Shift share analysis is an effective regional planning tool to explore the regional competitiveness and industrial composition. In this study the regional competitiveness among the selected districts of Bangladesh in terms of regional employment figure in the main activity sectors has been tried to develop. The comparative scenario among the several districts has been figured out and the regional influencing factors behind that have been analyzed.
Famous No1 Amil Baba Love marriage Astrologer Specialist Expert In Pakistan a...
Shift Share Analysis Based on Main Activity Sector of Selected Districts of Bangladesh
1. Plan 434
Regional Planning Studio
Shift Share Analysis Based on Main Activity Sectors
of
Selected Districts of Bangladesh
Submitted by:
Group 04
(0615015)
(0615019)
(0615020)
(0615030)
2. Course No: Plan 434
Course Title: Regional Planning Studio
Shift Share Analysis Based on Main Activity Sectors
of
Selected Districts of Bangladesh
Submitted to:
Dr. Ishrat Islam, Associate Professor, Dept. of URP, BUET
Dr. Afsana Haque, Assistant Professor, Dept. of URP, BUET
Anindya Kishore Debnath, Lecturer, Dept. of URP, BUET
Submitted by: Group-04
Imam Hossain
(06 15 015)
Tazrina Habib Ananya
(06 15 019)
Shahadat Hossain Shakil (06 15 020)
Khaled Bin Abdul Quader (06 15 030)
Level-4, Term-1
Date of Submission: 18th May, 2011
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
3. Acknowledgement
First and foremost, thanks to the merciful and benevolent Almighty to give us patience,
energy and capability to work hard for completing the report. We wish to express our earnest
gratitude and indebtedness to our respectable course teachers Dr. Israt Islam, Associate
Professor; Dr. Afsana Haque, Assistant Professor and Aninday Kishore Debnath, Lecturer
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, BUET for their intimate co-operation and
support, valuable advice, comment, constant encouragement and supervision which have
inspired us to carry out this study successfully. Thanks to the pre-researchers for their
meaningful, thoughtful works which enriched our knowledge.
i
4. Abstract
Shift share analysis is an effective regional planning tool to explore the regional
competitiveness and industrial composition. In this study the regional competitiveness among
the selected districts of Bangladesh in terms of regional employment figure in the main
activity sectors has been tried to develop. The comparative scenario among the several
districts has been figured out and the regional influencing factors behind that have been
analyzed.
ii
5. Table of Contents
Contents
Page No.
Acknowledgement
i
Abstract
ii
Table of contents
iii
List of illustrations
iv
Chapter-01: Introduction
1
1.1 Background of the Study
1
1.2 Concept of Shift Share Analysis
1
1.2 Objectives of the Study
2
1.3 Methodology of the Study
3
Chapter - 02: Analysis
4
2.1 Inter District Analysis
4
2.2 Intra District Analysis
5
2.3 Sector wise Analysis
13
Chapter – 03: Major Findings
14
3.1 Findings
14
3.2 Recommendations
14
3.3 Conclusion
15
References
Appendices
iii
6. List of Tables
Tables
Page No.
Table-1: Explanation of the Shift Share Components
2
T Table-2: Progressive and Less Progressive Districts of Each Sector
13
List of Figures
Figures
Page No.
Fig-1: Schematic Diagram of the Methodology
3
Fig-2: Shift Share components of different activity sectors
6
(based on employment data) of Bagerhat district
Fig-3: Shift Share components of different activity sectors
7
(based on employment data) of Khulna district
Fig-4: Shift Share components of different activity sectors
8
(based on employment data) of Faridpur district
Fig-5: Shift Share components of different activity sectors
9
(based on employment data) of Kishoreganj district
Fig-6: Shift Share components of different activity sectors
10
(based on employment data) of Narsingdi district
Fig-7: Shift Share components of different activity sectors
11
(based on employment data) of Rajbari district
Fig-8: Shift Share components of different activity sectors
11
(based on employment data) of Satkhira district
Fig-9: Shift Share components of different activity sectors
12
(based on employment data) of Netrokona district
Fig-10: Shift Share components of different activity sectors
(based on employment data) of Shariatpur district
iv
13
7. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
Chapter - 01: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Shift share analysis is a traditional tool in the regional planning discipline. Through a
descriptive analysis of the productive structure, it allows the comparison of regional
differences within a country, region or state. Shift share analysis is one way to account for the
competitiveness of a region's industries and to analyze the local economic base. This analysis
is primarily used to decompose employment changes within an economy over a specific
period of time into mutually exclusive factors. Like other analytical economic tools, the shift
share technique is only a descriptive tool that should be used in combination with other
analysis to provide a summary of a region's key employment potential industries.
1.2 Concept of Shift Share Analysis
As a regional planning tool shift share analysis explores the scenario of economic growth of a
region which is generated by a national growth in that sector, supportive industry mix and
comparative advantage of that particular region. The shift-share analysis divides the change
in local industry employment into three components:
National Growth Share (Nj): The share of local job growth that can be attributed to growth
of the national economy. Specifically, if the nation as a whole is experiencing employment
growth, ("a rising tide lifts all boats"), one would expect total national growth to exert a
positive growth influence on the local area.
Industrial Mix/Proportionality Shift (Pj): The industrial mix or proportionality shift
component reflects differences in industry “mix” between the local and national levels. The
mix-factor examines how national growth or decline of a particular industry translates into
local growth or decline of that industry.
Local Share/Regional Shift/Differential Shift (Dj): This share of local job growth describes
the extent to which factors unique to the local area have caused growth or decline in regional
employment of an industrial group. Even during periods of general prosperity, some regions
and some industries grow faster than others do. This is usually attributed to some local
comparative advantage such as natural resources, linked industries, or favorable local labor
situations.
1|P age
8. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
The formula of calculating various components of shift share analysis are given below.
National Share, Nj = ∑ [ Eijo(Et/Eo) – Eijo]
Proportionality Shift Component, Pj = ∑ [(Eit/Eio)-(Et/Eo)]Eijo
Differential Shift Component, Dj = ∑ [(Eijt/Eijo)-(Eit/Eio)]Eijo
Total Regional Growth, Gj = Ejt – Ejo = Nj + Pj + Dj
Total Net Shift Component, (P+D)j = Ejt – (Et/Eo)Ejo = Gj – Nj
Where, Ej = total employment in region j; E = total national employment
o,t = initial and terminal period; i = industry subscript
Table-1: Explanation of the Shift Share Components
Total Regional Growth<National Growth
+
Industry of interest is growing
Industry of interest is declining
+
Local competitiveness is present for economic growth
-
Differential Shift
Component
Total Regional Growth>National Growth
-
Proportionality Shift
Component
+
-
Net Shift Component
Local competiveness is absent for economic growth
1.3 Objectives of the Study
To find out the regional employment growth of the selected districts and contribution
of shift share components.
To identify the influential factors of the regional growth and the probable reason
behind that.
To carry out inter regional comparison of shift share components.
2|P age
9. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
1.4 Methodology of the Study
To achieve the stated objectives employment data according to main activity sector of the
selected 9 districts (Figure: Appendix-A) of Bangladesh has been collected for the two time
frames 1991 and 2001 (Table: Appendix-A1). All districts data has been compiled to find out
the national employment change and the sector/activity wise employment change nationally,
over the time period (Table: Appendix-A1). Then by applying the shift share analysis formula
the regional growth of the selected districts has been determined. During the calculation
process the three different share and shift component (national share, proportionality shift and
differential shift) for every activity sector of every district has been obtained (Table: AppendixA2). These values are further used in the analysis stage to carry out the intra and inter regional
analysis. The intra regional analysis in terms of the most influential activity sector in the
regional growth and the factors behind that has been figured out. Inter regional comparison in
terms of regional growth component and activity wise prominent districts have been sorted in
the later stage. After the analysis process the major findings has been listed out and a report
has been prepared to describe and elaborate the whole process.
Project identification and fixation of objectives
Data collection and compilation
Calculation of shift share components
Intra and inter regional analysis
Major findings and report preparation
Figure-1: Schematic Diagram of the Methodology
3|P age
10. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
Chapter - 02: Analysis
2.1 Inter District Analysis
To achieve one of the objective of the study inter regional or inter district comparison has
been carried out in terms of regional employment growth (Figure-1: Appendix-B). Meanwhile
the shift share components have been also compared among the districts to assess the major
factor behind the regional employment growth (Figure-1, 2: Appendix-B).
The analysis has been carried out by comparing the percentage change values of the national
share, proportionality shift, differential shift and regional growth with respect to the total
employment in the respective region in 1991 (Table: Appendix-B1). The percentage change
instead of absolute values has been used to assess the actual magnitude of the change and to
find out the actual progressive regions. If absolute values are used in the analysis process it
may can give wrong scenario; because if any regions total employment data is already high in
the previous time frame it will give a higher values for all shift share components than a
region which had a lower total regional employment data in the past though the two region
experiencing same kind of growth. So to explore the actual change the percentage change
values has been used for this purpose.
The absolute values of the shift share components have been used to compare the percentage
composition of the regional growth among the regions (Table: Appendix-B1).
The comparison of the shift share component among the selected 9 districts is illustrated in
the next page (Figure-1: Appendix-B). From that illustration it can be summarized that only
Bagerhats regional employment growth crossed the national employment growth during the
study period 1991-2001. The rest of the districts regional employment growth is less than the
national employment growth. The factor responsible for the high regional growth of Bagerhat
is the positive differential shift component of Bagerhat. That means the local advantage/local
factors played an influential role for the regional employment change. The reverse situation
can be found for Narsingdi district. It has the lowest regional employment growth followed
by the highest negative differential shift of employment growth.
From the illustrations, inter district comparison of employment growth and shift share
components (Figure-1: Appendix-B) and the comparison of percentage composition of the
regional growth among the regions (Figure-2: Appendix-B); it can be seen positive regional
4|P age
11. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
growth occurred mainly because of the national share. Its contribution is the maximum. But
the main influential factor behind the variation of the regional employment growth among the
districts is the differential shift component. In the districts where the differential shift
component is positive it experienced a better regional growth and vice versa. The
proportionality shift component played a weak role in case of regional employment change
for all the districts.
In summary from the above analysis it can be stated that only Bagerhat is expanding better
than the national trend, the rest of the district is lag behind in this case. The national declining
trend of the activity sectors very weakly influenced the regional growth. The local level
growth of the activity sectors in the selected districts is poor and hampering the net regional
employment growth.
The regional growth scenario with respect to the national growth is represented with the help
of a map (Figure-3: Appendix-B2). In that map the selected districts has been classified into 4
classes according to their comparative situation of regional growth with respect the national
growth. From that map it can be summarized that maximum districts experienced a regional
growth ranging half to two-third of the national growth. The percentage value of the regional
employment growth of the respective regions with respect to the national employment growth
is shown in the appendix. (Table: Appendix-B1)
2.2 Intra District Analysis
For intra regional analysis total regional growth of a district and employment growth of each
sector of that district has been considered. Regional growth is consists of three Shift Share
components and each of these components has its distinct impact. To analyze the influence of
these three components on sectoral employment growth of each region column charts has
been used. As for all the activity sectors regional growth is not same, if charts have been
drown with the absolute value of growth of all the sectors it will not represent the
contribution of each Shift Share components properly. So, growth of each sector has been
considered as 100% for a better representation. In Intra regional analysis one aim is to find
out the striking factors for a district and to identify the possible reasons behind that. For
discovering the remarkable factors differential shift component has been considered as it is
the main influential component for a regional growth which separates one region from
another.
5|P age
12. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
Bagerhat District
In Bagerhat district the national share component has the major impact on total regional
employment growth. More than 50% employment growth of Bagerhat district has been
generated because of national employment growth. It has been also found that the
contribution of Differential shift component is also vital which implies almost 40% share of
regional growth. So it could be said that that Bagerhat has some local advantages which has
influenced the employment growth in this district. But the proportionality shift has a negative
impact on the employment growth. There is a little decrease in total employment because of
the composition pattern of different sectors in Bagerhat.
One remarkable factor of Bagerhat is it has an employment growth in agricultural sectors
more than national employment growth of this sector. When in most of the districts
differential shifts of agriculture sector contain a negative value, Bagerhat has a positive value
which is because of any local influential factor of this district. This influential factor is may
be the huge production of Shrimp in Bagerhat. In this district 36.24% people’s main income
source is fishing and there are 12563 fisheries (Shrimp cultivation) in Bagerhat. Bagerhat has
a large amount of Shrimp production than any other district of Bangladesh which makes great
impact on its employment growth in agricultural sector.
Percentage
Shift share components of Bagerhat district
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
-25%
-50%
-75%
Activity sectors
National Share(N)
Proportionality Shift(P)
Differential Shift(D)
Fig-2: Shift Share components of different activity sectors (based on employment data) of
Bagerhat district
6|P age
13. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
Business sector has a negative differential shift in Bagerhat; it states that employment growth
in this sector was less the national employment growth of this sector. One reason behind it
could be the inefficiency of Mongla port in previous years. The Port is the principal Port of
the Bangladesh but it been facing some problems, as a result the loading and unloading of
goods have being very slow. For its inefficiency there could be an increase in employment of
business sector in Bagerhat.
Khulna District
In Khulna district more than 50% employment growth has been generated because of national
employment growth. Proportionality shift has a very mild impact on regional employment
growth but differential shift has negatively influenced the employment growth. It could be
recognized that employment in this district has grew more slowly than the nation because of
regional share effects.
In Khulna differential shift for agriculture has a positive value which implies that this sector
has been flourishing in this district for any local advantage. This advantage is may be the
large quantity of Jute production in Khulna which generates many employments in this
sector. Employment growth of Industry is also fast growing in Khulna then the national
employment growth in industry. It may be for concentration of several industries in Khulna
like Shipyard, Jute mills, Paper mills, Hard board mills, Textile mills, Steel mills. Many new
mills have been established under private ownership and generated a large number of
employments. Because of establishment of some new Educational institutes, Health services,
Percentage
Banks and NGOs employment in service sector has been also increased.
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
-25%
-50%
-75%
Shift share components of Khulna district
Activity sectors
National Share(N)
Proportionality Shift(P)
Differential Shift(D)
Fig-3: Shift Share components of different activity sectors (based on employment data) of
Khulna district
7|P age
14. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
Faridpur District
In Faridpur district influence of national employment growth is very much prominent upon
regional employment growth. More than 75% employment growth in this district has been
generated because of national employment growth. Impact of proportionality shift is very few
and differential shift has a negative influence. It means because of some location
disadvantage there is a few decrease in employment growth.
Percenrage
Shift share components of Faridpur district
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
-25%
-50%
-75%
Activity sectors
National Share(Nj)
Proportionality Shift(Pj)
Differential Shift(Dj)
Fig-4: Shift Share components of different activity sectors (based on employment data) of
Faridpur district
In Faridpur district agriculture sector has a negative differential shift. A possible reason
behind this could be a decline of jute industry due to low prices on the international market
which leads to shutting down of many jute plants. Urbanization could also be a reason behind
decreasing no. of employment in agricultural sector. There is an increase in employment of
transportation and communication sector than the national growth which may be for
construction of new roads
Kishoreganj District
In Kishoreganj district national employment growth has a great influence on regional
employment growth. More than 75% of regional growth has been occurred as a result of
national employment growth. Proportionality shift has a little impact and differential shift has
a negative influence which means that there is a concentration of slow growing sectors.
Employment in agricultural sector in Kishoreganj could not be able to grow as like as the
national employment growth of agriculture. One reason behind it could be a decrease in egg
production which is the main agricultural product of Kishoreganj. In 1998 egg production has
8|P age
15. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
been reduced due to flood and may people stopped poultry farming. Employment in Industry
sector also could not grow as national employment growth of industry these may be for
shutting down of some mills in Kishoreganj like Kalia Chapra Sugar Mill, Kishoreganj Sugar
Mill, and Badam Tail Mills. Employment in Service sector has been increased may be
because of establishment of new service facilities like Jahurul Islam Medical College and
Hospital which started its journey in a broad scale from 1992.
Percentage
Shift share components of Kishoreganj district
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
-25%
-50%
-75%
National Share(N)
Activity Sectors
Proportionality Shift(P)
Differential Shift(D)
Fig-5: Shift Share components of different activity sectors (based on employment data) of
Kishoreganj district
Narsingdi District
In Narshindi District more than 60% employment growth has been generated as an impact of
national employment growth. Differential shift comprises a negative value which means that
because of some local factors employment growth has faced obstacle and could not grow as
the national growth.
Employment growth of agriculture sector in Narsingdi could not be as the national
employment growth of this sector. The main reason behind this could be the rapid
urbanization of this district. The urbanization rate of this district is faster than other district
because of close proximity with Dhaka. May be there is shift of employment from
agricultural sector to business and service sector. Narsingdi has large amount of employment
in Water, Gas, Electricity sector other districts. The possible reason behind this would be the
large no. of employment engaged in Narsingdi gas field and Ghorashal power plant.
9|P age
16. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
Shift share components of Narsingdi district
100%
Percentage
75%
50%
25%
0%
-25%
-50%
National Share(N)
Activity sectors
Proportionality Shift(P)
Differential Shift(D)
Fig-6: Shift Share components of different activity sectors (based on employment data) of
Narsingdi district
Rajbari District
In Rajbari district the main influential component on regional growth is National share. More
than 75% employment growth has been generated because of national employment growth.
But the local factors could not make an employment growth in Rajbari, so the differential
shift is negative for this district. Proportionality shift is also negative which implies that there
is a concentration of slow growing sectors.
In Rajbari employment growth in agriculture could not be as fast as national employment
growth in agriculture which is may be because of urbanization. As Rajbari is located at near
Dhaka, it has faced a rapid urbanization which results a decline of cropped land and as well
as employment in agriculture. Several development projects have been completed within
1991 in Rajbari which generated a large no. of employment in transportation and
communication sector.
10 | P a g e
17. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
Percentage
Shift share components of Rajbari district
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
-25%
-50%
-75%
National Share(N)
Activity Sectors
Proportionality Shift(P)
Differential Shift(D)
Fig-7: Shift Share components of different activity sectors (based on employment data) of
Rajbari district
Satkhira District
In Satkhira contribution of national employment growth is very significant on regional
employment growth as national share component contains 80% share of regional growth.
Differential shift and proportionality shift has negative influence which implies that the
composition pattern and local factors could not contribute in regional employment growth.
Percentage
.
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
-25%
-50%
-75%
Shift share components of Satkhira district
Activty Sectors
National Share(N)
Proportionality Shift(P)
Differential Shift(D)
Fig-8: Shift Share components of different activity sectors (based on employment data) of
Satkhira district
In Satkhira there is a remarkable increase in employment of service sector than the national
employment growth of service sector. It may be because of increased no. of Educational
institutes, Health services, Banks, NGOs and Co-operative societies
11 | P a g e
18. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
Netrokona District
In Netrokona dstrict 60% of total employment growth has been took place due to national
employment growth. Proportionality shift and differential shift has negatively influenced the
regional growth.
In Netrokona employment growth in agriculture is less the national employment growth of
agriculture which has influenced by any local factor. May be it happened because of shifting
of large amount of labors to abroad. There is a employment growth in Transportation and
communication sectors more than the national employment growth of this sector which may
be due to several new development projects.
Percentage
Shift share components of Netrokona district
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
-25%
-50%
-75%
Activity Sectors
National Share(N)
Proportionality Shift(P)
Differential Shift(D)
Fig-9: Shift Share components of different activity sectors (based on employment data) of
Netrokona district
Shariatpur District
In Satriatpur district national share component contains 60% share of regional growth and
differential shift has a negative influence on regional employment growth.
Employment in agriculture could not cope up with national growth. As the amount of
cropped land has decreased the employment in agriculture has also decreased. Employment
growth in industry sector is more than the national growth, may be because of concentration
of many cottage industry.
12 | P a g e
19. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
Percentage
Shift share components of Shariatpur district
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
-25%
-50%
-75%
Activity Sectors
National Share(N)
Proportionality Shift(P)
Differential Shift(D)
Fig-10: Shift Share components of different activity sectors (based on employment data) of
Shariatpur district
2.3 Sector wise Analysis
In sector wise analysis the aim is to compare the employment growth of each sector in
different districts. Employment growth has been calculated in percentage for different sectors
of each district with respect to the employment of that sector in 1991 (Figure-4: Appendix-B3
and Table: Appendix-B4). From the figure it could be easily recognized that which sector is
progressive in which district and which sector is less progressive in which district. This is
shown in Table-2 in a summarized form.
Table-2: Progressive and Less Progressive Districts of Each Sector
Activity Sector
Progressive District
Less Progressive District
Household Work
Rajbari, Shatkhira
Shariatpur
Agriculture
Khulna, Bagerhat
Narsingdi
Industry
Khulna, Faridpur
Netrokona, Bagerhat,
Water/Electricity/Gas
Shatkhira, Bagerhat
Netrokona,Kishoreganj
Shatkhira, Khulna
Construction
Rajbari,Faridpur,
Shatkhira
Transportation
Netrokona,Rajbari
Kishoreganj
Khulna
&Communication
Business
Kishoreganj
Bagerhat
Service
Shatkhira
Rajbari, Bagerhat
Others
Bagerhat
Khulna, Netrokona, Shariatpur,Faridpur
13 | P a g e
21. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
Chapter – 03: Major Findings
3.1 Findings
National Growth
National employment growth is in a positive trend (14.4%) over the time period 19912001 reflecting a developing and rising economic scenario.
National employment growth (14.4%) has a significant influence on the regional
growth of each sector of each region.
In most of the region the regional growth is positive because of national share; which
reflect nationally moderate policy making and resource allocation for the regional
level development but the failure of the regions own capability to generate
employment opportunities through local level investments.
Industrial Mix
Household; Agriculture; Water, Gas, Electricity and Service – these four sectors
could not flourish like the National Trend.
Industry; Construction; Transportation and Communication; Business and Others
– these sectors has been expanded more than National Trend.
The overall scenario of the industrial mix in the studied region is the declination of
agricultural and service sector and the rising of industry and construction sector which
is the indicator of a developing countries economy of the third world country.
Regional/ Local Factors
Different local factors have the crucial influence on regional growth such as local
climatic advantage (i.e. salty water of Bagerhat for shrimp production), geographical
location advantage (i.e. location of Khulna district near sea for shipyard industry) etc.
The variation in the regional among the region is mainly because of regional shift.
Most of the regions total regional growth is not highly supported by the local
employment growth because of the lack of prosperity in maximum sector at the local
level.
3.2 Recommendations
Encouragement in the regional/district level investment in the relatively weak sectors
(i.e Agriculture, Service etc.) to generate more employment.
Using the local advantage of the regions in a more fruitful way to generate more
employment by using the limited resources in a more effective way.
14 | P a g e
22. PLAN 434
Regional Planning Studio
3.3 Conclusion
Regional competitiveness and industrial variation can be analyzed through the shift share
analysis. By using this traditional descriptive tool the potential sectors of any region and the
possible local factors behind that can be identified. The regional shifting of various factors
among various sectors can be analyzed but it cannot be explicitly pinpointed. Though it is a
very effective tool for analyzing the industrial structure of a region it should be used in
combination with the other regional analysis and helping database to assess the reasons
behind the shift and share more explicitly.
15 | P a g e
23. References:
1. Banglapedia; National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/english/index.htm
2. Community Series; Population Census of Bangladesh 2001. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
3. Debnath, A. K., Islam, M. R., Daisy, N. S., & Mouri, S. J. (2009). Application of Shift Share in
Regional Growth Analysis: Dhaka, Narayanganj and Munshiganj. Dhaka: Department of Urban and
Regional Planning.
4. Glasson, J. (1974). An Introduction to Regional Planning(Cocepts, Theory and Practice). London:
Hutchinson & Co (Publishers) Ltd.
5. Wikipedia; The Free Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.bbs.gov.bd/RptZillaProfile.aspx
6. Zilla Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics:
http://www.bbs.gov.bd/RptZillaProfile.aspx
7. Zilla Series; Population Census of Bangladsesh 1991. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
8. MA Jabbar, MH Rahman, RK Talukder , SK Raha. Alternative institutinal arrangement for contract
farming in Poultry production in Bangladesh and their impacts on equity. (2007). Retrieved March
30, 2011, from www.mahider.ilri.org:
http://mahider.ilri.org/bitstream/10568/217/1/ResearchReport_No7.pdf
9. Jahurul Islam Medical College and Hospital. Retrieved May 15, 2011, from www.jimedcol.org:
http://www.jimedcol.org/index2.htm
10. Financial Express. Retrieved May 15, 2011, from www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com:
http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/search_index.php?page=detail_news&news_id=70460