Instructional software & cbi

Instructional
Software and
Computer Based
Instructions
By
Muhammad Shabbir

Topics to be Discussed:
• Introduction
• Definition of Software and
Instructional Software
• Types of Instructional Software
• Instructional Software and CBI’s

Introduction
 In 1960s and 1970s, Control Data’s PLATO system
was developed by William Norris.
 Norris believed that if computers were to take over
much of the traditional role of teachers, education
could become more productive.

Software
- A general term used to describe a
collection of computer programs,
procedures, and documentation
that performs some task on the
computer system hardware.

Types Of Software
 There are two types of software on the basis of
their functionality:
 System Software
 Application Software
5

System Software
 System Software is a set of programs to
control and manage the operations of a
computer hardware.
 It enables application programs to execute
properly.
 It consists of the basic operations as follows:
 Saving data on disk
 Making computer to work for us
 Printing a document etc.
6

Examples
 Examples of System Software are:
 Operating Systems
 Utility Programs
 Device Drivers
7

Application Software
 Application software is used to perform various
applications on the computer.
 It is created to perform specific tasks for a user.
 It also includes programs that do real work for
user.
8

Instructional Software
Computer programs
designed to deliver
instructions or to assist in
the delivery of instructions
on a specific topic.

Types of Instructional Software
1. Drill and Practice
2. Tutorial Software
3. Simulation Software
4. Instructional game Software
5. Problem Solving Software

1. Drill and Practice
Definition
Drill and practice software is a structured and repetitive practice of
previously learned concepts. It provides exercises in which students
work example items one at a time and receive feedback on their
correctness.
Features
 Reinforce instruction by providing the repetition necessary to move
acquired skills and concepts into long-term memory.
 Capture and retain the attention of students.
 Save teachers’ time and efforts.
 Personalize instruction by meeting individual differences among
learners.

Example
ECS Keyboard
Enables students to:
 Play notes on the
keyboard after seeing them
written.
 Identify played notes by
assessing intervals from
played/written notes
 Playback written notes
quickly.

Example
Master the Facts
Multiplication:
This program was created in
response to teachers to use
in their classrooms to teach
multiplication. Students using
Master the Facts
Multiplication for as little as
ten minutes a day to practice
multiplication skills may
demonstrate marked
improvement in multiplication
skills on quizzes and tests..

Drill and Practice Examples
Addition Practice More Fact Practice

Using Drill and Practice
Software in Teaching
 Immediate feedback
 Motivation
 Saving teacher time
 In place of or supplemental to worksheets
and homework
 In preparation for tests

2. Tutorials
Definition
A tutorial exposes the learner to material that is believed not to have
been previously taught or learned. A tutorial often includes pre-test,
post test and drill and practice activities.
Features
 Follow linear programmed instruction or branching design.
 Encourage students to interact, control and response to the
program.
 Guide the learner throughout learning from the beginning
(objectives) to the end (evaluation).
 Have computer-management capabilities (e.g. data collection).

Example
Auslan Sign Tutorial
This system provides an
easy-to-use and interactive
tutorial for learning the
basics in communicating in
the Australian Sign
Language (Auslan).
 3D model for signing.
 3D model shows emotion.
 Numbers Mode.
 Over 60 sign phrases to
learn.
 Random Quiz tests.

Example
Food Hygiene
This tutorial is designed
to teach students at a
school of medicine a
complete course on food
hygiene which concerns
food and the prevention
of illness and
maintenance of health.
Uses well-prepared text
supported by pictures,
audio and video clips.

Examples of Tutorials
Kahn Academy
Former financial analyst
Salman Khan has found a
growing following among
college students with his
homemade lecture videos.
The low-tech lessons –
originally made to tutor his
faraway cousins – are
gaining popularity for their
concise teaching format.
Reasons for the popularity:
They’re short: At 10
minutes each, they’re easier
to digest than traditional
hour-long lectures.(Dunn,
2010)

Examples of Tutorials
You Tube
This is the ultimate
place for “how to”
videos. I searched
science projects and
many tutorials on
different projects were
available.

3. Simulations
Definition
A simulation is a computerized model of real or imagined system
designed to teach how a system works and allows learners to create
their own sequence for using simulation.
Features
 Involve students into learning process.
 Compress time or slow down processes.
 Save money and resources.
 Make experimentation safe.
 Make impossible situations possible and controllable.
 Let student repeat events as many times as they want.

Types of Simulations
 Physical simulations:
Users manipulate objects
 Process simulations:
Usually use for biological simulations
 Procedural simulations:
Used for medical or mechanical
problems and flight simulators
 Situational simulations:
Hypothetical problem situations &
reactions to them

Using Simulations in
Teaching
 Compress time.
 Slow down processes.
 Get students involved.
 Make experimentation safe.
 Make the impossible possible.
 Save money and other resources.
 Repeat with variations.
 Make situations controllable.
 Supplement or replace lab experiments.

Example
Infinite Physics
Simulator
Infinite physics
simulator has a large
collection of objects
useful for optics
simulation including
mirrors, prisms,
lenses and other
transparent objects.

Example
Curvilinear
Friendly design,
users do not need to
get trained to operate
these tools. Using
buttons, textboxes
and slide bars
learners can run or
stop the experiment
and change the
parameters of the
phenomena.

Examples of
Simulators
Real Lives is a unique,
interactive life simulation
game that enables you to
live one of billions of lives
in any country in the world.
Through statistically
accurate events, Real Lives
brings to life different
cultures, human
geography, political
systems, economic
opportunities, personal
decisions, health issues,
family issues, schooling,
jobs, religions, geography,
war, peace, and more!
Real Lives

Examples of Simulators
Virtual Dissection
These simulate the
dissection of animals for
the purposes of
scientific study.
*Less of the “gross factor” than
using live animals, especially
for elementary school
students.

4. Instructional Games
Definition
Instructional games are courseware designed to motivate learning by
adding game rules to learning activities.
Features
 Make learning fun and motivating (Edutainment).
 Motivate learners via the challenge of competition.
 Engage the learner in a situation where the learner is competing for
a high score.
 Include elements of adventure and uncertainty.
 Provide different levels of complexity that match player’s ability.

Example
Save the Math
Apples
Help the monkey
save the apples!
Click on the basket
with the number to
give the answer.
Keep clicking the
basket to add
numbers to your
answer.

Example
Jungle Jim and
the Donga Dinga
Drums
This interactive
game encourages
kids to play with
numbers and
multiplication
concept and win
points as long as
he/she hits the
right number.

Examples of Game Based Learning
Funbrain

Examples of Game Based Learning
Cool Math 4 kids PBS Kids

Types of Games
 Adventure
 Arcade
 Board
 Card or gambling
 Combat
 Logic
 Psychomotor
 Role-playing
 TV quizzes.
 Word

5. Problem-Solving
Definition
Problem-solving software is a type of content-free or content-based
programs that places emphasis on critical thinking, analysis, logic and
reasoning via the presentation of set of data or problematic event.
Features
 Stress thinking processes rather than correct answers.
 Expose students to a series of activities that would help teach the
desired skills.
 Help students work together in small teams.
 Give students opportunities to see how information applies to actual
problems.
 Vary the amount of direction and assistance depending on the each
student’s needs.

Example
MS Excel
Excel one of the most
popular spreadsheet
programs that can used
to teach management
processes and
enhance problem-
solving and thinking
skills in mathematics
and science.

Examples of Problem Solving
Software
Clue Finders Software
“The Clue Finders, led by their eccentric

Examples of Problem Solving
Software
The Lord of the Flies
“The Lord of the Flies educational
game is about the book Lord of the
Flies written by William Golding.
Golding was awarded the 1983
Nobel Prize in Literature "for his
novels which, with the perspicuity
of realistic narrative art and the
diversity and universality of myth,
illuminate the human condition in
the world of today".
Students must analyze and
problem solve in this literature
based game.

Examples of Problem Solving Software
Zoombinis Software

 Drill and Practice Supplementing or replacing worksheets and
homework exercises, preparation for tests.
 Tutorial Self-paced reviews of instruction, alternative learning
strategies, and instruction when teachers are unavailable.
 Simulation In place of or as supplements to lab experiments, in place of
or as supplements to role playing, in place of or as supplements to field
trips, to introduce or clarify a new topic, to foster exploration and problem
solving, and to encourage cooperation and group work.
 Instructional Game In place of worksheets and exercises, to teach
cooperative group working skills, and as a reward.
 Problem Solving To teach component skills in problem-solving
strategies, to provide practice in solving problems, and to encourage group
problem solving collection systems to track student usage of the system
(Mageau, 1990).
Instructional Software to Meet
Classroom Needs

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