3. Eisteddfod: A Welsh language arts festival. There is a National Eisteddfod, an International Eisteddfod as well as a Youth Eisteddfod run by the Urdd.

4. Mr. Urdd: The personification of the triangular red, white and green logo of the Welsh youth movement, Urdd GobaithCymru (The Welsh League of Youth).

5. Adrodd: (trans. recitation). Reciting competitions are traditional in all forms of the Eisteddfod, in which individuals or groups orally present a poem.

6. Cerdd-dant: A traditional form of Welsh language song. Poetry is set to music and sung to the accompaniment of a harp. Cerdd-dant competitions are popular at Eisteddfods.

7. Cynghanedd: A specific form of alliteration that adheres to the rules of strict metre. It is a poetic tradition that dates from the 6th century. This play is inspired in part by Aneirin, a poet from this period.

8. Y Gododdin: A series of poems that makes use of cynghanedd to commemorate the tribe of the same name, who went to battle in Catterick, North Yorkshire. It is believed that only a few survived, including the poet who lived with the tribe for a year prior to battle.

9. Jiw, Jiw: A common phrase in South Wales dialect derived from the Welsh word for ‘God’ – Duw. It has the same implication as ‘gosh’ but has a far more colloquial ring in Welsh.

10. Ych a fi: A common Welsh phrase that is used to refer to something disgusting.

11. IechydDa: A drinking toast, commonly used. Literally translated it means ‘Good Health’.

12. Pobol y Cwm: A popular Welsh language soap opera that has been running since the 1970s.

13. Bach: Literally means ‘small’ but is used in Welsh as a term of endearment in the same way as many languages use diminutive terms.

14. Bychan: literally means ‘small one’ – another diminutive term of endearment.

15. Ibiza Ibiza: A Welsh language comedy film produced in 1986.

16. HywelGwynfryn: A popular Welsh language presenter and broadcaster.

17. Jenny Ogwen: A popular Welsh language weather girl in the 90s. Heulwen Haf: A broadcaster and actress.

18. Margaret Williams: a classical/popular singer who had her own television series in the eighties (with shoulder pads!). She recorded ‘O’r Fan Acw’. O’r Fan Acw: The Welsh translation of ‘From a Distance’, first recorded by Nanci Griffith and later by Bette Midler.

19. HafanGobaith: A contemporary and popular ballad released in aid of a charity appeal.

20. DechrauCanu: A reference to the Welsh language television series ‘DechrauCanu, DechrauCanmol’. It is the Welsh equivalent of ‘Songs of Praise’.

21. Ysbryd y Nos: A song made famous by the Welsh language band Edward H. Dafis. It still remains extremely popular today.

22. Billy Banks: A council estate in Penarth, overlooking the city of Cardiff. Most of its residents were moved out by the nineties due to plans for a new development: Penarth Heights, the construction of which has only recently began. Some derelict buildings still remain.

23. “Ry’n ni yma o hyd”: (trans. We’re still here) is the hook line from an extremely popular Welsh language song ‘Yma o Hyd’. Written and originally sung by Welsh folk singer Dafydd Iwan it remains a nationalistic anthem celebrating the survival of Welsh culture against all odds.

24. “I’ve ‘eard about them Welsh schools”: A reference to the sexual abuse allegations that were made against John Owen, a former drama teacher at Rhydfelen Comprehensive. He took his own life before he was brought to trial.

25. IoloMorganwg(1747 – 1826): He had a lasting impact on Welsh culture, seen most notably in his foundation of the Gorsedd (meaning ‘throne’ in Welsh), which is a community or coming together of modern-day bards, i.e. the national gorsedd of Wales. The supposedly ancient druidic ritual was revealed as a forgery after his death.

26. Hedd Wyn: A bard who won the chair in the National Eisteddfod in 1917, the prize awarded to the poet of the winning ‘awdl’, a poem in strict metre. He was killed in battle at Passchendaele and never knew of his success. The chair that was awarded to him posthumously is famously known as ‘the black chair’.