the relevant data, which later can
be analyzed as per the research design plan .
 Without a formal plan of data analysis, a researcher
may collect irrelevant data, which can later become
difficult to analysis

14.  Research design are plan and the procedures
for research that span the decision from
broad assumption to detailed methods of
data collection and analysis.
 To meet the aims and objectives of study
researchers must select the most appropriate
design.

15.  The selection of a research design largely
depends on the nature of the research
problem, the resources available
(cost,time,expertise of the researcher)
accessibility of subjects and research ethics

16. 1.Nature of the research problem
2.Purpose of the study
3.Researcher knowledge and experience
4.Researcher interest and motivation
5.Researcher ethics and principles.
6.Subjects/participants
7.Resources
8.Time
9.Possible control on extraneous variables
10.Users of the study findings.

17.  1.Quantitative research design
 2.Qualitative research design
 3.Mixed methods

18.  1.True experimental research Design
 2.Quasi experimental research design
 3.Correlation research design
 4.Descriptive research design
 5.Exploratory research design
 6.Survey research design
 7.Clinical trails
 8.Evaluation research
 9.Outcome research
 10.Operational research

19.  11.Methodological research
 12.Secondary data analysis
 13.Meta analysis
 14.Ecological studies

20.  1.Phenomological research design
 2.Ehnographical research design
 3.Grounded theory
 4.Case studies
 5.Historical research design
 6.Action research

21.  1.Convergent design
 2.Exploratory sequential design
 3.Explanatory sequential design
 4.Embedded design

22.  Experimentation is the most scientifically
sophisticated research method.
 It is defined as observation under controlled
conditions
 Experimental research design are concerned with
examination of the effect of the independent
variable on the dependant variable
 Where the independent variable is manipulated
through interventions or treatment
 It is the powerful design for testing hypothesis

23.  1.True Experimental research design
 2.Quasi experimental research design

24.  Most scientific research design
 Popularly known as RCT
 Where researcher manipulate independent variables to
observe the effect of dependant variables in the
presence f randomization and control group and
comparison

25.  Researcher have complete control over the
extraneous variables and can predict confidently
that the observed effect on the dependable
variable is only due to manipulation of
independent variable

26.  Manipulation
 Control
 Randomization

27.  Conscious control of the independent variable by
the researcher through treatment or
interventions to observe its effect on dependant
variable
 Ex. Researcher conducting a study on the efficacy
of the chlorhexidine mouth wash on the
prevention of VAP among patients admitted in
ICUs

28.  Chlorhexidine mouth wash is the independent
variable, which is manipulated by the researcher
and is used as an intervention for the
experimental group. while the control group is
kept deprived of it to observe its effect on the
incidence of VAP

29.  EX: Gentle massage is effective as a pain relief
measure for elderly nursing home residents.
Providing gentle massage to elderly in experimental
group and with holding for others in control group is
considered manipulation of independent variables
where the effect of this manipulation is observed on
the pain level of both.
 Independent variable: Gentle massage
 Dependant variable: Pain level

30.  Control refers to use of control group for
comparison.
 Subjects in the control group receive no
interventions or alternative interventions
 The experimental group receives the planned
treatment or interventions and comparison made
with the control group to observe the effect of this
treatment or intervention

31.  It is very powerful tool to ensure internal validity in
TERD.
 It is generally confused with random sampling
technique. Which is a method of sample selection from a
study population.
 Randomization is a process of allocation of subjects in
experimental and control group or two different
experimental group.

32.  This is also known as random assignment of subjects
which involves the placement of study subjects on a
random basis in experimental and control groups or
two different experimental group.
 Random assignment of subjects in experimental or
control group eliminates the chance of selection bias
in the study.

33. 1.Simple randomization
2.Block Randomization
3.Stratified randomization
4.Covariate adaptive randomization

34. 1.Post test only control design
2.Pre test post test only design
3.Solomon four group design
4.Factorial design
5.Randomized block design
6.Crossover design
7.Latin square design

35.  Composed of two randomly assigned groups that is
experimental and control group but neither pretested
before the implementation of treatment of the
experimental group.
 While treatment is implemented on the experimental
group only ,post test observation is carried out on the
both the groups to assess the effect of manipulation

36.  This design can be helpful in situation where it is
not possible to pre test the subjects.
Ex: To study the effects of an educational
interventions related to urinary incontinence on
the subsequent help seeking behaviour of older
adults.

37. Random
assignment
Experimental
group
Control
group
Treatment Post test
Post test

38.  In this research design subjects are randomly
assigned to either the experimental or the control
group.
 Effect of the dependent variable on the both the
groups is seen before the treatment (pretest)

39.  Later the treatment is implemented in experimental
group only, and after the treatment observation of
dependent variable is made on both the groups to
examine the effect of the manipulation of independent
variable on the dependent variable

40. Random
assignme
nt
Experiment
al group
Control
group
Treatment Post test
Post test
Pre
test
Pre
test

41.  There are two experimental groups
(experimental 1 and experimental 2 ) and
two control groups (control 1 and control 2)
Initially the investigator randomly assign
subjects to the four groups

42.  Out of the four groups only experimental 1 and
control 1 group receive the pretest followed by the
experimental group 1 and experimental group 2
finally all the four group receives the post test,
where the effect of the dependant variable of the
study are observed and comparison is made
between the four groups to assess the effect of
independent variable on the dependant variable

43. Rando
m
assign
ment
Experimental
group 1
Control group
1
Experimental
group 2
Control group
2
Pre test
Pre test
Treatment
Treatment
Post
test
Post
test
Post
test
Post
test

44.  In this factorial design a researcher manipulates two or
more independent variables simultaneously to observe
their effects on the dependent variables.
 This design is useful when there are more than two
independent variables called factors to be tested.
 EX. Researcher wants to observe the effects of two
different protocols of mouth care on prevention of VAP
when performed at different frequencies in a day

45.  This design also facilitates the testing of several
hypothesis at a single time
 Typical factorial design incorporates 2*2 or 2*3
factorial. But it can be in any combination
 The first number α refers to the independent
variable or the types of experimental treatment
and the second number β refers to the level or
frequency of the treatment

46. Frequency of
mouth care protocol of mouth care
Chlorhexidine
(α1)
Saline (α2)
4houry
6 hourly
8 hourly
α1……. β1
α1……. β2
α1……. β3
α2……. β1
α2……. β2
α2……. β3

47.  Control of inherent differences between
experimental subjects and differences in
experimental conditions is one of the difficult
problems faced by researcher in biological
sciences.
 When there are large number of experimental
comparison groups the randomized block design
is used to bring homogeneity among different
selected groups

48.  This is a simple method to reduce the variability among
the treatment groups by a more homogenous combination
of the subjects through randomized block design.
 Ex: A researcher wants to examine the effects of three
different anti hypertensive drugs on patients with
hypertension. In this example to ensure the homogeneity
among the subjects under treatment a researcher randomly
places the subjects in homogenous groups (blocks) Such as
patients with primary hypertension, DM patients with
hypertension, and renal patients with hypertension.

49. Type of anti
hypertensive
drugs
Patients with
primary HTN
(I)
Diabetic patients
with HTN (II)
Renal patients
with HTN (III)
A A I A II A III
B B I B II B III
C C I C II C III
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF
RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN

50.  In this design subjects are exposed to more than one
treatment where subjects are randomly assigned th
different orders of treatment
 It is also known as repeat measure design
 This design is more efficient is establishing the highest
possible similarity among subject exposed to different
conditions, where groups compared obviously have
equal distribution of characteristics.

51.  For example : When we compare the effectiveness
of the Chlorhexidine and saline mouth care
protocols,First we administer the Chlorhexidine
mouth care protocol on group 1 and saline mouth
care protocol on the subjects of group 2 later the
treatment is swapped, where group 1 receives the
saline mouth care and group 2 receives
Chlorhexidine.

52. Groups
Protocols of the mouth care
Group 1 Chlorhexidine α1 Saline α2
Group 2 Saline α2 Chlorhexidine α1

53.  Latin square design differs from randomized complete
block design. In that units are grouped in blocks in
two different ways that is, by rows and columns
 Therefore two different sources of variation can be
isolated
 Latin square design is primarily used in agriculture
field and health sciences.

54.  Ex: A nurse scientist is investigation efficacy of four
different creams in treatment of dermatitis. ,In Latin
square design the researcher will take first four
patients as the rows of the Latin square in order to
position of four different creams as columns of the
Latin square ,Next four patients will become part of
next Latin square and thus every patients will receive
every products of application.
 Here we can use 4*4 ,5*5 and 8*8 groups and it is more
large and unmanageable very readily.

55. 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D
1 B 2 C 3 D 4 A
1 C 2 D 3 A 4 B
1
D
2 A 3 B 4 C
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
4
C
O
L
U
M
N
S
R O W S

56. 1.It is considered most powerful design to establish the casual
relationship between independent variable and dependant
variables
2.Vaiables are more easily controlled that in human studies.
3.In this design controlled environment in which the study is
conducted can yield a greater degree of purity in observation
4.Conditions not found in casual setting can be created in
experimental setting where the independent variable is
manipulated by investigator.

57. 5.Completely remove the effect of extraneous
variables
6.Completely remove of conscious and
subconscious bias from the researcher and
practically guarantee external validity

58. 1.Some times the results of laboratory based RCT cannot be
replicated in studies conducted on human beings due to
ethical problems.
 2.Certain research problem because of the danger to
physical and psychological health of the human subjects it
is not possible to conduct experiments on human beings.
 3.RCTs are conducted in natural setting such as hospital
and community it becomes difficult to impose control over
extraneous variables.

59. 4.It is very difficult to get cooperation from the
study participants because it may involve
surgical or medical interventions
5.The study period is very lengthy some study
participants/patients may discharge from the
hospital and there is little opportunity to the
study.

60.  Quasi experimental research design also called as
non randomized controlled trial. Involves the
manipulation of independent variables to observe
the effect on dependent variable, but it lacks
randomization of participants in experimental
groups.
 Some of the quasi experiments even lack a control
group for comparison.

61.  Manipulation of the independent variables to
observe the effects on the dependent variables
 Lacks randomization of participants to
experimental groups

62. 1.Non randomized control group design
2.Time series design

63. Experiment
al group
Control
group
Treatment Post test
Post test
Pre
test
Pre
test

64.  This design is useful where the experimenter
wants to measure the effects of a treatment
over a long period of time.
 EXP GROUP----01—02—O3—TREATMENT --
----O1----O2---O3
 Ex: A researcher might assess pain levels of a
group of patients with low back pain after 3
weeks of pain assessment subjects are taught
special exercises to reduce that pain .during
the next 3 weeks pain level would again be
measured.

65.  Generally it is a single research in which the
researcher carries out an experiment on an
individual or on a small number of individual by
alternating between administering and then
withdrawing the treatment to determine the
effectiveness of the observation.

66.  Quasi experimental designs are more
frequently used because they are more
practical and feasible to conduct research.
 Where the sample size is small, and where
randomization & availability of control group
is not possible, this design is preferred.

67.  Quasi experimental design is more suitable for
real natural world setting than true experimental
designs.
 This design allows the researchers to evaluate the
impact of quasi independent variables under
naturally occurring conditions.
 In some cases hypotheses are practically
answered through this design.

68.  In this design there is no control over extraneous
variables influencing the dependent variable.
 The absence of a control group and absence of
control over the research setting makes the result
of this design less reliable and weak for the
establishment of causal relationship between
independent & dependent variable.

69. CHARACTERISTICS
 This design is considered as very weak, as the
researcher has very little control over the
experiment

70.  There are two types or pre experimental
design. They are as follows:
 1. ONE SHOT CASE DESIGN.
 2. ONE GROUP PRE TEST POST TEST DESIGN.

71.  In this design, a single experimental group is
exposed to a treatment and observations are made
after the implementation of that treatment.
 There is no random assignment of the subjects to
the experimental group.
 There is no control group.

72.  Is the simplest type of pre experimental design,
where only the experimental group is selected as
the study subjects.
 A pre test observation of the dependent variable
is made prior to the implementation of the
treatment to the selected group.
 Afterwards the treatment is administered, and
finally a post test observation of dependent
variable is carried out to assess the effect or
treatment on the group. •

73.  This design measures the effect of
intervention before (pre test) and after the
experiment (post test).
 There is no control group in this design.

74.  ADVANTAGES • Is a very simple & convenient design
that helps the researcher to conduct studies in natural
settings. • It is most suitable for beginners
 DIS ADVANTAGES
 • Is considered very weak experimental design to establish
causal relationship between independent & dependent
variables because it controls no threat to internal validity.
 • It has a higher threat to internal validity of research.
 • May have selection bias, which is a very serious threat.

75. Definition
Non experimental research design is one
which the researcher observes the phenomena
as they occur naturally, and no external
variables are introduced.

76.  Human characteristics are inherently not subject
to experimental manipulation
 Studies which is unethical to manipulate
 Research which is not practically possible to
conduct experiment
 Needed before an experimental study

77. 1.Descriptive research design
2.Correlation / Ex-post facto design
3.Developmental research design
4.Epidemiological design
5.Survey design

78. FEATURES
 Observes, describes and document
 Occurs in natural settings
 Help to gain more information about characteristics
 Provide an impression of a situation
 Do not involve the manipulation of variables
 Used to develop theories, identify problems with current
practice
 Bias can be prevented

79. 1.Univarient (To describe the frequency of
occurrence of a phenomenon)
2.Exploratory (Identify explore and describe
existing phenomenon)
3.Comparative (comparing and contrasting two or
more samples)

80. Features a/k/a Ex-post facto design
 Examine change in one variable correlate with other
 Correlation coefficient
 Cause and effect study
Types of correlation study design
1.Prospective study (relates to present to the future) cause and
effect
2.Retrospective study ( current phenomena by seeking
information from past) effect to identify cause

81.  Developmental research design examine the
phenomenon with reference to time.
Developmental research design types
 1.Cross sectional research design( one period data
collection)
 2.Longitudinal research design (collect the data over
extended period of time)

82.  Epidemiological is the study to investigate the
distribution and cause of the disease in population.
 Epidemiological studies generally conducted to
investigate causes of different diseases.
Types
1.Cohort study (used to investigate the occurrence of a
disease in existing presumed causes)
2.Case control study (Used to investigated after the
occurrence of disease)

83.  A survey research design which is used to collect
information from different subjects within a given
population having same characteristics of interest.
 If a survey is conducted on a sample of population
it is called sample survey and if the entire
population is involved it is called population
survey

84. Based on Phenomenon under study
1.Descriptive survey
2.Exploratory survey
3.Comparative survey
4.Correlational survey
Based on methods of data collection.
1.Written survey
2.Oral survey
3.Electronic survey

85.  Closest to real situation
 Suitable for nursing research
 Cases in which manipulation is forbidden
 Numerous human characteristics are inherently
not subject to experimental manipulation (blood
type,personality,beliefs,medical diagnosis).

86.  Results obtained and the relationship between the
dependant and independent variables can never
be absolutely clear and error free
 Self selection
 Behaviour is influenced by observer
 Expensive

87. 1.Methodological studies
2.Meta analysis
3.Secondary data analysis
4.Out come research
5.Evaluation studies
6.Operational research

88.  The main problem in nursing research is to find
appropriate measurement tools or techniques to
measure nursing related phenomena.
 Nurses frequently use tools developed by other
disciplines such as psychology, sociology etc.
 Methodological studies are conducted to develop,
validate test and evaluate the research instruments
and methods.

89.  Quantitatively combining and integrating the
findings of the multiple research studies on a
particular topic is known as meta analysis
 It refers to the analysis of analysis
 A meta analysis statistically combines the results
of several studies that address research
hypothesis.

90.  This design can be used for a meta analysis study
on the coping behaviour of the people with cancer
diagnosis.
 In this study the researcher selects quantitative
studies with coping behaviour of the people with
cancer which are conducted on the similar age
group and later carryout a statistical analysis on
the results of the selected studies.

91.  Secondary data analysis is a research design in which
the data collected by the researcher is reanalyzed by
another researcher, usually to test new hypothesis.
 Sometimes researcher collects lots of data in study out
of which some of the data left unused or unanalyzed
that is later taken up and utilized by another
researcher which is called secondary data analysis

92.  Out come research involves the evaluation of care
practice and system in place.
 It is used in nursing to develop evidence based
practice and improve nursing services.
 It is a research that is planned to assess or record the
end result of health care services.
 These studies are conducted in response to the
increasing demand of the public to justify care
practice and system that improve patient treatment

93.  The focus of the outcome research is
predominantly on patients health status and cost
of care.
(Having the right
things)
PROCESS
(Doing the
right things)
(having the
rights results)

94.  Evaluation research studies are an applied form of
research design, which involves the judgment about
how well a specific programme,practice,procedure or
policy is working.
 Evaluation studies may also be used to determine the
effectiveness or value of
processes,personnel,equipment and material used in a
particular setting.

95.  1.Formative evaluation
 2.Summative evaluation

96.  Formative evaluation research refers to the assessment
of a programme as it is being implemented. The focus
is on evaluation process of a programme rather than
the outcome.
 Summative evaluation research refers to the
assessment of the outcome of a program that is
conducted after the completion of the programme.

97.  Operational research involves the study of complex
human organization and services to develop new
knowledge about institution,programmes,use of
facilities and personnel in order to improve working
efficiency of an organization.
 The objectives of operational research design are to
develop new knowledge about institution
programmes use of facilities and personnel in order
to improve efficiency of an organization

98.  In operational research studies researcher assess the
effectiveness of different programmes facilities and
personnel models in natural setting as they are implemented
to improve work efficiency of an organization
 Ex: An operational research study on the patients perception
about different patient assignment methods for improving
nursing care n selected hospitals of Hyderabad.

99.  Qualitative research approaches have somewhat short
and less well defined plans. In qualitative research study
design elements typically evolve over the course of the
project.
 As one study unfolds decisions are made in the field
about how best to obtain information and form whom
how to schedule data collection and how long each data
collection session should last

100.  Qualitative Research is collecting, analyzing, and
interpreting data by observing what people do
and say.
 Qualitative research refers to the meanings,
concepts, definitions, characteristics, symbols and
descriptions of things.

101. 1.Emerge as a study advance –Generally it is believed
that qualitative research design emerge as study
advances.
2.Flexible and elastic: They are flexible and elastic and
can be adjusted to the information being gathered
during data collection.
3.Multiple stratergies of data collection: Qualitative
design typically merge the various methods of data
collection.

102. 4.Holistic : They tend to be holistic striving for
an understanding of the whole.
5.Intence researchers involvement: They
require intense involvement of the researcher
i,e. commitment for longer periods in the
field of study. Sometimes qualitative research
designs also require the researchers to
become instrument for data collection.

103. 6.Ongoing data analysis: Qualitative research
design require data analysis for the formation of
subsequent strategies and to determine when
further field work should be done.

104. Characteristics
of qualitative
research design
Emerge as
study
advances
Flexible
and elastic
Multiple
strategies of
data
collection
holistic
Intensive
involvement
of
researcher
Researcher
as a
instrument
Ongoing
data
analysis

105.  1.Phenomological research design
 2.Ethnographical research design
 3.Grounded theory
 4.Historical research
 5.Case study
 6.Action research

106.  Phenomenology is a approach to philosophy that
begins with an exploration of phenomenon (what
presently itself to us in conscious experience) logical
ontological (study of existence) metaphysical (reality
outside of human sense perception).

107.  It describes structure of experiences as they
present themselves to consciousness without
recourse to theory, deduction or assumptions
from other disciplines.
 In phenomenological research the primary source
of data collection are the real life situation of the
individual being studied, wherein in-depth
interviews

108.  Ex: A recently diagnosed HIV Patient or a women
who had a still born baby in last 3 months can be
interviewed for a study of psychological impact of
these medical conditions.

109. Approach to
philosophical
context
Initiative experience
of phenomenon
among people
Features of
experience
Essence of
what is
experienced

110. ISSUES PHENOMENOLOGY RESEARCH
Method of data
collection
Primarily in depth interviews, sometimes diaries or
other written material
Units of data collection Individual subject
Data collection points Mainly cross sectional
Length of time for data
collection
Typically moderate
Data recording Interview notes and audiotape recording
Salient features Bracketing one’s view ,building rapport, encouraging
candour (honest),listening while preparing what to ask
next, keeping discussion on track and handling
emotion.

111.  Ethnography is a branch of human enquiry
associated with the field of anthropology, which
focuses on the culture of a group of people with
an effort to understand their worldview
 Ethnographic studies are involved in the data
collection and analysis of data about cultural
groups.

112.  Ethnography is a branch of human enquiry which
focuses on the culture of the group of people with
an effort to understand their worldview.
 Cultures includes a way of life (all the ways a
group of people solve problems a pattern of living
that guides thoughts actions sentiments as reflected
in language dress food traditions customs etc.

113.  Ethnography is basically classified into two types
 1.Macroethnography
 2.Microethnography
 Macro-ethnography is a broadly defined culture,
while micro-ethnography is a study of more
narrow aspect of a culture.

114.  In nursing several qualitative nursing phenomena
are studied by using ethnographic research it is
also known as ethno nursing research, which is
defined as study and analysis of the local or
indigenous people’s view points, beliefs and
practices about the nursing care behaviour and
process of designated cultures.

115.  Ethnographers learn about cultural groups in which
they are interested though the extensive fieldwork.
 Ethnographic research is a labour intensive and time
consuming Endeavour.
 A certain level of intimacy with cultural groups
members is required to study culture. Intimacy can
develop over time and by working together directly
with those cultural group members who are active
participants.

116.  Researcher use themselves as a instrument in
these ethnography
 Ethnography rely on various sources of data
collection such as in depth interview record
analysis and observation of physical
evidences.(photographs diaries letters etc )

117.  Ex: An ethnographic study on the features, critical
attributes, processes and benefits of self help groups of
women living with chronic alcoholic husbands in
selected villages of district tumkur,karnataka.
 An ethnographic study on socio cultural beliefs of the
people about antenatal natal and postnatal care of
women in selected tribal communities of Karnataka

118.  Gaining access to the health beliefs and practices of
culture
 In nursing improved understanding of the meaning
of clients behaviour will enhance nursing judgment
and improve nursing care.
 Ethnographic is a qualitative method for collecting
data often used in the social and behavioural
sciences.

119.  Ethnography has been used in a large number of
studies relating to perception of illness includes
 Exploring the illness experiences
 To observe record keeping
 To transition from student to qualified status
 Exposing ritualistic practices in an operating theatre
 Investigating the role of nurses in the delivery of
community care.

120.  Grounded theory is an inductive technique(specific
example to general) developed for health related
topics by Gloser and Strauss.
 The term grounded theory means that the theory
developed from the research is grounded or has its
roots in the data from which it was derived.

121.  Grounded theory has become an important research
method for the study of nursing theories of phenomena
relevant to nurses.
 It is an approach to study of social process and social
structures.
 It is different from other methods because of particular
approach to theory development. Grounded theory
suggest that there should be continuous interplay
between data collection and data analysis

122.  The main focus is on developing social experience-
the social and psychological stages and phases that
characterize a particular event of episode.
 Data collection ---data analysis ---derive theory
 Theories are derived from the real world data.

123. Why we are using grounded theory
 Where there is no existing theory that explain a
phenomenon
 If there is an existing theory but data is incomplete
 There are two fundamental concept to grounded theory
 1.Data collection and analysis are cyclical
 2.Starts with raw data such as transcripts and turn them
into a theory.
 In grounded theory data collection process is called
theoretical sampling .

124. ISSUES GROUNDED RESEARCH
Method of data
collection
Primarily individual interviews, sometimes group
interviews observation participants journals
documents self reports
Units of data collection Individual subject
Data collection points Mainly cross sectional or longitudinal
Length of time for data
collection
Typically moderate
Data recording Interview notes and audiotape recording
Salient features building rapport, encouraging candour
(honest),listening while preparing what to ask next,
keeping discussion on track and handling emotion.

125.  The systematic collection and critical evaluation of
data relating to past occurrences of a particular
phenomenon is also a tradition that relies
primarily on qualitative data.
 Historical research is undertaken to answer
questions concerning causes, effects or trends
relating to past events that may shed light on
present behaviour or practices.

126.  Historical research is a critical investigation of
events their development experiences of the past
the careful weighing of evidence of the validity of
course of information from the past and the
interpretation of the weighed evidence.

127.  Action research is a form of applied research that
tries to empower people through a process that
constructs and use knowledge.
 It tries to find practical solutions to problems existing
in the framework of an organization.
 It increases understanding of how change in the
one’s action or practices can mutually benefit nurses
within an organization

128.  Changes are planned which can be locally
implemented in a particular organizational setup
and therefore are not universally applicable.
 A branch of action research known as
participatory action research (PAR).

129. DATA COLLECTION METHODS
i. Interview
ii. Observation
iii. Story telling
iv. Socio drama
v. Drawing and painting
vi. Play and skits
vii. Other creative ways like explore lives tell stories
viii. and recognize own strength

130.  To solve the problem by enriching the field of
application of discipline
 To collaborate with several disciplines for solving the
problem
 To study the individual cases without the objective to
generalize
 To recognize that other variable are constantly changing
 Try to say how things can be changed
 To report in common language

131.  EX: An action research on the use of proposed
well being support programme to solve somatic
morbidity among chronic mentally ill patient in
selected mental hospitals in north India.

132.  Case studies are in depth examination of people
places or institution
 Robson defines case study as the development of
detailed intensive knowledge about single case or a
small number of related cases.
 This strategy is of particular interest if researcher
wishes to gain a rich understanding of the context
of the research and its processes.

133.  Case study is often used when the selected case
might offer insight into a unique situation or
when researcher wants to know about a particular
phenomenon within a real life context.

134.  Based on purposes of carrying out case studies
they are classified into 3 major types
 1.Descriptive case studies
 2.Exploratory case studies
 3.Explanatory case studies

135.  In nursing sciences, case study methodology is
used since a long time for in depth study of a
single patient or a group of patients to generate
knowledge for solving nursing problems of a
patients suffering with specific disease conditions
 EX: How nurses and pregnant women manage
pain during delivery process?

136.  Case study data are collected by observation or by
personal interview method.
EX: A case study on the availability and utilization
of the emergency services at civil hospital
Ludhiana Punjab

137. THANK YOU