Conclave on “Legal and Ethical Challenges in Healthcare Ecosystem”

Research Foundation of Hospital & Healthcare Administration (RFHHA) in collaboration with
Department of Hospital Administration All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
Announces
Conclave on “Legal and Ethical Challenges in Healthcare Ecosystem”
18th
to 20th
May, 2017 at Manekshaw Convention Centre,
New Delhi, India
Modern hospital is a matrix organization, an amalgam of social, architectural and technological advancements. Healthcare
industry is growing rapidly but the core ingredients such as care, compassion, empathy, trustworthiness and ethical
considerations are losing their fabric. We live in a well-informed society, where patients, relatives, and others are inclined to
question healthcare providers when medical outcomes are not acceptable. Ethics is considered a standard of behaviour and a
concept of right and wrong in any situation. The primary principles of ethics include beneficence, non-malfeasance, justice
and respect for autonomy. There are legal and ethical dilemmas associated with delivery of healthcare. It is imperative for
healthcare professionals to be well conversant with law and ethics - the pillars of healthcare ecosystem. The evolving
technologies pose new challenges every day to the established tenets of medical practice. These challenges often involve
social issues and ethical dilemmas with decisions affecting life and its continuity. Recent issues include reproductive rights,

fetal health, stem cell research, euthanasia, DNR and confidentiality of records in cyber domain. Healthcare professionals
need to be concerned about how law and ethics impact not only their respective professions, but also how these issues affect
the consumers and society at large. Spiralling cost of healthcare leads to questions regarding availability, accessibility,
affordability and equitable distribution of healthcare resources. It is thus the felt need of the hour to introspect and deliberate
on these much relevant contemporary legal and ethical issues.
Against this backdrop, Research Foundation of Hospital and Healthcare Administration (RFHHA) in collaboration with
Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi is organizing a three-day Conclave
on “Legal and Ethical Challenges in Healthcare Ecosystem” from 18th
to 20th
May, 2017 at Manekshaw Convention
Centre, New Delhi. The conclave will open up new vistas for formulating SOPs for respective organizations. It will also
address contentious ethical and legal issues related to healthcare and facilitate the stake holders for framing appropriate
policies and guidelines. We are sanguine this conclave will be an important melting pot for exchange of ideas and sharing of
practical experiences.
Your participation and deliberation will be of academic value to the experts and delegates.
Chairperson
Dr Shakti Kumar Gupta, Medical Superintendent, Dr RP Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi
Co-Chairperson(s)
1. Dr D.K. Sharma, Medical Superintendent, AIIMS, New Delhi
2. Dr Sidhartha Satpathy, Prof & Head, Dept of Hospital Administration, AIIMS, New Delhi
3. Prof (Dr) R Chandrashekhar, Chairman, IGBC Green Healthcare Rating, Former Chief Architect, Ministry of Health
&FW, Govt.of India
Convenor
Lt Col (Dr) Madhav Madhusudan Singh, Secretary & Executive Body Member, Managing Editor (IJRFHHA)
Chief Organizing Secretary
Dr Vijay Tadia, Senior Resident Administrator, Department of Hospital Administration, AIIMS, New Delh

Venue: Manekshaw Convention Centre, New Delhi
18th– 20th May, 2017
Scientific Programme
Day 1, Thursday, 18th May 2017
Time/ Session Topic Panelist
0800hrs -0900 hrs Information Desk Open
0900 hrs- 1030 hrs
SESSION 1
Inauguration
Address by Guest of Honor
 Law & Medicine-A symbiotic
relationship
 Law & Medicine-Govt Perspectives
 Role of Media in Healthcare
Provisioning – Bridging the gap
between healthcare providers and
consumers
Welcome address by Organizing Chairperson
About the conclave by Organizing Vice Chairperson
Address by Director AIIMS, New Delhi
Address by Guest of Honour
Address by Chief Guest
Vote of Thanks
1030 hrs- 1100 hrs Tea/Coffee Break
1100 hrs - 1120 hrs
SESSION 2
Keynote Address: Overview of laws
applicable to hospitals and its
implications
Air Marshal (Dr) Pawan Kapoor, VSM* PHS
DGMS (AIR) & Colonel Commandant, Institute of Aviation
Medicine and Chairman Accreditation Committee NABH
1120 hrs – 1140 hrs
SESSION 3
Keynote Address: Perception and
expectations of Society from Medical
Professionals
1140 hrs- 1200 hrs
SESSION 4
Keynote Address: Legal, Ethical and
Moral Challenges in Medical Practice
Justice Permod Kohli, Chairman Central Administrative
Tribunal and Former Chief Justice Sikkim
Chairperson
Justice Permod Kohli, Chairman Central Administrative
Tribunal and Former Chief Justice Sikkim

1200 hrs- 1300 hrs
SESSION 5
Moderator
Brig Sunil Kant, VSM, Prof & Head, Dept of Hospital
Administration, AFMC, Pune
Panelist
1. Lt Gen (Dr) NK Parmar, PVSM, AVSM, VrC, VSM (Retd)
2. Maj Gen Rajender Kumar, AVSM, SM, VSM, Judge Advocate
General
3. Dr U.N. Nair, Former Prof & Head of Physical Medicine &
Rehabilitation at Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu
1300 hrs- 1400 hrs, Lunch Break
1400 hrs - 1500 hrs
SESSION 6
Negligence in Medical Practices Keynote Address and Chairperson
Surg V Adm Bipin Puri, VSM, PHS, DGMS (Navy)
Moderator
Dr Parmeshwar Kumar, Assistant Prof, Hospital
Administration, AIIMS, New Delhi
Panelist
1. Prof A.K. Mahapatra, Chief Neuro Sciences Centre, AIIMS,
New Delhi & Former Director AIIMS, Bhubaneshwar
2. Dr Arvind Kumar, Director Thoracic and Robotic Surgery, Sir
Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi
3. Col Abhijit Rudra, Prof & Head, Dept of Forensic Medicine,
AFMC, Pune
4. Dr Anjan Trikha, Prof Dept of Anaesthesia & Pain Medicine
and Critical Care, AIIMS, New Delhi
5. Dr Nirupam Madaan, Associate Prof, Hospital
1500 hrs -1520 hrs
SESSION 7
Keynote Address: PCPNDT Act –
Implications in Medical Practice
Padma Shri (Dr) Harsh Mahajan, Founder and Chief
Radiologist at Mahajan Imaging Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

1520 hrs-1630 hrs
SESSION 8
Legal and Ethical Issues in
Obstetrics, Gynaecology and
Neonatology Practice
Keynote Address and Chairperson
Lt Gen Sanjiv Chopra, VSM, DGHS(AF)
Moderator
Lt Col (Dr) MM Singh, Joint Director Medical Services, Army
Panelist
1. Padma Shri (Dr) Harsh Mahajan, Founder and Chief
Radiologist at Mahajan Imaging Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Brig Rakesh Sharma, ART Expert, Primus hospital, New
Delhi
3. Dr A.K. Deorari, Prof of Neonatology, AIIMS, New Delhi
4. Col Pankaj Talwar MD, VSM, Director and Head of ART
Center, Army Hospital Research and Referral), New Delhi
5. Dr Manju Puri, Lady Harding Medical College
6. Dr Neena Malhotra, Prof (Obs and Gynae), AIIMS, New
Delhi*
1630-1700 hrs, Tea/Coffee Break
1700 hrs- 1800 hrs
SESSION 9
Legal, Ethical and Administrative
Challenges in Emergency Care and
Road Safety
Mr Vijay Chibber, IAS, Former Secretary to Govt, Ministry of
Surface Transport and Highways, GoI.
Moderator
Dr Angel Rajan Singh, Assistant Prof, Dept of Hospital
Administration, AIIMS, New Dehi.
Panelist
1. Prof. (Dr) Suresh S. David, Medical Director, Pushpagiri
Medical College Hospital, Kerala, India
2. Dr A. G. Ahangar, Director SKIMS Srinagar & Ex-Officio
Secretary to Government of Jammu and Kashmir
3. Dr Parvez Ahmed, Chairman and MD Aapka Urgicare, New
Delhi
4. Dr Mohd Tariq Ali, Director, Institute of Critical Care &
Anaesthesiology, Medanta Medicity,Gurgaon, Delhi

5. Dr Tamorish Kole, HOD, Accident and Emergency Services,
Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi
6. Mr Dipender Pathak, Joint Commissioner of Police, Delhi
7. Dr SK Bhoi, Prof of Emergency Medicine, JPN Apex Trauma
Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi
8. Mr. Saji Cherian, Director - Operations, Savelife Foundation
1830 hrs -1915hrs Musical Saga: Mahanayak: A journey Display by INDIAN NAVY BAND
1915 hrs – 2000 hrs ORATION

Day 2, Friday,19th May 2017
0900 hrs- 1030 hrs
SESSION 10
Role of Consent in Medical Practice-
Associated Legal and Ethical issues
Dr Avinash Supe, Dean KEM Medical College, Gastro
Surgeon, Mumbai
Moderator
Dr Sanjay Arya, Prof Hospital Administration, AIIMS, Delhi
Panelist
1. Dr K.P.S. Mahalwar, Chair Professor, Professional Ethics,
NLU, New Delhi.
2. Dr AK Gupta, Prof & Head Department of Hospital
Administration and Medical, Superintendent PGIMER,
Chandigarh
3. Maj Gen Jagtar Singh, VSM, ADG, E&S O/o DGAFMS,
New Delhi
4. Dr Sudhir Gupta, Prof & Head, Forensic Medicine and
Toxicology, AIIMS, New Delhi.
1030 hrs – 1100 hrs, Tea/Coffee Break
1100 hrs- 1200 hrs
SESSION 11 End of Life Decisions
Prof (Dr) GK Rath, Head National Cancer Institute and Chief
IRCH, AIIMS, Delhi
Moderator
Col Saroj Patnaik, O/o DGAFMS
Panelist
1) Col (Dr) Rangaraj Setlur (Anesthetist/ Intensivist),
Command Hospital, Kolkata
2) Dr Padma Srivastav, Prof Neurology, AIIMS, New Delhi
3) Dr Mahesh R, Associate Prof, Dept of Hospital
4) Dr LJ Desouza, Shanti Avedhna, Sedan, New Delhi.
5) Member from NHRC
6) Member from NGO

1200 hrs- 1220 hrs
SESSION 12
Keynote Address: Vicarious &
Criminal Liability in Medical
Profession
Justice Manmohan Sarin, Lokayukta Former Chief Justice,
High Court of Jammu & Kashmir & Judge, High Court of Delhi
1220 hrs- 1315 hrs
SESSION 13
Vicarious &Criminal Liability in
Medical Profession
Chairperson
Justice Manmohan Sarin, Lokayukta Former Chief Justice,
High Court of Jammu & Kashmir & Judge, High Court of
Delhi.
Moderator
Air Marshal (Dr) Pawan Kapoor, VSM* PHS, DGMS (AIR) &
Colonel Commandant, Institute of Aviation Medicine and
Chairman Accreditation Committee NABH
Panelist
1. Dr B D Athani, Special Director General of Health
Services,GoI
2. Dr D.K. Sharma, MS, AIIMS, New Delhi
3. Dr Mrinal Satish, Associate Prof of Law, National Law
university, Delhi
4. Dr Rajiv Kumar Jain, Additional Chief Medical Director &
Joint Food Safety Commissioner, Northern Railway
1315 hrs -1400 hrs, Lunch Break
1400 hrs- 1500 hrs
SESSION 14
Consumer Protection Act &its
implications in Medical and Nursing
care - Landmark Judgments
Keynote Address and Chairperson*
Moderator
Dr Siddhartha Satpathy, Prof & HOD, Dept of Hospital
Panelist
1. Dr Bejon Kumar Mishra, Founder Partnership for Safe
Medicines (PSM) India, New Delhi
2. Mr Gourav Pachnanda, Senior Advocate Supreme Court,
India
3. Dr Mala Goswami, Prof cum Principal, Nursing College
AIIMS, Bhopal

1500 hrs -1600 hrs
SESSION 15
Errors in Medical Practice: What can
go wrong
Lt Gen Velu Nair, PVSM, AVSM, VSM, PHS, DGMS (ARMY
& Col Comdt), New Delhi.
Moderator
Dr Arati Varma, Senior VP-Medical Quality, Max Healthcare,
New Delhi, India
Panelist
1. Justice Vinod Gupta, Former Chief Justice, Jharkhand,
Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand
2. Dr B.K.Rao, Chairman and Senior Consultant, Critical
Care, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi
3. Dr Anupam Sibal, Senior Consultant, Pediatric
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indraprastha Apollo
Hospitals, New Delhi and Group Medical Director, Apollo
Hospitals
4. Brig (Dr) Rashmi Datta, VSM Consultant Anesthesia,
BHDC
1600 hrs- 1630 hrs, Tea/Coffee Break

1630 hrs - 1800 hrs
SESSION 16
Compensation- When, Why and How
Much
Dr. V. Nagaraj, Professor of Law, NSLIU, Bangalore
Moderator
Dr Vijaydeep Siddharth, Assistant Prof, Dept of Hospital
Panelist
1. Dr Narendra Saini, Member Executive Committee, Delhi
Medical Association
2. Mr Shishir Chand, Member for People for Better
Treatment, New Delhi, India
3. Shri K.N. Bhandari (Insurance), Chair Professor, NLU
Jodhpur, Former CMD, New India Assurance Co. Ltd
4. Mr G Srinivasan, Chairman Cum Managing Director, New
India Assurance Company*.
5. Mr Girish Rao, Chairman Vidal Health*
6. Shri P J Joseph, CMD- Agriculture Insurance Company of
India & Member IRDA*
7. Ashish Mehrotra, CMD and Country Head- Max Bupa*
8. Mayank Bathwal, CEO- Aditya Birla*
1830 hrs -1915 hrs Musical Saga part 2 Display by Indian Army Band
1915 hrs – 2000 hrs ORATION

Day 3, Saturday, 20th May 2017
0900hrs-1000 hrs
SESSION 17
Medical Value Travel – Need to
Follow Global Legal and Ethical
Standards
Shri Sudhanshu Pande
Joint Secretary, Dept of Commerce
Ministry of Commerce and Industry, GoI
Moderator
Panelist
1. Dr. Narottam Puri, Advisor-Medical and Emeritus
Consultant (ENT&H&N SURGERY) Fortis Healthcare,
Fr Chairman – NABH
2. Dr. Muffazal Lakdawala, Chairman, Dept. of Minimal
Access and Bariatric Surgery, Saifee hospital*
3. Dr Pradeep Chowbey, Chairman- Max Institute of
Minimal Access, Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery,
Chairman- Surgery & Allied Surgical Specialties,
Executive Vice Chairman- Max Healthcare*
4. Representative from Medical Value Travel division
FICCI
1000 hrs- 1100 hrs
SESSION 18
Ethics in Medical Education- Time for
Introspection
Dr Shiv Sareen, Director, Institute of Liver and Biliary
Sciences, New Delhi
Moderator
AVM (Dr) RK Ranyal, VSM Addl DGAFMS (HR)
Panelist
1. Prof (Dr) Bipin Batra, Executive Director, National
Board of Examination
2. Dr. Rita Sood, Prof & Head, Deptt. of Medicine,
AIIMS, New Delhi
3. Dr K.K. Aggarwal, President Indian Medical
Association

4. Ms Shobha Mishra Ghosh, Senior Director FICCI,
New Delhi
5. Expert from MCI
6. Expert member from National Medical Commission
Bill
1100 hrs to 1130 hrs, Tea/Coffee Break
1130 hrs to 1230hrs
SESSION 19
Keynote Address: Legal, Ethical and
Administrative Issues in Telemedicine
and Electronic Consultations
Chairperson
Padma Shri A. S. Kiran Kumar, Chairman ISRO
Moderator
Group Capt (Dr) Rajeev Pathni, Office of DGMS (AIR)
Panelist
1. Dr S K Mishra, Prof & Head, Dept. of Endocrine
Surgery & Faculty I/C, Telemedicine Programme,
SGPGI, Lucknow
2. Ms. Sangita Reddy, Joint Managing Director, Apollo
Hospitals Group, Chairperson, Apollo Knowledge*
1200 hrs- 1300 hrs
SESSION 20
Legal & Ethical issues in Clinical Trials
and Research
Dr Soumya Swaminathan, Director ICMR*
Moderator
Dr Y. K Gupta, Prof & Head, Dept of Pharmacology,
AIIMS, New Delhi
Panelist
1. Dr Nirmal K. Ganguly, Prof & Advisor, THSTI
2. Dr Shiv Sareen, Director, Institute of Liver and
Biliary Sciences, New Delhi
3. Dr G.N. Singh, Drugs Controller General India &
Secretary-cum-Scientific Director, IPC MoHFW, GoI
4. Mr A.K. Pradhan, Deputy Drugs Controller
CDSCO, North Zone, MoH&FW
5. Representative from Pharma Industry
6. Expert from DST
7. Expert from DBT

1300 hrs – 1400 hrs, Lunch Break
1400 hrs – 1420 hrs
SESSION 21
Keynote Address: Code of Conduct for
Medical Technology Industry- Legal and
Ethical Compliances
Dr Harsh Vardhana Singh, Executive Director,
Brookings India
1420 hrs – 1520 hrs
SESSION 22
Code of Conduct for Medical Technology
Industry- Legal and Ethical Compliances
Chairperson
Dr Harsh Vardhana Singh, Executive Director,
Brookings India
Moderator
Dr Sanjeev Singh, Medical Superintendent, Amrita
Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala
Panelist
1. Dr Shakti Kumar Gupta, Medical Superintendent,
Dr RP Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi
2. Dr Deepak Aggarwal, Prof Neurosurgery and
Chairman Computerization AIIMS, New Delhi
3. Mr A. Vaidheesh, VP, South Asia & Managing
Director, India, Glaxo Smith Kline
Pharmaceuticals Limited*
4. Mr Manoj Gopalakrishna, CEO at HCL
Healthcare, Noida Area, India
5. Ms. Rani Shah, Health Care Compliance Officer,
Johnson & Johnson Medical.
6. Dr Ruchi Dass, MD, Health Cursor Consulting
Group
7. Dr Rana Mehta, Partner, Price Water Coopers*

1520 hrs to 1620 hrs
SESSION 23
Pricing of Drugs, Devices and Medical
Implants- Legal and Ethical Issues
Major Gen Rajat Datta, AVSM, VSM, SM, Consultant
Cardiologist & ADGMS, (Army)
Moderator
Dr Y. K Gupta, Prof & Head, Dept of Pharmacology,
AIIMS, New Delhi
Panelist
1. Shri A.K. Khuranna, Director National
Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority
2. Dr. S. Eswara Reddy, Joint Drugs Controller (India)
CDSCO
3. Dr I B Singh, Prof Hospital Administration, AIIMS,
New Delhi
4. Mr Anjan Bose, Secretary General, Healthcare
Federation of India (NATHEALTH)
5. Mr Satish Kaul, Resident Director, Emcure
Phamaceuticals
6. Representative from Civil Society
1620 hrs - 1700 hrs Tea/Coffee Break
1700 hrs – 1800 hrs
SESSION 24
Medico legal and Ethical issues in Organ
Transplantation
Dr R. Venkata Rao, Vice-Chancellor, National Law
School of India University Nagarbhavi, Bangalore
Moderator
Dr Aarti Vij, Prof of Hospital Administration and Faculty
Incharge ORBO, AIIMS, New Delhi
Panelist
1. Prof (Dr) Vimal Bhandari, Director NOTTO
2. Dr. A.S Soin, Chairman, Institute of Liver
Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine,
Medanta

3. Dr. Jeewan Singh Titiyal, Prof & Head, Dr. R P
Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi,
Chairman National Eye Bank.
4. Dr Sandeep Guleria, Senior Consultant Surgery and
Renal transplant surgeon, Apollo Hospital.
5. Dr Vipin Kaushal, Additional Prof, Dept of Hospital
Administration, PGI, Chandigarh, ROTTO
6. Ms Pallavi Kumar, Executive Director (Delhi-NCR),
MOHAN (Multi Organ Harvesting Aid Network)
Foundation
7. Patients with history of organ transplantation
1800 hrs- 1900 hrs
SESSION 25
Regulatory Councils of Medical, Dental
and Nursing Profession: How to bridge
the demand supply mismatch of
professionals.
Dr V P Mishra, Chairman Academic council, MCI
Moderator
Col Rakesh Verma, Senior Registrar, Military Hospital,
Roorkee
Panelist
1 Dr Arun Kumar Gupta, President DMC*
2 Dr O P Kharbanda, Prof &Head, Department of
Orthodontics and Chief, Centre for Dental Education
and Research, AIIMS, New Delhi
3 Maj Gen Sushila Sahi, VSM, ADGMNS
4 Dr Anoop Daga, Associate Prof, Dept of Hospital
1900 hrs onwards Valedictory Function
Valedictory Address
* Confirmation Awaited
SYSTEMS

INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN HE
Venue: Manekshaw Convention Centre, New Delhi
Date: 18th– 20thMay 2017
Delegate Registration Form
Personal Details (IN CAPITALS)
Name: __________________________________________________________________________________
Age: _____ Yrs. Sex: ______ Passport No. (Foreign Nationals) ___________________________________
Highest Qualification: ____________________________________Designation: _______________________
Organization/Hospital: ______________________________________________________________________
Correspondence Address: ___________________________________________________________________
City ___________________State ____________________Zip/Pin Code _____________Country____________

Phone: __________________________Fax: _________________________ Mobile: ____________________
E-mail: __________________________________________________________________________________
Early Bird (Till 31st
March) 1st
April to 30th
April 1ST
May onwards (Depending on
availability of seats)
No Spot Registration
RFHHA Rs 5000
Non RFHHA Rs 6000
RFHHA Rs 6000
Non RFHHA Rs 8000
Rs 10000 (Both RFHHA and
Non RFHHA members)
---------
Payment Details
o DD / Demand Draft drawn in favour of " RES FOUN OF HOSP AND HCR ADMN " payable at par in New Delhi
o Details of NEFT transfer: Kotak Mahindra bank ltd, safdarjung enclave, NewDelhi ,
Branch code 0175, IFSC code KKBK0000175, Account no. 01750020001979,
Acc Name RES FOUN OF HOSP AND HCR ADMN. (At any branch of Kotak Mahindra Bank)
Amount - (INR/US$): _______________/- (in words) __________________________________________only.
DD / Cheque / Transaction ID: ____________________Date: _____________ Bank: _____________________
Date: _________________________ Signature: _________________________________
Note:
• All fields are mandatory. Please write clearly in BLOCK letters and check mark the relevant boxes wherever applicable.
• Please write your email address legibly. All further communication and updates will be sent through Email only.
• Registration fee includes delegate kit, access to all scientific sessions, exhibition area & food court and certificate of

participation.
• Fee once paid is non-refundable.
• The Organizing Committee reserves the right to accept/reject an application without specifying any reason.
• The organizers shall not be responsible for any unforeseen circumstances beyond their control.
• Registration form can be photocopied or downloaded from www.rfhhaconclave.blogspot.com, if required.
• Duly filled registration form along with requisite fee must be received by post or email at the correspondence
address by due date.
CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS
RFHHA
Konnectus Business Centre,
New Delhi Airport Express Line,
Bhavbhuti Marg, Connaught Place,
New Delhi, Delhi - 110001
Tel: +91.11.23660100
Mob: 9560852593 ( During working hrs 10am-5 pm )
For further details, please contact:
1) Convenor
Lt Col (Dr) Madhav Madhusudan Singh, Secretary & Executive Body Member, Managing Editor (IJRFHHA)
Mobile Number: +91 9013455168
2) Chief Organizing Secretary
Dr Vijay Tadia, Senior Resident Administrator, Department of Hospital Administration, AIIMS, New Delhi
Mob. No. +91 9560687350
Email Address: rfhhaconclave@gmail.com

Conclave on “Legal and Ethical Challenges in Healthcare Ecosystem”

Recomendados

Recomendados

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais de Shakti Gupta

Mais de Shakti Gupta (6)

Último

Último (20)

Conclave on “Legal and Ethical Challenges in Healthcare Ecosystem”