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Mais de SeyedYaghoub Hosseini (9)
Book review Q Method (نقدی بر کتاب روش شناسی کیو دکتر حسینی و همکاران)
- 1. 1392ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪ/ﺳﻮﻡﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ/ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢﺳﺎﻝ
44
ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰﻫﺎﻯﻛﺘﺎﺏﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰﻭﻧﻘﺪﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰﻫﺎﻯﻛﺘﺎﺏﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰﻭﻧﻘﺪ
.ﺭﻭﺯﺑﻪ ،ﺷﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﺳﻴﺪ ،ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻰ ﺣﺴﻦ؛ ،ﻓﺮﺩﺩﺍﻧﺎﻳﻰ ■
.ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺮﻯ ﻫﺎﻯﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩﻩ :ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
.978-964-388-395-9 :ﺷﺎﺑﻚ .1392،ﺎﺭّﻔﺻ :ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ
ﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺸﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﻯ ﺳﻨﮓ ،ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ
ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻴﺮﻯﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻰ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﺮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻯ
،ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺭﺳﺪﻣﻰ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ
ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻞ
ﻭ ﻣﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﻭﺷﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ .( 73 ﺹ ،1388 ،)ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﺍﻣﺮﻯ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻫﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ
ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺭﻭﺵ
.(1391 ،)ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ
ﻫﺎﻯﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎ ،ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻳﻰ ،ﻛﻴﻮ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺭﻭﺵ
ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻯ ﺍﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ
،ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻫﺎﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ
ﺩﺭ ،ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﮔﻮﻳﺎﻯ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ
ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ «ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ »ﻛﻼﻡ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ
ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻰ ﺷﻤﺎﻳﻰ ،ﺍﺳﺖ
.ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺛﺮ
ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺑﻰ ،ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ»ﺭﻭﺵ ●
«ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﺷﻴﻮﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ
.(10 )ﺹ
ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺫﻫﻨﻰ ﻫﺎﻯﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ »ﺍﻳﻦ ●
.(10 )ﺹ «ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ
،ﺷﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻫﺎﻯﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ »ﺩﺭ ●
،ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻯﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻰ
ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻫﺎﻯﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ
.(10 )ﺹ «ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻫﺎﻯﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ
ﻫﺎﻯﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ »ﺍﻣﺎ ●
ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺫﻫﻨﻰ ﻫﺎﻯﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯﺍﺭﺯﺵ
.(10 )ﺹ «ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ
ﻫﺎﻯﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻳﻰ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ
ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻫﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻣﻰ ،ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻰ ﻣﺠﻼﺕ ﺣﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ
ﺭﺳﺪﻣﻰ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ .ﺍﻧﺪﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﺳﺖ
ﻫﺎﻯﺭﻭﺵ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻗﺒﺎﻝ
ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ .ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻧﺸﻴﺐ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ
ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻣﻰ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ
ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ2
ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺭﺳﺪﻣﻰ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ .ﻛﺮﺩ
.ﻛﺮﺩ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ (1953 ،)ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﺍﻯﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ 3
ﻛﻴﻮ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻰ
ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎﻯ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺎ ،ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ
ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩﻣﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﺑﻪ ،ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ .ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻰ
ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺭﺳﺪﻣﻰ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ
ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ
ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻰ
ﻫﺎﻯﺩﺳﺘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻭ ﻫﺎﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ
ﺍﻣﺎ (10 )ﺹ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻯ
ﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻣﻰ ﻣﻨﺒﻌﻰ ﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ
ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
■1
ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﺭﺣﻤﺎﻥ
ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻯ ﻭ ﺳﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻀﻮ
- 2. 1392ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪ/ﺳﻮﻡﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ/ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢﺳﺎﻝ
45
ﻛﻴﻮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵﻛﻴﻮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
،ﺷﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻫﺎﻯﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ
ﺑﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻯﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻰ
ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻫﺎﻯﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ ،ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ
ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ
ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻫﺎﻯﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ
ﺭﺳﺪﻣﻰ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ .ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻯﺟﻨﺒﻪ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ
ﺑﺎ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ
.ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ
ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ
ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻯ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻴﺎﺭ ،ﻓﺮﺩﺩﺍﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺣﺴﻦ
ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻯ
ﺩﺭ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﻭﻯ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻃﻰ ﻃﺒﺎﻃﺒﺎﻳﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﻪ
ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻰ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ ،ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻰ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻫﺎﻯ ﻭ ﻫﺎﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ
ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺧﺎﻧﺔ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻰ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻯ ،ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻯﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ
ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﺓ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻰ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻯ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ
ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ .ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ
ﺩﺍﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻯ ﻗﻠﻢ ،ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻰ
ﺩﺭ ﻭﻯ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ .ﻛﺸﺪﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﺥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ
:ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ
ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﻰ »ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﻱ .(1386) ﺣﺴﻦ ،ﻓﺮﺩﺩﺍﻧﺎﻳﻰ .1
ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻯ ﻫﺎﻯﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻯ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻠﻰ :ﻛﻴﻔﻰ ﻫﺎﻯﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ
.ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ .«ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ
:ﻛﻴﻔﻰ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ »ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ .(1387) ﺣﺴﻦ ،ﻓﺮﺩﺩﺍﻧﺎﻳﻰ .2
.ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ .«ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻯ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ
ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰ :ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻯﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ .(1387) ﺣﺴﻦ ،ﻓﺮﺩﺩﺍﻧﺎﻳﻰ .3
.ﺳﻤﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ :ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ .ﻫﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
...ﻭ
ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﻳﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ،ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ،ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻰ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﺳﻴﺪ
ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﺓ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ
.ﺍﺳﺖ
ﻣﻘﻄﻊ .ﺍﻯ .ﺑﻰ .ﺍﻡ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺯﺑﻪ
.ﺍﺳﺖ4
ﻧﻮﺭﻃﻮﺑﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ (90 )ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻯ ﺍﺭﺷﺪﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ
ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺮﻯ ﻫﺎﻯﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩﻩ :ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ
ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻯ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ّﺎﺭﻔﺻ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺯ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ
ﺷﺪﻩ ﺁﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻃﺒﻊ ﺯﻳﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ 1100 ﺩﺭ 1392 ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻬﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ
ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ 70000 ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ
ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ،ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ،ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ
ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﭘﺨﺶ ،5
ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻗﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ
ﺑﺮﺧﻂ ﻫﺎﻯﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺻﻔﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮﻭﺷﻰ ،ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮﻭﺷﻰ ،ﺑﻴﻨﺶ
.ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ 6
ﺑﻮﻙ ﺁﺩﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ،ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ
ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ
ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ،ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ
ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯ ﺩﺭ ،ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ
ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻈﺮﻯ ﻫﺎﻯﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻓﺼﻞ
ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰ .ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩﻣﻰ
»ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ .ﺍﺳﺖ
،ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﺎﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻰ ﺁﻧﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﻧﻈﺮﻯ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﺮ
ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻯﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﻴﺰ ،ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﭘﺎﻳﻪ
ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻯ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﺎﻳﻰﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻫﺎﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ
ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ .(13 )ﺹ «ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﻭ ﻫﺎﺩﺳﺘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻑ »ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
ﻫﺎﻯﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻤﻖ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻯﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ
ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ،ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻯ
.(13 )ﺹ «ﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ «ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺩﺭ »ﭘﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ
- 3. 1392ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪ/ﺳﻮﻡﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ/ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢﺳﺎﻝ
46
ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ
ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻯﺷﺎﺧﻪ
ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰ ﺭﻭﺵ
،ﺷﺪﻣﻰ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ
ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻣﺎ
ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻰ
،ﺷﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﻩ
ﭘﻴﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻯ
ﮔﺮﻓﺖ
ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻭ 8
ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻋﻰ ﺧﻮﺩ ،7
ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ
ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻯﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ 9
ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻰ - ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻰ
ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻯﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ،ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ
ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ،ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ »ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ .ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻰ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻯﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻊ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻪﻛﻞ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺑﻰ
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ،(13 )ﺹ «ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ
ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ،ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻳﻰ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﻰﺫﻫﻦ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ
ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ «ﻋﺎﻣﻞ »ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ
ﺩﺭ .ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭ
ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ،ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ
ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ
ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ .(15 )ﺹ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺮ
ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﻮﺓ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ ،ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ
.ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻝ «10
ﻛﻴﻮ ﺑﻨﺪﻯ»ﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻯ ﻃﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ
ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺑﻨﺪﻯﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ
.ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻩ
ﺫﻫﻦ ،11
ﺟﻴﻤﺰ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ
ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ
ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ 12
ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ .ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻰ
ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ
ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺧﺬ ﺟﻴﻤﺰ 13
ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ
ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﻧﺒﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ؛ﻣﻰ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﻯ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﻯ
،1954 ﺳﺎﻝ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ،ﻛﻴﻮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺲ ﺳﺎﻝﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺟﻴﻤﺰ
.(18 )ﺹ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺭ
ﺑﺨﺶﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ،ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻰ ـ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻳﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺪﻩﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ
.ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩﻣﻰ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﺔ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ،ﻡّﻭﺩ ﻓﺼﻞ
ﺩﻭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﺎﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ
ﭼﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﻫﺎﻯﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻳﻦﺳﺮﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻔﺮ
ﺩﺭ ،15
ﺑﺮﺕ ﺳﻴﺮﻳﻞ ﻭ (ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ )ﻣﺒﺪﻉ 14
ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻣﻦ
ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ،ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ .(25 )ﺹ ﻛﺮﺩﻣﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﻛﺎﻟﺞ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﺍﻧﺔ ﻫﺎﻯﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻭﺝ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ،ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ
ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻯﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ
،ﺷﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻰ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻣﺎ ،ﺷﺪﻣﻰ
.(25 )ﺹ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻯ
ﻭ rﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺪﻩﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﻫﺎﻯﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ
ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺎﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﺳﺎﺯﻯ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ،ﻛﻴﻮ
ﺩﺭ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻯ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ
ﻣﺒﺪﻉ ﺍﻯﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺔﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ،ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ،ﺩﻭﻡ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ
ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ .ﺍﻧﺪﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻫﺎﻯﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻰ
ًﺍﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ،ﻛﻴﻮ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ
ﺍﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺑﺪﻧﻤﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻰ ﻭ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺷﻮﺩﻧﻤﻰ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻰ
،ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﻪ .ﺍﺳﺖ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ
ﻫﺎﻯﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻫﺎﻯﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ
ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ
ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﺎﻯﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻯ
ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻡّﻭﺩ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ
ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﺍﻥ ﺫﻫﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻯ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻰ
ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ (1391) ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻧﺶ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺭﻩﺗﻘﻰ ﻓﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﺎﺩﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻘﺶ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ
ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻡّﻮﺳ ﻓﺼﻞ
»ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ .ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩﻣﻰ ﻛﻴﻮ
ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻰ ﻫﺎﻯﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻴﻮ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ
ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ،ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ (37 )ﺹ «ﺍﻧﺪﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻨﺪﻯﺩﺳﺘﻪ
ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ .3 ،ﻫﺎﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ .2 ،ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ .1
ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ،(37 )ﺹ «ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ .4
ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ 37 ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ .ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ
ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ 4 ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ
ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻯ
ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ ﺍﺯ ،ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻓﺼﻞ
ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﻤﺨﻮﺍﻧﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ
ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻣﺮﻯ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺑﺎ
ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ،ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ
»ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻯ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﻯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ
ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻰ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻯ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ
.(49 )ﺹ «ﺷﻮﺩ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﻧﮕﺮﻯﻛﻠﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ
ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ،ﻛﻴﻮ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻰ
»ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺔ .ﺍﺳﺖ «ﻛﻴﻮ »ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭ «ﻛﻴﻮ »ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ
«ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﺎﻳﻰﮔﺰﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻮﻫﺎ
ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ «ﻛﻴﻮﻫﺎ »ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ،ﻛﻴﻮﻫﺎ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻯﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻭ (49)ﺹ
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ»ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴﻮﻥ.ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻣﻰﻛﻴﻮﻫﺎﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ.ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻣﻰ
ﻏﻴﺮﻩﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ،ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻯﻫﺎﻯﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ،ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ،ﺍﺷﻴﺎءﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪﻛﻴﻮﻫﺎﻳﻰ
.(49 )ﺹ «ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﺍ
ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻴﻮﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻮ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﻫﺎﻯﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ
ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﻯﺭﻭﺵ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ
)ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻴﻮﻫﺎ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ
ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﺳﻨﺘﻰ ﻫﺎﻯﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎﻯﺕﺗﻔﺎﻭ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﻭ (ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ
ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻭ ﻫﺎﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻫﺎﺩﺍﺩﻩ
ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﻫﺎﻯﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻫﺎﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻰ
ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ،ﺁﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻯ ﻫﺎﻯﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ »ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ
ﻫﺎﻯﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ،ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ
ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰﻫﺎﻯﻛﺘﺎﺏﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰﻭﻧﻘﺪﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰﻫﺎﻯﻛﺘﺎﺏﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰﻭﻧﻘﺪ
- 4. 1392ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪ/ﺳﻮﻡﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ/ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢﺳﺎﻝ
47
ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻰ
ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ
ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ،ﻛﻴﻮ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ
ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ
ﻭ «ﻛﻴﻮ »ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺔ
.ﺍﺳﺖ «ﻛﻴﻮ »ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ
ﻃﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻮﻫﺎ »ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺔ
ﻫﺎﻳﻰﮔﺰﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ
ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ
«ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ
ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ .ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﻴﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ
ﺑﺮ .(59 )ﺹ «ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻰ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ
ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﻴﻮ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻯﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ
ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ .ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩﻣﻰ ﻫﺎﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ
ﻻﺯﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻯﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻫﺎﻯﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻯ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ
ﻫﺎﻯﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺑﺮﺧﻂ ﻫﺎﻯﺳﺎﻳﺖﻭﺏ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ
ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺍﻣﺎ ،ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ
ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺣﻀﻮﺭﻯ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﻯﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻢ
ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ .(66 )ﺹ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻯ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ
ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻫﺎﻯﺷﻜﻞ ،ﺑﻨﺪﻯﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ ،ﻫﺎﻛﺎﺭﺕ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻰ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ
ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﻳﻰ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ ،ﺑﻨﺪﻯﺭﺗﺒﻪ
ﻛﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺮ ،ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻴﻮﻫﺎﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺟﺎﻭﻯ ﻫﺎﻛﺎﺭﺕ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺭﺍ
.ﻛﻴﻮﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺎﻭﻯ
ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺍﺯ ،ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺑﻨﺪﻯﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﺎﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺎ
ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻋﻤﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﻯﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ،ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ .ﺩﻫﻨﺪ
ﺧﻄﺎﻯ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻫﺪﻣﻰ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ
ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ .ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ ﻫﺎﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ
ﻫﺎﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻯ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭﻯ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻯ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺼﻞ
ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ .ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻰ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ
،ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﻪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻧﻰ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ
ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ .ﻫﺎﺳﺖﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﺼﻞ ،ﺷﺸﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ
ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ .ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩﻣﻰ ﻫﺎﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺑﻪ
ﺭﺍ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻯ ،ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ،ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ
ﻰّﻤﻛ ﻫﺎﻯﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ »ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ .ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ
ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ،ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻯ ﻭ
ﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻯﺑﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ .ﺷﺪ
ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻯ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮ
.(81 )ﺹ «ﻛﻨﺪ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ
ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻯ ،ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻫﺮ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮ ،ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ
.ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ
ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺸﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺩﺍﺭﻯ
،ﺳﻨﮕﺮﻳﺰﻩ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ،ﻫﻤﻔﺮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ،ﮔﺎﺗﻤﻦ -ﻛﺎﻳﺰﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ،ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺭ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺟﺎﺩﻭﻳﻰ ﻫﻔﺖ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ
ﻭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ »ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻰ
.(110 )ﺹ «ﻧﮕﺮﻧﺪﻣﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﻰﻋﻴﻨﻴﺖ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﺯ
ﻫﺎﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻫﺎﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ،ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ .ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩﻣﻰ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻩ
»ﻓﻀﺎﻯ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ
ﺩﺭ ،ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﺎﻯ .ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻰ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ «17
ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ »ﻓﻀﺎﻯ ﻳﺎ «16
ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ
ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺭﺍ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ «ﻫﺎﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ »ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻰ ،ﻭﺍﻗﻊ
.(114 )ﺹ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ
،ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻓﻀﺎﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ
ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻣﻰ
ﺍﻯﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ .ﻛﺮﺩ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺗﺮﺭﻭﺷﻦ
ﺍﺩﺍﻣﺔ ﺩﺭ ،ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ
ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ،ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ .ﮔﻴﺮﺩﻣﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﺼﻞ
،ﻫﺎﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﺓ ﺳﻪ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺮﻳﻦﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ
ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻰ -ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﻳﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ،ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻰ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ
ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ،ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎﺯﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻭ
ﺳﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ .ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻰ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﻫﺎﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻫﺎﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻰ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻰ ،ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻰ ﺭﻭﺵ
ﻫﺎﻯﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ،ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺭ .ﮔﻴﺮﺩﻣﻰ
ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ
ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﻯﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯ
.ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩﻣﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ،ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ
ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻫﺪﻑ »ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ
ﺍﺳﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ،ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ
،(141 )ﺹ «ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺎﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻯﺷﻴﻮﻩ
ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ًﺎﻧﺴﺒﺘ ﺭﻭﺷﻰ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﺑﻪ
.ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻣﻰ
ﻛﻪ ﺩﻫﺪﻣﻰ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻰ ،ﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻰ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺩﺭ
ﻛﻴﻮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵﻛﻴﻮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
- 5. 1392ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪ/ﺳﻮﻡﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ/ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢﺳﺎﻝ
48
ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﺖ
ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ
ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭ
ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ
ﻏﻴﺮﺿﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﻫﺎﻯﻗﻮﻝ
ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﺔ ﻫﺎﻯﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﺍﺯ
ﺍﻯﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺛﺮ
ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ
ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻰ ﺑﻪ ،ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ
ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺎﻯﺟﻨﺒﻪ
ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ
ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻰ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ،ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ
ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ،ﺍﻧﺪﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍ
ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥﺑﺮﺍﻯﺷﻤﺎﺭﻯﺑﻰﻣﺜﺒﺖﻧﻜﺎﺕ.ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻧﺪﺑﺮﻣﻰ
ﺩﺍﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻰ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻮ
ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﺎﻯﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺷﻨﺎﺱﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﺯ ﻭ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ
،ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﺎﻯﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻰ ﺑﻪ
ﺑﻪ ،ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺎﻯﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ
ﺍﻧﺪﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ .ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻓﻀﺎﻯ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ
ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﻭ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻰ
.ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ،ﺍﻧﺪﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ
SPSS ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻧﺮﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ
،ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻰ ﺩﺳﺘﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺪﻣﻰ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ
ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻯ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ
.ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ SPSS ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ
ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ
ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻣﻰ 18
ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﺔ ﭘﻮﺭﺗﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﺩﻩ ﺟﺴـﺘﺠﻮﻯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ
ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺣﻮﺯﺓ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺷـﺪﻩ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷـﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺟـﻪ
ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺷـﺪﺓ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻰ .ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﮕﺸـﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ
(1390) ﺭﻓﺘـﺎﺭﻧﻴﻚ ﻃﻴﺒـﻪ ﺧﺎﻧـﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒـﻂ ﺣـﻮﺯﻩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﻴـﺮ
ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮﻯ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻳﺸـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ .ﺍﺳـﺖ
ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻭ ﺣـﻮﺯﻩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﺭ (1386) ﻓﺮﺩﺧﻮﺷـﮕﻮﻳﺎﻥ
.ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﺘﺸـﺮ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳـﻼﻣﻰ ﺟﻤﻬـﻮﺭﻯ ﺳـﻴﻤﺎﻯ ﻭ ﺻـﺪﺍ
ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻫﺪﻣﻰ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ،ﭘﻴﺸـﻴﻦ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﻫـﻰ
ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺳـﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻰ ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻯﺷﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻪ
ﻭ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻰ ﺭﺳـﺪﻣﻰ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﮔﺮﭼـﻪ .ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ
ﻣﺠـﺰﺍ ﺍﺛـﺮﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ،ﻣﻔﺼـﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺗـﻰ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻧـﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﺔ
ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ ﻯﻫـﺎﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﺑﺮﺧـﻰ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺔ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻣـﺎ ،ﺩﺍﺭﺩ
ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻥ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ .ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪﻣﻰ ﺭﺥ
ﺑﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﻰ ﻳـﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﺠﻮ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﻓﺮﺩﺧﻮﺷـﮕﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿـﺎ ﺁﻗـﺎﻯ
ﺩﺭ .ﺭﺳـﺪﻧﻤﻰ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻯﺳـﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﺁﺷـﻨﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ
،ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﺮﭼـﻪ ﺳـﺎﺩﮔﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷـﻴﻮﺍﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛـﻪ ﺣﺎﻟـﻰ
ﺍﻯﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪﻩ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ ﻫـﺎﻯﻓﺼﻞ ﻭ ﻫـﺎﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻤﺎﻣـﻰ ﺩﺭ
ﻫﻤﻘﺪﻡ ﻭ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻳﺪﻣﻰ ﺳـﺨﻦ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻳـﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻫـﺪﻣﻰ ﻳـﺎﺭﻯ
.ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪﻩ
ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺟﺎﻟـﺐ ﻫـﺎﻯﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﺑﺮﺧـﻰ
ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺑـﻪ .ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺗﺮﺑﺮﺟﺴـﺘﻪ
ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭ ﻛﻴـﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑـﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴـﺖ ﺭﺳـﺪﻣﻰ
ﻫﺎﻯﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻏﻴﺮﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﻫـﺎﻯﻗﻮﻝ ﻧﻘـﻞ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺣﺎﺷـﻴﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ
ﺑﻪ ،ﺍﺧﺘﺼـﺎﺭ ﺭﻋﺎﻳـﺖ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻯﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺷﺎﻳﺴـﺘﺔ
ﺷـﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘـﻪ ﻛﻴـﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒـﻂ ﻫـﺎﻯﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣـﻰ
ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻫﺎﻯﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﺑﺮﺧـﻰ ﺍﺩﺍﻣـﻪ ﺩﺭ .ﺍﺳـﺖ
.ﮔﻴـﺮﺩﻣﻰ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ
ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎﻯﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ
:ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺗﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺎﻯﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ
ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒـﺎﻁ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ،ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺟﺎﻟـﺐ ﻫـﺎﻯﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜـﻰ ●
ﻭ ﻛﻮﺍﻧﺘـﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺰﻳـﻚ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻰ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻨـﻰ ﻓﻴﺰﻳـﻚ
)ﺻﻔﺤـﺎﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﭘﺬﻳـﺮﻯ
ﻧﺎﻣـﺔﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﺓ .(ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ 18 ﺗـﺎ 16
،ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻨﺴـﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﺎﻡ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ،ﻛﻴـﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺒﺪﻉ ﺍﻯﺣﺮﻓـﻪ
ﺭﺷـﺘﺔ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻯ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺑـﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻣﺒﺎﻧـﻰ
ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩ ﻓﺮﺍﻫـﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻓﻴﺰﻳـﻚ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻰ
ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺣـﻮﺯﻩ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒـﺎﻁ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﺔ ،ﺧـﻮﺩ ﻧﻮﺑـﺔ
.ﻛﻨـﺪﻣﻰ ﻓﺮﺍﻫـﻢ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪﮔﺎﻥ
ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺍﻧﻪﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ،ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻯ ،ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ●
ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻯﺷﻜﻞ
ﻫﺎﻯﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ .ﺩﻫﺪﻣﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ،ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻯ
.ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﺧﻮﺩ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ،ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﺜﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻰ ●
ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﺗﻼﺵ ،ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ .ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻰ
ﻣﺎﻧﻰُﺭ ﮔﻮﻳﻰ .ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺠﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻰ
.ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺍﺏ
ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺍﻯﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻰ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻯ ،ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ●
ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ
.ﺷﻮﺩ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ
ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﻯ ﺩﻗﺖ ●
ﺩﺭ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺷﻰ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﻰ ﺍﺷﻜﻼﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﺪ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺍﻯﮔﻮﻧﻪ
.ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﻭ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻦ
ﺭﺳﺪﻣﻰ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻯﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﺘﻦ ●
ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻣﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﻞ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ
ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﺓ
.ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ
ﻫﺎﺳﺖﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ●
ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻰ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ
.ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ
ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻰ ﻭ ﻭﺍژﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭ ﻫﺎﭘﺎﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ●
.ﺁﻳﺪﻣﻰ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻗﻮﺕ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺹ
ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ
ﻭﺍژﮔﺎﻥ ،ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺍﻯﻧﻤﺎﻳـﻪ ﺧﺎﻟـﻰ ﺟـﺎﻯ ●
ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣﺘـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻓـﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺧﺎﺻـﻰ ﺍﺳـﺎﻣﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴـﻰ
،ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ .ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺑـﻪ ،ﺷـﻮﺩﻣﻰ
ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜـﻰ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻣﻰ ﺧـﺎﺹ ﻭﺍژﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺎﻣﻰ
ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻣﺤﺘـﻮﺍﻯ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑـﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﻜـﻰ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎﻯ
.ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﺷـﺎﻳﺎﻧﻰ ﻛﻤـﻚ
ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ●
ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰﻫﺎﻯﻛﺘﺎﺏﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰﻭﻧﻘﺪﻓﺎﺭﺳﻰﻫﺎﻯﻛﺘﺎﺏﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰﻭﻧﻘﺪ
- 6. 1392ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪ/ﺳﻮﻡﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ/ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢﺳﺎﻝ
49
ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ
ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ
،ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻓﻀﺎﻯ ﺍﺯ
ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻣﻰ
ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻰ
ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻴﻮ
ﻛﺮﺩ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺗﺮﺭﻭﺷﻦ
ﻭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻰ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ،ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻰ ﻭ ﻫﺎﻭﺍژﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻯ
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ :)ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﺍژﮔﺎﻧﻰ
ﻓﻀﺎﻯ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻯ ،50 ﺹ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ ،17 ﺹ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﻤﻪ
(...ﻭ ،66 ﺹ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺮ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺗﺰ ،51 ﺹ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻯ
ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴـﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺭﺳـﺪﻣﻰ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ●
ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ،ﻧﮕﺎﺷـﺖﺗﻚ ﻳـﻚ ﻗﺎﻟـﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤـﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺗـﻰ
.ﺩﻫﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗـﻰ ﻛﻴـﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﺗـﺎ ﻛﻨـﺪﻣﻰ ﺗـﻼﺵ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺷـﺪ ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄـﻮﺭ
ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑـﻪ ،ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽـﺔ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ ﺿﻤـﻦ
ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﺎﺁﺷـﻨﺎﻯ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪﺓ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﮔﺎﻡ
ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺗـﻼﺵ ﻧﻮﻳﺴـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﺩﺭ .ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﺁﺷـﻨﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺎ
ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﻭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧـﺪ ﺧﻮﻳـﺶ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺨﺎﻃـﺐ ﺩﺳـﺖ
ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻴـﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻰ ،ﻋﻤﻠـﻰ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺑـﻪ
.ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ
ﮔﻴﺮﻯﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ
ﺑﺎ ﺁﺷـﻨﺎﻳﻰ .ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮﻯ ،ﻛﻴـﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ
ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻫﺎﻯﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻣﻰ ،ﻛﻴـﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ .ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻫـﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺩﺓ
ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺷـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ،ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻰ ﺭﺳـﺪﻣﻰ
ﻛﺘﺎﺏ .ﻛﻨـﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺯﺷـﻤﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﺁﺷـﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻤـﻰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ
ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺷـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺍﻯﺩﺳـﺘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ،ﺣﺎﺿﺮ
،ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ ﻧﻮﻳﺴـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ .ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻣﻰ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ
ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﺗـﻼﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻫـﺪﻑ
ﺭﺳـﺪﻣﻰ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ .ﺍﻧـﺪﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧـﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﻴـﻮ
ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ
ﻓﺮﺍﻫـﻢ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧـﻰ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸـﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳـﻦ
ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﺗـﻼﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻧﻮﻳﺴـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﺓ .ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ
ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﻣـﺔ ﺩﺭ ﻛـﻪ ﻛﻴـﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﺷـﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ
ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺯﺷـﻤﻨﺪ ﻫـﺪﻑ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ،ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘـﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻪ
ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ .ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺳﺮﺍﺳـﺮ
ﻫـﺎﻯﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑـﺎ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ،ﻛﻴـﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﮔﻴﺮﻯﺷـﻜﻞ ﻧﺤـﻮﺓ ﺍﺯ
،ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑـﺮﺩﻯ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨـﻮﻉ
ﻭ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻯ ،ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪﻩ ﻳـﻚ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ
ﻧﻮﻳﺴـﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﻳﻰ ،ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻣﻠﻤـﻮﺱ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻋﻤﻠـﻰ
ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸـﺮﻳﺤﻰ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘـﻦ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ »ﺗـﻼﺵ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﻣـﺔ ﺩﺭ
.ﺍﻧﺪﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻪ «ﻛﻴـﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻰﺭﻭﺵ
ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﻳﺰﺩﺍﻥ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺁﻗﺎﻯ ﺟﻨﺎﺏ ،ﻓﺮﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻤﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ
ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻴﺎﺭ ،ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ
ﺭﻓﻊ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﺔ ﺑﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻛﻪ ،ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻰ
ﻭ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺳﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﺓ ،ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻻﺕ
.ﻛﻨﻢﻣﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﻰ ،ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ
ﻫﺎﻧﻮﺷﺖﭘﻲ
1. Rmarefat@semnan.ac.ir
2. Stephenson, William
3. Q Methodology
4. http://www.nooretouba.ac.ir
5. eshraghi.ir
6. http://www.adinehbook.com/gp/product/9643883959
7. Subjectivity
8. Self- Reference
9. Abduction
10. Q-Sort
11. William James
12. Stephenson, W. (1988).’Quantum theory of
Subjectivity’, Integrative Psychiatry, 6:180-187.
13. The principle of Psychology
14. Charles Spearman
15. Cyril Burt
16. Factor Space
17. Concept space
18. http://opac.nlai.ir/
ﻣﺂﺧﺬ
.(1391) ﺯﻫـﺮﺍ ،ﻋﺒﺎﺳـﻌﻠﻰ ،ﻃﻴﺒـﻪ ،ﺭﻓﺘـﺎﺭﻧﻴﻚ ،ﻓﺘﺎﻧـﻪ ،ﻳـﺎﺭﻩﺗﻘﻰ
ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜـﻰ ﺍﺳـﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺫﻫﻨـﻰ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫـﺎﻯ »ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻰ
ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺒﻨـﺎﻯ ﺑـﺮ )ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸـﻰ :ﻳﺎﺩﺩﻫﻨـﺪﻩ ﻧﻘـﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬـﺮﺍﻥ
ﺷـﻤﺎﺭﺓ ،ﭼﻬـﺎﺭﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﻓﻨـﺎﻭﺭﻯ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳـﺖ .«(ﻛﻴـﻮ
.40-23 ﺻـﺺ ،ﭘﺎﻳﻴـﺰ ،ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫـﻢ
ﻭ ﺻﺪﺍ :ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ .ﻛﻴﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ .(1386) ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ،ﻓﺮﺩﺧﻮﺷﮕﻮﻳﺎﻥ
.ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ،ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻯ ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻯ
ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ .ﺭﻭﺯﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺨﻬﺎ ،ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻰ ،ﺣﺴﻦ ﻓﺮﺩﺩﺍﻧﺎﻳﻰ
:ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ .ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺮﻯ ﻫﺎﻯﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩﻩ :ﻛﻴﻮ
.1392 ،ّﺎﺭﻔﺻ
- ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰ »ﺻﺪ .(1388) ﻳﺰﺩﺍﻥ ،ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ
،154 ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ .88 ﻣﺎﻩﺩﻱ .ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻩ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ .«ﺧﻮﺏ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ
.77 ـ 66 ﺻﺺ
ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻜﻮﻫﺶ ﻭ ﻧﻜﻮﺩﺍﺷﺖ »ﺩﺭ .(1391) ﻳﺰﺩﺍﻥ ،ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ
(34 :ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﮔﺎﻫﻰ / ﺩﻭﺭ )ﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﻟﻴﺰﻧﺎ ،«ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻮ ﺭﻭﺵ .(1390) ﻃﻴﺒﻪ ،ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻧﻴﻚ
ﻫﺎﻯﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺨﺒﮕﺎﻥ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﮔﻮﻧﻪ :ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻯ
.ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ :ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ .ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﻘﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ
Stephenson, W. (1953).The study of behavior:
Q-technique and its methodology. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
ﻛﻴﻮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵﻛﻴﻮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰﺭﻭﺵ