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1. Laboratory Biosafety and
Biosecurity
Presentation #03
Instructor: Shahid Zadran

2. Chemicals Safety

3. Contents
Risk Analysis
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Hazards of Chemicals and Consequences of
Exposure
Control Measures and Safety Practices

4. Risk Analysis
How to do Risk Analysis in your experiment?.
Eg. Casting gel for SDS-PAGE
Material Risks Involved
Acrylamide/Bisacrylamide Can cause Cancer, Skin Irritation/Allergic skin
reactions and Eye Irritation
SDS Skin irritant and sensitizer
APS Lung irritant and skin burns and ulcerations.
TEMED Highly flammable liquid; Skin burns and Eye
damage
Glass spacers and plates Possible cut on finger
Running at certain voltage Possible electric shock or electrocution

5. Material Safety Data Sheets
Documents that should be provide with the chemical, including the:
- Hazards,
- Safe handling and storage methods,
- Emergency response procedures
- MSDS shall be made available to all lab members

6. Hazards of Chemicals and
Consequences of Exposure

7. Classification of Chemicals
Globally Harmonized System (GHS)
-Standardizing the classification and labelling
of chemicals
-Defining hazards of chemicals
-Communicating the hazard information

8. Physical Hazards of Chemicals

9. Physical Hazards of Chemicals
Explosives
~ Chemicals that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous
release of Pressure, gas, and heat when subject to shock,
pressure or high temperature
~ contamination can cause some chemicals to become unstable
and /or Potentially explosive

10. Physical Hazards of Chemicals
Flammables:
Have a low flash point (<61 C), eg. Ethanol (16 C),
Methanol (12 C)
Ignitable mixture with a potential of flash fire or explosion
Flash point: The temperature at which a particular organic
compound gives off sufficient vapour to ignite in air.
Pyrophoric:
Ignite spontaneously upon exposure to air or moisture
Some examples: Solvents (ether, heptane); metal/nonmetal
hydrides, alkyl cpds.

11. Physical Hazards of Chemicals
Oxidizer:
Promotes combustion by yielding oxygen (its contribute to
the magnitude of a fire). Eg. Hydrogen peroxide, Nitric acid
Pressurized:
Compressed gases stored in cylinders.
Cryogenic:
Contact causes frostbite; substantial volume of as
produced during vapourization can potentially lead to an
oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Eg. Hydrogen gas

12. Physical Hazards
Syringe:
Needle-stick injuries
Chemicals can be introduced into the body
Glassware:
Cuts due to sharp edges from broken glassware
Chemicals can enter body through the open wounds

13. Health Hazards of Chemicals

14. Health Hazards of Chemicals
The effects of a toxic chemical can be:
~local (causing harm at the point of contact) or,
~systemic (causing harm at locations distant from initial point of
contact, usually at a target organ
Acute Health Effect (single severe exposure and rapid absorption of
the substance)
Chronic Health Effect (prolonged or repeated exposure)

15. Health Hazards of Chemicals
Hematotoxic:
Causes disorder of the blood and blood forming tissues
(eg. benzene, formaldehyde, arsenic, cyanides)
Hepatotoxic:
Causes liver damage (eg. Dimethylformamide (DMF),
Ethylene bromide, Carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride)
Nephrotoxic:
Causes kidney damage (eg. Carbon-disulfide,
chloroform, heavy metals and Glycol ethers)

16. Health Hazards of Chemicals
Cytotoxic:
Chemicals that are toxic to cells. Some cytotoxic chemicals
have carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic effects. Eg.
Potassium chromate/dichromate, Cobalt-II-chloride, Tween-80
Neurotoxic:
Causes damage to the Central Nervous System
(eg. Methanol, Acrylamide, mercury, carbon disulphide)

17. Health Hazards of Chemicals
Carcinogenic:
Cancer –causing (eg. Acrylamide, Acetaldehyde,
benzene, formaldehyde, EtBr)
Mutagenic:
Causes change to genetic material, usually DNA, potentially
lead to defective cells (eg. Copper (II)-sulfate/chloride,
Ethylene glycol, chloroprene)
Teratogenic:
Causes development malformations to an embryo or foetus (eg.
Acetaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, lead, organic mercury)

18. Health Hazards of Chemicals
Allergen/Sensitizer:
Produces an abnormally vigorous immune response after
repeated exposure which may be life-threatening
(eg. cholramine, formaldehyde).
Irritant:
Causes tissue damage and inflammation at the point of
contact
Asphyxiant:
Displaces oxygen from air or deprive the body of adequate
oxygen (eg. Acetonitrile, Hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, carbon
monoxide)

19. Health Hazards of Chemicals
Corrosive:
Cause visible destruction of living tissue at the site of contact
Acids and alkalis are commonly used corrosive chemicals

20. Exposure Routes
There are FOUR exposure routes through which
toxic chemical enter the body and they are:
Dermal absorption
Inhalation
Ingestion
Injection (needle stick injury)

21. Control Measures and Safe Practices

22. Control Measures
Control measures prevent exposure to hazardous substances
Appropriate control measures must be implemented in
the following hierarchy:

23. Elimination
Total removal of the hazard and thereby,
eliminate the risk of exposure.
Eg. redesigning experimental procedures
such that use of a hazardous chemical or a
dangerous equipment is no longer required

24. Substitution
Replacing the hazard with one of a lesser risk
Eg. for substitution
~ using a chemical that is less toxic and has a
higher flash point.
~ using a solvent that has a lower vapour
pressure (less volatile)
~ using Gelstar instead of ETBR

25. Engineering Control
Implemented in the form of:
~ Automation of process
~ Isolating hazard from persons
(ie. Glove box, Fume hood, Machine shields,
Barricades and interlocks)

26. Engineering Control – Fume Hood

27. Engineering Control – Fume Hood

28. Engineering Control – Fume Hood

29. Engineering Control – Fume Hood

30. Administrative Control
Eg. of administrative controls are:
~ Safe Work Practices (such as keeping equipment well-
maintained, daily housekeeping)
~ Developing and implementing standard
operating procedure (SOPs)
~ Scheduling maintenance

31. Administrative Control
– Chemical Labeling (as per GHS)
Every container must have its contents identified and be
labeled with the appropriate GHS pictogram(s).

32. Administrative Control
– Chemical Labeling (as per GHS)
Label:
Chemical name and strength,
Date prepared,
User name
No Label

33. GHS Pictograms
Explosive Emits Flammable Gas,
Flammables,
Self-Reactive,
Pyrophorics
Gas under pressure Oxidizers

34. GHS Pictograms
Acute Toxicity
(Severe)
Carcinogen,
Reproductive Toxicity,
Target Organ Toxicity,
Aspiration Hazard,
Germ Cell Mutagenicity
Irritant,
Dermal Sensitizers,
Transient Target Organ effects
Corrosive
Environmental Toxicity

35. Safety Practices: Chemical Storage

36. Chemical Storage
~ Separation of the storage of incompatible chemicals
Prevent severe consequences in the event of accidental
mixing or spillage
~ Do not stockpile! Quantities should be limited to the
amount necessary for the work in progress
~ Secondary containment for all hazardous chemicals

37. Solvent Storage
Secondary containment is mandatory
Over the limit and
NO secondary containment

38. Chart on Chemical Storage
by Hazard Class

39. Chemical Transport
~ Improper transportation of chemicals and chemical
waste can result in spills
~ Avoid transporting chemicals through crowded areas
~ Control measures shall be implemented when
chemicals and chemical waste are transported.

40. Chemical Transport/Shuttle
Secondary Containment is
mandatory
Must carry :
Items to act upon any accidental
spill (eg. Wash bottle and tissue
wipes any neutralizer, etc)

41. Levels of Containment
• BL1 - microorganisms that don’t
consistently cause disease in healthy
adults
– E. coli K12, S. cerevisiae,
polyomavirus
– Basic laboratory
– Standard Microbiological Practices

42. Levels of Containment
BL2 - microorganisms of moderate potential hazard,
transmitted by contact, ingestion, puncture
– Salmonella, herpesvirus, human blood
– Basic laboratory
– Standard Practices
BL2 Plus- Standard Microbiological Practices plus
• Training in handling pathogens
• Access to lab limited
• Extreme sharps precautions

43. Levels of Containment
• BL3 - microorganisms that cause serious disease,
transmitted by inhalation
– M. tuberculosis, yellow fever virus, hantavirus, Y. pestis
(plague)
– Containment lab: double door entry; directional airflow;
all work in biosafety cabinet
• BL4 - microorganisms that cause lethal disease, with no
known treatment or vaccine
• Ebola virus, Marburg virus
• Maximum containment lab; positive pressure
ventilated suits (moon suits)

44. Safety Practices (Need Improvement)
Should wear toes-covered shoes
Beverage/Water bottle should be kept
in cubicle
Poor house-keeping

45. THANK
YOU!