CTEP - UNIT - II - MASONRY

MMAASSOONNRRYY
BY
K.R.SHANKAR M.E.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
EBET GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
TRIPPUR DISTRICT
TAMUL NADU, INDIA – 638108
Email ID – krs.civil@ebet.edu.in
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MASONRY
DEFINITION:
The construction of building units bonded
with mortar.
TYPES:
Stone Masonry
Brick Masonry
Hollow Concrete Block Masonry
Reinforced Brick Masonry
Composite Masonry 2
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TERMS
IN
MASONRY
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• Course : It is a horizontal layer of masonry
unit. The thickness of course is equal to
thickness of stone or brick plus one mortar
joint.
• Header : The shorter face of the brick or
stone.
• Stretcher : The longest face of the brick or
stone.
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• Header Course : A course of brick or stone in
which all bricks are laid in header.
• Stretcher Course : A course of brick or stone
in which all bricks are laid in stretcher.
• Bed : This is lower surface of brick or stone in
each course.
• Bond : A systematically overlapping or
alternating arrangement of bricks or stones in
a wall
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• Quoins : Quoins are masonry blocks at the
corner of a wall.
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• Face : It is surface of wall exposed to weather.
• Back : It is inner surface of wall not exposed to
weather.
• Facing : The materials used in the face of the wall is
known as facing.
• Hearting : The inner portion of wall between facing
and backing.
• Frog: It is an indentation or depression on the top
face of a brick made with the object of forming a key
for the mortars.
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• JOINT : The junction of adjacent units of brick
or stones.
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• Closer: It is the portion of the brick cut length
wise in such a manner that its one long face
remains uncut.
• Queen closer: It is the portion of brick obtained
by cutting a brick length wise into two portions.
• King Closer: These are the portions of a brick
obtained by cutting off the triangular piece
between the centre of one end and the centre of
one side.
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• Bevelled Closer: It is that portion of a brick in
which the whole length of the brick is bevelled
for maintaining half width at one end and full
width art the other.
• Mitred Closer: It is a brick whose one end is
cut splayed or mitred for full width. The angle
of splay may vary from 45° to 60°.
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• Bats: it is the portion of brick cut across
the width.
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• Through Stone: A bond stone that
extends through the full thickness of a wall.
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• Sill: it is a horizontal member of stone, concrete or wood,
employed for the purpose of shedding off rain water
from the face of wall immediately below the window
opening.
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• Lintel: it is a horizontal member of stone, brick, wood,
iron or RCC used to support the masonry or load above an
opening.
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• Plinth: It is the horizontal course of stone or brick
provided at the base of the wall above ground
level. It indicates the height of the ground level
above the natural ground level. It protects the
building from dampness.
• Plinth Course: It is the top most course of the
plinth masonry. 19
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• String Course: It is a horizontal projecting course of
masonry projecting out of the face of the wall for
shedding rain water off the face. It imparts an aesthetic
appearance to the structure and is generally provided at
every floor level.
• Blocking Course: It is a top most course of stone
masonry provided immediately above the cornice to
prevent the tendency of the cornice to overturn. It also
adds to the aesthetics of the cornice. 21
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• Jambs: These are the vertical sides of an opening for doors
and windows. These may be plain or splayed or may be
provided with recesses to receive the frames of doors and
windows.
• Reveals: These are exposed vertical surfaces left on the
sides of an opening after the door or window frame had
been fitted in position.
• Cornice: It is a projecting ornamental course near the top of
a building or at the junction of a wall and ceiling.
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• Coping: It is a course placed upon the exposed
top of an external wall to prevent the seepage of
water.
• Corbel: It is the extension of one or more course
of stone or brick from the face of a wall to serve as
a support for wall plates.
• Toothing: Bricks alternately projecting at the end
of a wall, in order to be bonded into a
continuation of it when the remainder is carried
up.
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BRICK
MASONRY
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What is Brick Masonry?
 Brick masonry is made of brick
units bonded together with
mortar
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TYPES OF BOND IN
BRICK MASONRY
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TYPES OF BOND IN BRICK MASONRY
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1. Header Bond:
 In this all bricks are laid as headers on the
faces of wall
 Used when wall thickness = 1 brick size
 Overlap = ½ width of brick
 It is achieved by providing ¾ Bat in alternate
courses as quoins
 Not suitable for load bearing walls
 Used in curved walls and footing construction
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2. Stretcher Bond:
 In this all bricks are laid as Stretchers on the
faces of wall
 Used when wall thickness = ½ brick size
 Used as cavity walls, partition walls, division
walls, chimney stacks, etc.,
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3. English Bond:
 Alternative courses of headers and stretchers
 Each alternate header should be centrally
placed over a stretcher
 Queen closer will be provided after quoin
header
 No continuous vertical joints
 Wall thickness = 2,4,6.. X half brick, both faces
of wall will have same appearance
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 Wall thickness = 1,3,5.. X half brick, same
course will have headers on one face and
stretcher on other face of wall
 Hearting of thicker walls should have only
headers in them.
 Most widely used bond.
 Heavy load carrying capacity.
 Uses of bats is avoided. 39
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4. Double Flemish Bond:
 Every course consist of header and stretcher
alternately
 Facing and backing of a course will have same
appearance
 Queen closer will be provided after quoin headers in
alternate course
 Wall thickness = 1,3,5.. X half brick, ½ bats and ¾ bats
are used
 Wall thickness = 2,4,6.. X half brick, no bats are used
 Better appearance than English bond.
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5. Single Flemish Bond:
 Double Flemish bond in facing & English bond
in backing and hearting in each course
 It uses strength of English bond and
appearance of Flemish bond
 Used only when wall thickness = 1.5 brick
(min.)
 Good quality bricks in facing
 Cheaper bricks in backing and hearting
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6. English Cross Bond :
 Modification of English bond
 Combines both beauty and strength
 Alternate header and stretcher courses
 Queen closer placed near quoin header
 A Header is introduced near quoin stretcher in
alternate course 49
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7. Brick on Edge Bond:
 Alternate header and stretcher course are laid
 Header as bed & stretcher on edges of wall
 So it forms continuous cavity throughout
length
 Its is also called Sliverlock's bond or Cavity
bond
 Used in compound walls, garden walls,
boundary walls, etc.,
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8. Dutch Bond:
 Another Modification of English bond
 Alternate header and stretcher courses
 Every stretcher course starts with ¾ bats as
quoin
 In that course, header also provided next to
¾ bats
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9. Raking Bond:
 Bricks are placed inclination to the direction of
wall
 Between external stretchers course
 Raking should be in opposite direction in
alternate courses
 Provided between 4 to 8 courses in height of wall
 Used in thick walls
 Wall thickness = 2,4,6.. X half brick
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(i) Diagonal bond:
 Bricks are arranged at 45° to stretcher course
 Triangular pieces are used near the sides
 Suitable for wall thickness = 2 to 4 bricks
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(ii) Herring Bone Bond:
 Bricks are arranged at 45° in two opposite direction
from centre of wall
 Suitable for wall thickness = > 4 bricks
 Used in ornamental finish of face work and brick
flooring
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10. Zig-Zag Bond:
 It is like Herring bone bond
 Laid in the Zigzag Manner
 Used in the ornamental Panels in brick flooring
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11.a English Garden Wall Bond:
 Header course is placed only after 3 to 5
stretcher courses
 In that course Queen closer placed near quoin
header
 Quoin header placed alternatively in stretcher
course
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11.b Flemish Garden Wall Bond:
 A Header is placed after 3 to 5 stretcher in all
courses throughout length
 Each alternate course will have ¾ bats after
quoin header and a header is placed after ¾
bats
 It is also called Scotch bond or Sussex bond
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11.c Garden Wall Monk bond:
 A Header is placed after 2 stretcher in all
courses throughout length
 Each alternate course will have ¾ bats after
quoin header
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Points to be considered in Brick
Masonry
 Brick should be Uniform in size
 Bricks must be soaked in water before use
 Uniform Lapping is must
 Lap = ¼ Brick along Length of wall
 Lap = ½ Brick along thickness of wall
 Use of Bats must be reduced
 Vertical joints must be in same prepend
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 As for as possible brick work should raised
uniformly throughout length
 Height of masonry construction in a day is
restricted to 1.5 m
 After brickwork it must be watered for 1 to 2 weeks
 Single scaffolding must be used.
 For scaffolding only headers have to be removed
 Stretchers are used only in facing
 Hearting must done only with headers
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STONE MASONRY
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What is stone masonry?
Stone masonry is made of stone
units bonded together with
mortar
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Classification of Stone
Masonry
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RUBBLE MASONRY
• The stone masonry in which either undressed
or roughly dressed stones are laid is called
"Rubble masonry".
• In this masonry, the joints of mortar are not
of uniform thickness.
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1. Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
• In uncoursed random rubble masonry, the courses are
not maintained regularly.
• Larger stones are used at corners and at jambs to
increase their strength.
• In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely
different sizes.
• This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone
masonry.
• This type of masonry is used for constructing walls of
low height in case of ordinary buildings
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2. Coursed Random Rubble
Masonry
• In coursed random rubble masonry, the masonry work
is carried out in courses such that the stones in a
particular course are of equal height.
• In this type of masonry, the work is roughly levelled up
to form courses, varying from 12 to 18 inch thick.
• In each course, headers of one course height are placed
at certain intervals.
• This type of masonry is used to construct residential
buildings, godowns, boundary walls, etc.,
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3. Uncoursed Square Rubble
Masonry
• In the uncoursed square rubble masonry, the different
sizes of stones having straight edges and sides are
arranged on face in several irregular patterns.
• In this type of masonry, stones having straight bed and
sides are used.
• In this type of squared rubble masonry, the stones are
roughly squared and built without continuous horizontal
courses .
• It is used for ordinary buildings in hilly areas, where a
good variety of stones are easily and cheaply available.
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4. Coursed Squared Rubble Masonry
• In the coursed square rubble masonry, the work
is carried out in courses of varying depth.
• In this type of masonry stones having straight
bed and sides are used.
• The stones are roughly squared and laid in
courses to bond in with the larger quoin stones.
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5. Regular Coursed Squared Rubble
Masonry
• This type of masonry is built in courses of
varying height but the stones in any one course
are of the same depth.
• It is mostly used in public buildings, hospitals,
schools, markets, modern residential buildings
and in hilly areas, where a good quality of stone
is easily and cheaply available.
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6. Polygonal Rubble Masonry
• In this type of rubble masonry, the stones are
hammer dressed.
• The stones used for face work are dressed in
an irregular polygonal shape.
• Thus the face joints are seen running in an
irregular fashion in all directions.
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7. Flint Rubble Masonry
• In this type of masonry, stone used are flints or cobbles.
• These are irregularly shaped nodules of silica.
• Thickness = 7.5 to 15 cm Length = 15 to 30 cm
• The stones are extremely hard.
• But they are brittle and therefore they break easily.
• Facing may be coursed or uncoursed or built to courses
• Increases strength by introducing lacing course
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8. Dry Rubble Masonry
• In this type of masonry, mortar is not used in the joints.
• This type of construction is the cheapest and requires
more skill in construction.
• It is an ordinary masonry and is recommended for
constructing walls of height not more than 18 ft.
• In case, the height is more, three adjacent courses are
laid in Squared rubble masonry, in mortar at 9 ft interval
• This may be used for non-load bearing walls such as
compound walls, retaining walls, pitching on bridge
approaches etc…
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ASHLAR MASONRY
• The stone masonry in which finely dressed stones are laid
in cement or lime mortar, is known as "Ashlar Masonry".
• In this masonry all the joints are regular, thin, and of
uniform thickness.
• This type of masonry is costly in construction as involves
heavy cost of dressing of stones.
• This masonry is used for heavy structures, arches,
architectural buildings, high piers, abutments of bridges,
etc.
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1. ASHLAR FINE MASONRY
In this type of masonry stone blocks of same
height are used in each course.
 Every stone is fine tooled on all sides.
 Thickness of Mortar joint should not more
than 5 mm and is uniform through out.
This type of ashlar masonry is very costly.
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Ashlar fine or
coursed ashlar
masonry.
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2. Ashlar Rough Tooled Masonry
In this type of ashlar masonry, the beds and sides
are finely chisel-dressed.
But the face is made rough by means of tools.
Thickness of joints does not exceed 6 mm.
This type of masonry is also known as Bastard
Ashlar Masonry.
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97
Rough tooled ashlar
masonry.
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3. Rock or Quarry Faced Ashlar
Masonry
There is no dressing on face of the stone it is left
as rocky.
The projection above 80 mm height are
removed by light hammering.
Blocks are in uniform size.
Height of block may 15 cm to 30 cm.
Thickness of joints may up to 10mm.
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4. Ashlar Chamfered Masonry
 In this type of ashlar masonry, the strip is
provided as below.
 But it is chamfered or bevelled at an angle of
45 degrees by means of chisel for a depth of
about 25mm.
 Due to this a groove is formed with adjacent
blocks. 100
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5. Block in Course Masonry
• This is combination of rubble masonry and ashlar
masonry.
• In this type of masonry, the face work is provided with
rough tooled or hammer dresses stones and backing of
the wall may be made in rubble masonry.
• The stones are all squared and properly dressed.
• Joints are not straight as ashlar masonry.
• Height of course may 15 cm to 30 cm. 102
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6. Ashlar Facing Masonry
Ashlar is the superior but expensive type of stone
masonry thus in order to reduce the cost a wall is
commonly constructed with a facing of ashlar and
backing of rubble or brick masonry.
Such walls are also called compound or composite
masonry walls.
If the backing is of rubble masonry it is called rubble
ashlar, if the backing is of brick masonry then it is termed
as brick ashlar.
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HOLLOW CONCRETE
BLOCK MASONRY
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What is hollow concrete block
masonry?
 Hollow concrete block masonry
is made of hollow block units
bonded together with mortar
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Manufacturing of Hollow Concrete Blocks:
o They are manufactured with mix of sand (40%) and
coarse aggregates(60%) of size 6 to 12mm.
o The concrete mix 1: 6 (C:CA) cement to Combined
aggregate.
o Uses hand mould or machine moulding.
o Kept for 24 hrs undisturbed.
o Cured for minimum 7 days.
o The minimum strength prescribed is 4 N/Sq.mm.
o The block should have sharp edges and right angled
corners.
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Large size availability
Uniformity in design
Easy handling
Placing is also easy
Attractive appearance
Production will be quick
Quality will be good
Curing will be fast (steam curing) 109
Advantages of using concrete
block:
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Types of Blocks:
Regular Concrete Block
Light Weight Concrete Block
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Size of Blocks:
 Hollow block of normal sizes 39x19x30cm, 39x19x20cm and
39x19x10cm are manufactured.
 The net area of hollow block is 55-60% of the gross area. They
should have sharp edges and right-angled corners.
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Surface Finish of Concrete
Blocks:
 Coarse textured
 Glazed finish
 Slumped finish
 Specially faced finish
 Colored finish
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The following points need to be observed
in concrete block masonry
Blocks should be dry before use.
Vertical joints should be broken.
Mortar used should not be stronger than the block
itself.
The joints should be 5-10mm thick.
The blocks used for external walls should have
absorption less than 10%.
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For internal walls, adsorption up to 15% may be
permitted.
Solid concrete blocks or hollow blocks filled with site
concrete because in the junction of walls and also in
the middle of long walls to avoid cracking due to
expansion
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