Animal use and abuse with ethical concerns

2. SHAHAB KARAM
ADAN GUL
RIMSHA MUMTAZ
NIDA QURESHI
AMINA ILYAS
TAIBA BIBI
ZARLISH NISAR

3. THE USES & ABUSES OF
ANIMAL RESEARCH

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5. ANIMAL TESTING
 The use of animals in scientific testing has always
been, and will continue to be a controversial
subject
 Previously we looked at the use of animals in
spaceflight to further our understanding of the
space environment

6. Animal Testing ; A Controversial Subject
• While controversial, it is an
unavoidable fact that animal
research has allowed the
development of medicines
and vaccines, surgical
techniques and advanced
scientific understanding
in many areas.

7. Animal Testing ; A Controversial Subject
 It is estimated that between 50 and 100 million
animals are used in research each year.
 Some are purpose bred for testing but many are
still caught in the wild.

8. Measuring Pain and Suffering
in Animal Testing
 The U.S. Department of Agriculture defines a
painful procedure as one that would
 “reasonably be expected to cause more than
slight or momentary pain or distress in a human
being to which the procedure was applied”

9. Measuring Pain and Suffering
in Animal Testing
 In the UK experiments are classified as mild,
moderate or substantial in the amount of
suffering they cause an animal.
 A fourth category of unclassified is used when
the animal is anaesthetized but killed before
regaining consciousness.

10. Measuring Pain and Suffering
in Animal Testing
 In December 2001 the breakdown of
experimental licenses was:
 39% mild
 55% moderate
 2% substantial
 4% unclassified

11. Is Animal Testing Morally
Right?
 The argument between pro-animal testing parties
and opponents to animal testing hinges on whether
it is ethical.

12. Is Animal Testing Morally
Right?
 Advocates for animal testing
say:
 Human life has greater
intrinsic value than animal life
 Legislation protects all lab
animals from cruelty or
mistreatment
 Millions of animals are killed
every year for food, is medical
research not a more worthy
death
 Few animals feel pain and are
killed before they suffer

13. Is Animal Testing Morally
Right?
 Opponents to animal testing
say:
 Animals have as much right
to live as humans
 Strict controls have not
prevented some animals
being abused, though such
instances are rare
 Deaths for research are
unnecessary
 Animals suffer while they
are locked up and how do
we know when they do and
don’t feel pain

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16. ETHICS
 Today there exists a wide spectrum of views on
this subject, ranging from those concerned with
animal 'rights' to those who view animals only as a
resource to be exploited.
 All of these viewpoints have contributed to the
development of ethical principles of animal use.

17. ANIMAL ETHICS
 Is a term used to describe human-animal relationships
and how animals ought to be managed and treated.
 The subject matter includes
 animal rights
 animal welfare
 animal law
 animal cognition
 wildlife conservation
 the moral status of nonhuman animals
 And the history of animal use

18. FIVE FREEDOMS
 The five freedoms were originally developed from
a UK Government report on livestock husbandry in
1965 (Prof.Roger Bram bell) then by Farm Animal
Welfare Council (FAWC) In July 1979

19. FIVE FREEDOMS
 Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready access
to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health
and vigor .
 Freedom from discomfort by providing an
appropriate environment including shelter and
a comfortable resting area .
 Freedom from pain, injury or disease by
prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.

20. FIVE FREEDOMS
 Freedom to express (most) normal behavior by
providing sufficient space, proper facilities and
company of the animal's own kind.
 Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring
conditions and treatment which avoid mental
suffering.

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23. ANIMAL
EXPERIMENTATION
 Animal experiments are widely used to develop
new medicines and to test the safety of other
products.
 Many of these experiments cause pain to the
animals reduce their quality of life in other ways.
 If it is morally wrong to cause animals to suffer
from experimenting on them.

24. FACTS ABOUT ANIMAL
RESEARCH
 85 % of the animals used in research are rodents
- rats and mice that have been bred for
laboratory use
 Most laboratory tests on animals are simple single
type tests - change in diet, drawing a simple blood
sample, administering a drug
 Animals are given anesthetics if a procedure is
going to be invasive in any way

25. CONTINUE…
 Dogs, cats and non-human primates account for
only 3 out of 1000 subjects in experimentation
 Humans are still the largest group that is used for
research and experimentation and beats out all
other lab animals when it comes to testing.

26. TWO POSITIONS ON ANIMAL
EXPERIMENT
 In favor of animal experiment
 Experimenting on animals is acceptable if (and
only if)
 suffering is minimized in all experiments
 human benefits are gained which could not be
obtained by using other methods

27. AGAINST ANIMAL
EXPERIMENT
 Experimenting on animals is always unacceptable
because:
 it causes suffering to animals.
 the benefits to human beings are not proven.
 any benefits to human beings that animal testing
does provide could be produced in other ways.

28. ALTRNATIVES

29. THE THREE Rs
 The three Rs are encouraged to follow in order to
reduce the impact of research on animals
 The three Rs are:
 Replacement.
 Reduction,
 Refinement,

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31. REPLACEMENT
 Means replacing 'higher' animals with 'lower‘ animal.
Microorganismes, plants, Egg, reptiles, amphibians,
and invertebrates may be used in some studies to
replace warm-blooded animals.
 Alternately, live animals may be replaced with non-
animal models, such as
dummies for an introduction to dissection for
teaching the structure of the animal or the human
body,
mechanical or computer models, audiovisual aids,or
in vitro modeling.

32. 1-REPLACEMENT
 Replacing experiments on animals with
alternative techniques such as:
 Experimenting on cell cultures instead of whole
animals
 Using computer models
 Studying human volunteers
 Using epidemiological studies

33. COMPLETE REPLACEMENT
 An alternative method should not require any
animal-derived biological material. Examples of
such methods or approaches include
 The use of predictions based on the physical and
chemical properties of molecules.
 Mathematical and computer studies of biological
processes (Simulation and Virtual Reality).
 Analysis of epidemiological data.
 Research involving human participants .
 or research on isolated human cells and tissues in
culture .

34. INCOMPLETE REPLACEMENT
 However, many methods considered as
Replacements also use some biological material
obtained from living or humanely killed animals as
research on cells and tissues derived from living
or humanely killed animals for culture in vitro and
animal derived growth supplements such as serum
derived from fetal or newborn calves. These
methods can be called incomplete replacement

35. ADVANTAGES OF REPLACEMENT
 Utilizing pre-existing knowledge for teaching.
 Applying known principles to new systems to look
for similarities.
 Using less expensive animals or models to screen
large numbers of agents for toxicity or
mutagenicity.

36. DISADVANTAGES OF REPLACEMENT
 chiefly stem from the fact that any models are
dependent on pre-existing information.
 In a system as complex as a live organism, all of
the variables in physiology and pathology are not
known.
 Thus, any research on new biological processes
must utilize a living organism at some point.

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38. 2-REDUCTION
 Means minimizing the number of animals needed
to perform an experiment or teach a concept. By
examining these parameters, the IACUC can
determine if thoughtful experimental design was
employed to minimize overall animal use.

39. CONTINUE…
 Reducing the number of animals used in
experiments by:
 Improving experimental techniques
 Improving techniques of data analysis
 Sharing information with other researchers
 Performing appropriate literature searches and
consulting with colleagues to ensure that
experiments are not duplicated.

40. CONTINUE…
 Consulting with a statistician to use only the
numbers of animals required to achieve
significance.
 Minimizing variables such as disease, stress, diet,
genetics, etc., that may affect experimental
results.
 Using the appropriate species of animal so that
useful data is collected.
 Replacement whenever possible.

41. 3-REFINEMENT
 Means refining experimental protocols to minimize
pain or distress Using a Protocol Form. Examples of
refinement include:
 Identifying pain and distress and making plans for
preventing or relieving it.
 Receiving adequate training prior to performing a
procedure.
 Using proper handling techniques for animals.

42. REFINEMENT
 Refining the experiment or the way the animals
are cared for so as to reduce their suffering
by:
 Using less invasive techniques
 Better medical care
 Better living conditions

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44. CAUSES OF PAIN OR DISTRESS
 Repeated use of, large volumes of, or intradermal
injections of Freunds complete adjuvant.
 Intra-peritoneal implantation of ascites producing
hybridomas for monoclonal antibody production.
 Prolonged (greater than 1 hour) physical restraint.

45. CONTINUE…
 Malignant neoplasm.
 Prolonged food or water restriction.
 Distal tail biopsy in animals over 3 weeks of age
(tail snipping).
 Electrical shock or other adverse stimuli that are
not immediately escapable.
 Paralysis or immobility in a conscious animal.

46. CONTINUE…
 Inflammatory disease.
 Organ failure resulting in clinical signs.
 Non-healing skin lesions.
 Whole body irradiation at high doses.
 Withdrawal of more than 10% of an animal's blood
volume.

47. PREVENTION OF PAIN
 Studies that require the animal to reach a
moribund state or die spontaneously as the
endpoint of the study. The earliest endpoint
possible should be used to prevent pain or
distress.

48. CONTINUE…
 Ensuring that drug doses are correct and that the
drugs used are not expired.
 Ensuring that procedures to be performed on the
animal are reasonable for that species.
 Using appropriate anesthetics and analgesics for
potentially painful procedures.

49. CONTINUE…
 Performing surgeries and procedures aseptically
to prevent infection.
 Performing only a single major survival surgery on
any one animal, whenever possible.
 Performing appropriate post-surgical care,
including thermoregulation and fluid balance.

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51. REFINING END POINTS
 The majority of animals are killed at the end of
the experiment, either because their tissues are
required as part of the experiment, or because
the scientific objectives have been achieved and
the animal can no longer be used. If the
experiment leads to an increasing amount of
suffering during its course then it is best for the
animals to be killed as early as possible. This
approach is described as operating ‘humane
endpoints’

52. CONTINUE…
 Setting the earliest possible endpoint for the
experiment. That is, if the necessary information
can be gathered before the animal experiences
any ill effects from the experiment, this should
be defined as the endpoint and the animal
subsequently euthanized.

53. EXAMPLE
 If measuring toxicity of a compound or survival
following implantation of a neoplasm, a pilot study
may determine that once certain clinical signs are
seen, or a tumor achieves a certain size, the time
course until debilitation or death are predictable.
Subsequent experiments may then utilize the
earlier endpoint of tumor size or clinical signs of
toxicity, rather than death as the endpoint.

54. EXAMPLE
 If it is known that particular clinical signs such as
decreased body temperature lead to a specific
outcome such as death, then animals can be killed as
soon as these signs appear. Other markers that can be
used to define humane endpoints include flank
twitching and chemical and hematological changes in
the blood