2. Course overview
◼ This course introduces photogrammetry as a data acquisition tool, and
provides a general overview of its theory and working principles.
◼ It covers the factors that influence the formation of the photographs,
and the process of reconstructing the 3D of real world.
Aims and Objectives
1. Basic concepts of image geometry and measurement of aerial and
close range photograph.
2. To develop understanding of image interpretation and information
extraction.
◼ Assessment Criteria
1. Tutorials, assignment, activities, and laboratory exercise
2. Formal exam, theory and problem solving
3. Work loads, assigning different tasks to students
3. Course Outcomes
1. Be familiar with various Photogrammetric techniques, both modern and
conventional Photogrammetry.
2. To be aware of theory of photogrammetry, photographic methods and
other field considerations.
3. To study the achievable precision or accuracy by a variety of
photogrammetric techniques.
4. To demonstrate how to use various photogrammetry software, cost
effective software such as (eg EOS Photo modeler, Topcon Image master
and Agisoft Photoscan and their application).
5. plane and ortho rectification of imagery.
6. To be able to analyze the obtained results.
7. To be able to deal with a case study
8. To be able to extract data from aerial photography.
4. Course Contents
◼ Introduction, brief history of photogrammetry and types of
photography.
◼ Principle of photography and imaging, optics, Lenses, camera formats,
and Relationship of Aperture and Shutter Speed.
◼ Geometry of a single image.
◼ Relative and absolute orientation, analytical and digital plotters.
◼ Camera and lens calibrations.
◼ Mapping from aerial photographs.
◼ Close range photogrammetry.
5. Course Details
◼ Two courses in two semester
◼ 6 units total for 2 courses.
◼ 2 hrs Theory, 3 hrs practical
◼ Activities involve lectures, practicals, tutorials,
quizzes, and a field practice
◼ Every 2 weeks a group discussion (Practical) and a
quiz (5%).
◼ Practicals involve carry out measurements and
processing.
7. Course assessment
◼ Excellent 90-100 %
◼ Very good 80- 89 %
◼ Good 70- 79 %
◼ Average 60- 69 %
◼ Pass 50- 59 %
◼ Fail 00- 49 %
You’re required to achieve a minimum of 50% to pass
the course.
8. Attendance Monitroing
◼ Lecturers (Theory)
◼ Dr. Sarhat M Adam (Sarhat@uod.ac)
◼ Practical
◼ To be decided
◼ Attendance monitoring system
◼ < 90 % may lead to failing the cours.
◼ Each 1 hr absence = 0.5 mark lose
9. Table of Contents
◼ Introduction to Photogrammetry (1st)
◼ Definition – History – Types of Photographs– Taking Aerial vertical Photographs – Uses
of Photogrammetry – Todays’ applications
◼ Principles of Photography and Imaging (1st )
◼ Introduction – Fundamental Optics – Lenses – Thick Lenses – Single Lens Camera –
Illuminance– Aperture & Shutter Speed – Spectral Sensitivity – Digital Images – Color
Image representation – Digital Images Display
◼ Cameras or Image Devices (1st )
◼ Metric Cameras for Aerial Mapping– Focal Plane and Fiducial Marks – Shutters – Digital
Mapping Cameras – Camera Calibration – Laboratory Methods of Camera Calibration –
Stellar and Field Methods of Camera Calibration – Calibration of Non Metric Cameras
▪ Image Measurement & Refinement (1st )
Coordinate System for Image Measurement – Simple Scales for
Photographs– Measuring Photo Coordinates – Comparator
Measurement of Photo Coordinates– Photogrammetric
Scanners– Refinement of Measured Image Coordinates –
Distortion of Photographic film – Image Plane Distortion –
Reduction of Coordinate to an origin at PP – Correction for Lens
Distortions – Other Correction
10. Reading Materials
◼ Online Help in Photogrammetry, or Web
◼ American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) or ISPRS
◼ Search engines (Google mostly for any particular subject)
◼ Example, Stereoscopy, in Google write what is stereoscopy
◼ If lucky will get the best source or to find the relevant information through pages.
◼ Books – Ex, Elements of Photogrammetry by Paul R. Wolf & others
◼ Broad your knowledge further
◼ Understand better
◼ Lecture periods,
◼ taking notes is very crucial
◼ Practical periods,
◼ write down any necessary info
◼ Consultation hours –
◼ Email – Sarhat@UOD.ac
◼ Working individually or in pairs ?
11. Definition
Photogrammetry derived from three Greek words:
Photos: means light
Gramma: means something drawn or written
Metron: means to measure
Definition of Photogrammetry
is the “art, science and technology of obtaining reliable information about
physical objects and the environment through the process of recording,
measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of
electromagnetic radiant imagery and other phenomena”
(American Society of Photogrammetry, 1980)
12. History of Photogrammetry
The concepts might go back 1480, where Leonardo da Vinci wrote the
following:
“Perspective is nothing else than the seeing of an object behind a
sheet of glass, …….”
In 1492 he began working with perspective and central projections
with his invention of the Magic Lantern
15. Historical Development
Divided into three general stage:
Analog Photogrammetry
Analytical Photogrammetry
Digital Photogrammetry
1851
1960-1980
1980-current
16. Two fundamental classifications of photography used in
Photogrammetry:
1. Terrestrial Photographs
1. Are taken with ground-based cameras.
2. The position and orientation of which might be measured directly at the time
of exposure.
3. great variety of cameras.
4. Film but replaced greatly by digital.
2. Aerial Photographs
1. Classified as either vertical or oblique.
2. Vertical, camera axis is truly vertical
3. Oblique, Camera is tilted.
4. Still some file camera in use but mostly digitals.
3. UAV Photographs
1. Are considered to be between both (Aerial & Terrestrial).
2. Easy to use and operate.
3. Cost effective & benefits of accessing remote areas.
Types of Photographs
18. Types of Photographs
Vertical Photos
Taken with the camera axis directed as nearly vertically as possible
Truly Vertical
▪ The camera axis would be perfectly vertical at time of exposure, the
photographic plane would be parallel to the datum plane.
▪ In practice, due to unavoidable aircraft tilts, the camera axis is rarely
held perfectly vertical
Tilted Photograph
▪ When the camera axis is unintentionally tilted slightly from vertical.
▪ These unintentional tilts are usually less than 1° and rarely more
than 3 °
19. camera lens
optical axis
Field of view
Vertical Low Oblique High Oblique
Horizon
Vertical Low Oblique High Oblique
Camera orientation for various types of aerial photographs
camera lens
optical axis
Field of view
Vertical Low Oblique High Oblique
Horizon
Vertical Low Oblique High Oblique
Camera orientation for various types of aerial photographs
How a grid of section lines appears on various types of photos.
Types of Photographs
20.
21. Aerial Vertical Photographs
Flight strips
The photographs are usually taken along a series of parallel passes.
End lap
Area covered by each successive photograph along a flight strip duplicates
or overlaps part of the ground coverage of the previous photo. Normally
between 55 – 60 %.
Stereoscopic overlap area
The area of coverage common to an adjacent pair of photographs in a
flight strip.
Stereopair
The overlapping pair of photos.
Exposure stations
The positions of the camera at each exposure when the photograph is taken
Flying height
Altitude of the camera at exposure time.
22. Aerial Vertical Photographs
Side lap
is a lateral overlapping of ground coverage between strip and normally
do not exceed 30 %.
Block of photos
The photographs of two or more side-lapping strips used to cover an area.
23. Uses of Photogrammetry
◼ Topographic mapping (earliest and still)
◼ Vary in scale from large to small
◼ Used in private engineering and surveying firms
◼ in planning and designing highways, railroads, rapid transit
systems, bridges, pipelines, aqueducts, transmission lines,
hydroelectric dams, flood control structures, river and harbor
improvements, urban renewal projects, etc.
◼ Orthophotos and digital elevation models (DEMs) replaced
traditional topographic map
◼ Valuable tool in land surveying
◼ As a base maps for relocating existing property boundaries
◼ Planning ground surveys through stereoscopic viewing (Access
routes to remote areas).
24. Uses of Photogrammetry
◼ For Non Engineering Applications
◼ The preparation of tax maps, soil maps, forest maps, geologic
maps, and maps for city and regional planning and zoning.
◼ used also in the fields of astronomy, architecture, archaeology,
geomorphology, oceanography, hydrology and water resources,
conservation, ecology, and mineralogy.
◼ In traffic management and traffic accident investigations.
◼ in the fields of medicine and dentistry, measurements from X-
ray and other photographs and images have been useful in
diagnosis and treatment.
◼ In military intelligence (http://cryptome.org/cartome/fm30-
21/fm30-21.htm)
25. Applications areas of
photogrammetry
◼ (1) Geology: Structural geology.
◼ (2) Forestry: cover maps.
◼ (3) Agriculture Soil type
◼ (4) Design and construction Data needed for site and route studies.
◼ (5) planning of civic improvements.
◼ (6) Cadaster: Cadastral problems such as determination of land lines for
assessment of taxes.
◼ (7) Environmental Studies: Land-use studies.
◼ (8) Exploration: To identify and zero down to areas for various
exploratory jobs such as oil or mineral exploration.
◼ (9) Military intelligence: assessing effects of operation.
◼ (10) Medicine and surgery: Stereoscopic measurements on human body.
◼ (11) Miscellaneous: traffic studies
