Bangalore as an urban lung space. Importance, features, major parks, its uses. History of urban lung spaces in major cities, flora and fauna found here

1. A PROJECT REPORT ON
BANGALORE CITY: AN URBAN LUNG SPACE!
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE
MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY.
BY:
SARAH KING-JAMES
HS190610
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
DR. MALINI.M
2020-2021

2. BANGALORE CITY: AN URBAN
LUNG SPACE!
CUBBON PARK (MA HISTORY PHOTO ESSAY RESEARCH PAPER)

3. CITY STUDIES:
City studies is a new area of study in history. These
days, research has been conducted on how a city is
planned and designed. In such research, parks play a
very significant role.
1)Urban studies is based on the study of the urban
development of cities. This includes studying the
history of city development from
an architectural point of view, to the impact of urban
design on community development efforts.
2)The core theoretical and methodological concerns of
the urban studies field come from the social science
disciplines of history, economics, sociology,
geography, political science, anthropology, and the
professional fields of urban planning, architecture,
landscape architecture, and urban design.
3)Urban studies helps with the understanding of
human values, development, and the interactions
they have with their physical environment.
URBAN STUDIES:

4. URBAN PARKS: INTRODUCTION
 Urban parks are not just lungs of a
city, but also intended to be a place of
solace, recreation and community
and fun. Creation of large green area
has always been the agenda of the
Governments of cities.
 Urban parks have many origins, but
their creation and subsequent
maintenance have had a huge impact
on the history and daily life of cities
and their people.
 At the height the Industrial
Revolution, the population of large
cities had skyrocketed, the everyday
lives of many citizens were a
combination of a poor quality of life,
unhealthy conditions, and very
restricted, so they had no access to
areas with trees or vegetation. Thus,
this current of thought was the first
to relate two concepts that mark,
today, the new construction in any
city: green areas and physical and
psychological well-being.

5. WHO: INITIATIVE!
The World Health Organisation
(WHO) mandates cities to have a
minimum of 9sqm open space per
person. This has been charted in
the Urban Greening Guidelines
2014 of the ministry of Urban
Development. But the reality is a
far cry from the proposed figure.
The green cover is fast depleting
in the city is not hard to see. There
is more commercial exploitation of
land, so it makes the proposed
number meaningless.

6. HISTORY OF URBAN PARKS
 Green zones in city centers are also crucial to social
connection and they are so vital that they are in towns
and cities around the globe. The concept of the urban
park as an open space for community use arose in the
19th century.
 In Europe and the United States, they appeared in the
19th century, nourished by the so-called hygienist
movement.
19th century public
park-1830

7. FIRST URBAN PARK IN THE
WORLD:
BIRKENHEAD PARK- ENGLAND
In 1843, architect Joseph Paxton designed what
is considered the first urban park in the world
for public use, financed with public funds in
Liverpool, England: Birkenhead Park.

8. BOIS de BOULOGNE AND BOIS de VICENNES- PARIS
The example set by the English was
soon followed by other large capitals.
In Paris, Napoleon III ordered: Bois de
Boulogne and the Bois de Vicennes to
be opened up to the public both built
by Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand—2
lung spaces in Paris

9. PALACIO del BUENO RETIRO- MADRID
Carlos III had already given public access to the
gardens of the Palacio del Buen Retiro---recreational
purposes, and the park became municipal property
in the mid-nineteenth century.
In Madrid was a large palace complex designed by
the architect Alonso Carbonell (c. 1590–1660) and
built on the orders of Philip IV of Spain as a
secondary residence and place of recreation (hence
its name). It was built in what was then the eastern
limits of the city of Madrid. Today, what little
remains of its buildings and gardens forms
the Retiro Park.

10. On the other side of the Atlantic, in New
York, an article by the Evening Post in
1844 defended the need to create "an
extensive area for shade and recreation"
on the island of Manhattan---Central
Park.
NEW YORK- MANHATTAN
CENTRAL PARK

11. WHAT IS AN URBAN
PARK?
 A park is an area of open space provided
for recreational use, usually owned and
maintained by a local government. Grass is
typically kept short to discourage insect
pests and to allow for the enjoyment
of picnics and sporting activities. Trees are
chosen for their beauty and to
provide shade, with an increasing
emphasis on reducing an urban heat
island effect.
 The design, operation, and maintenance is
usually done by government agencies,
typically on the local level, but may
occasionally be contracted out to a park
conservancy, or private sector company.

12. COMMON FEATURES
OF AN URBAN PARK
 Playgrounds
 Gardens
 Hiking
 running and fitness trails or paths
 bridle paths
 sports fields and courts
 public restrooms
 boat ramps,
 and/or picnic facilities, depending on the
budget and natural features available.

13. WHY ARE URBAN
PARKS IMPORTANT?
 Urban parks are far more than the 'lungs'
of a city. Along streets, in residential areas,
parks, gardens, cemeteries, and even in
industrial areas, trees and smaller forests
are more than just nice to look at for the
urban population.
 As “green lungs,” they provide a multitude
of ecosystem services for the constantly
growing cities.
 They clean the air by binding CO2 and
exhaust gas particles. At the same time,
they provide shade and cool down their
surroundings by releasing humidity.
 A run or 10-minute walk in your local
park or green space can be beneficial for
both mind and body. Urban parks keep us
connected to nature.
 Park advocates claim that having parks near
urban residents, including within a 10-minute
walk, provide multiple benefits.
 City parks provide access to recreational
opportunities.
 increase property values
 spur local economies
 combat crime
 protect cities from environmental impact.

14. Community
revitalisation
Economic
development
Create safer
neighbourhoods
Community
engagement
Green
infratsructure Help children
learn
Promote public
health
Promote arts and
cultural
programme
Tourism

15. BANGALORE AS AN URBAN LUNG SPACE!
• Whilst large number of parks in Bangalore are
because of the Government’s initiative to preserve
the green spaces for example : the historical Lal
Bagh and Cubbon Park. In the periphery we have
the Bugle Rock Park, Lumbini Garden, Cariappa
Memorial Park, and J.P/ Jaya Prakash Narayan
Park. They are often venues for cultural or
recreational events and in many cases, they house
building and facilities of great historical and
cultural value.
• Bangalore’s Garden City tag is clearly obsolete.
The lung space has rapidly reduced over the years
so much. A survey conducted by an NGO, revealed
that, poor access and maintenance continue to
plague parks and playgrounds in Bengaluru. It also
revealed that the city - often referred as India's
Garden City - does not have adequate parks for the
city's population, estimated to be close to 10
million.
• Some dismal findings: Only about half of the parks
have lighting, while more than half have garbage
and debris dumped in them. Toilets were found in
only six per cent of parks and four per cent of
playgrounds. Only 39 per cent of playgrounds have
any kind of equipment for children to play with.

16. MAJOR PARKS IN BANGALORE

17. EVOLUTION OF PARKS IN BANGALORE:
According to Nature in the City by Harini
Nagendra, a professor of sustainability, as
early as the 17th century, Bangalore was
described as a city of lakes and gardens.
In her book, Nagendra gives details of the
rich history of green spaces in Bangalore,
starting from the extensively cultivated
kitchen gardens that supplied vegetables
to the very first landscaped gardens
designed in the 18th century by rulers
such as Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan.

18. A BRIEF HISTORY:
• After the British defeated Tipu Sultan, they took
control of Bangalore in 1799, and presided over
a new era of park development, by turning the
city’s oldest garden, Lal Bagh, into a
horticultural centre.
• This, then, marked the early stages of
Bangalore’s changing relationship with public
green spaces, which were starting to be
formalised as places for recreation. And the
green spaces that remained were nothing like
they used to be.
• But, instead, neighbourhood parks, now, are
often gated and entirely landscaped, with paved
walking paths, designated play areas for young
children, and exercise equipment for senior
citizens

19. 2 MOST FAMOUS HISTORICAL PARKS/LUNG SPACE IN
BANGALORE
 The moment somebody says Bangalore, we
automatically remember it as the nation’s leading IT
exporter. But also know about its “Garden City” tag and
when somebody asks for famous parks or a place to
spend some time with family for a picnic in a green
space, the first thing that comes to mind are the
historical landmark lung space Cubbon Park and Lal
Bagh. As garden spaces in Bangalore are quite the
thing. Of the many green spaces in the city, the two
large public gardens stand out and continue to remain
on tourists’ itineraries apart from being valuable
carbon sinks for the city’s soaring air pollution, a result
of the frenetic activities of its 10 million–plus
population.
 Even when we trace its roots back to the early 1920s, a
plethora of parks and gardens were built to
commemorate the 25th year of the rule of Maharaja
Krishnaraja Wadiyar iv in Bangalore—owing to its
pleasant topography and climate. Bangalore is filled
with lush green parks, has a total of 1,247 developed
parks offering a respite from the stifling heat. Its
strategically located, carefully planned, they are as
serene as they can get.

20. LAL BAGH (RED GARDEN)/KEMPUTHOTA!

21. INTRODUCTION:
 Literally translates to Red Garden. It’s a natural beauty
in Bangalore that draws attention. It’s a combination of
a fertile mix of colonial and post-Independence history
that helped transform a sovereign’s pleasure garden
into the “Kew of India”
 On one side is a bustling metropolis, and on the other, a
thick carpet of mighty old trees of a 250-year-old
garden on 240 acres, with one of the most spectacular
collections of trees in the world — and to think this
was once a rocky and barren plateau! We can marvel at
the legacy that has made Lalbagh the jewel of
Bengaluru.
 According to Vijay R. Thiruvady, author of the recently
published ”Lalbagh: Sultans’ Garden to Public Park,”
Lalbagh, or Red Garden, is one of India’s best public
gardens as it has the most diverse collection of trees
and plants in the country from all over the world and
includes flora from tropical, equatorial and temperate
regions. In his book, the self-trained botanist and
historian has provided an evocative account of the
story of Lalbagh that comprehensively traces the
garden’s history from its early days.

22. HISTORY AND CONCEPTION:
 Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore, laid the foundation of this garden in 1760.
He was inspired by the ones created by the Mughals, so, he designed it as
a Persian-style charbagh--- a garden divided into four by tree-lined
walkways intersecting in the middle. Some historians elaborate that “in this
type of garden, the plot was divided into four parts by narrow waterways that
had symbolic significance. The gardens were associated with paradisical
imagery [presented in the Qu’ran] and the flowing water in four channels
symbolized four heavenly rivers of honey, milk, wine and water.” Here he
planted roses and cypresses, and brought in trees and saplings from
other gardens in India.
 In the 18th century, Lalbagh, which was called Kemputhotha (meaning
“Red Garden” in Kannada) at the time, came to Hyder Ali as part of
a jagir (land grant) that was bestowed on him. Thiruvady states that,
Hyder brought in a talented and skilled community of agricultural
labourers and gardeners--- the Tigalas from [present-day] Tamil Nadu, to
work in these gardens. Thiruvady recorded in Lalbagh that Francis
Buchanan-Hamilton, who surveyed Tipu’s territory after his death at the
hands of the British in 1799, visited the garden and wrote: “I visited the
gardens made by the late Mussulman princes, Hyder and Tippoo. They
are extensive and divided into square plots, separated by walks, the sides
of which are ornamented with fine cypress trees.”
 A book written by Eugenia W Herbert, “Flora’s Empire”, there is an
account by a Portuguese soldier from Hyder’s regiment. The soldier
recounts how the ruler walked down the paths of his rose and cypress
garden, with his concubines, each holding a nosegay of flowers.

23.  After Hyder’s death, his son Tipu Sultan took charge.
Hyder and his son, Tipu Sultan, both were avid
horticulturists, expanded the garden into what forms
the core of modern Lalbagh. At Lalbagh, Tipu
experimented with crops and plants from Afghanistan,
Persia, Turkey, Africa, and the Canary Islands, places as
far away as Cape Town in South Africa.
 In the same book, Flora’s Empire, Herbert writes that
the Sultan sent envoys to different countries in an
attempt to raise armies against the English. The
missions failed politically, but botanically they were
immensely successful. So, on one occasion, the envoys
brought back 20 chests of seeds from Mauritius, along
with nutmeg and clove trees, which he grew in
Lalbagh. Tipu also planted several kinds of fruit trees.
One of them still stands tall— a grand mango tree that
produces two tonnes of sour, fibrous, cumin-flavoured
fruit each year.

24. UNDER EAST INDIA COMPANY- DR. BENJAMIN HEYNE
However, the one question that arises in our mind is — how
did it turn from a sovereign’s private pleasure garden to one of
the largest botanical gardens in India?
The answer to this question is: After Tipu’s death in 1799
in the war against the East India Company, the British
appropriated Lalbagh as a depository for useful plants sent
from different parts of the country.
So, the Governor-General Richard Wellesley instructed Dr.
Benjamin Heyne, the Company botanist, via the Danish
settlement of Tranquebar (modern Tharangambadi) who
decided that “superiority must be given to useful plants
over those that are merely recommended by their rarity or
their beauty”. That is: “cultivation of economically useful
plants, the produce of which would generate revenues to the
EIC”.
With Heyne, modern botany also came to Mysore, and “he
was required to make drawings, particularly of rare plants,
with scientific descriptions and collections of specimens”.

25. CAPTAIN WILBERT WAUGH AND WILLIAM
MUNRO:
 After Heyne’s tenure, the responsibility
of the garden was placed on Captain
Wilbert Waugh, who was “given the
designation of Official Keeper of
Lalbagh”. During Waugh’s helming of the
garden between 1807 and 1819, “he
introduced plants, fruits and vegetables
from Europe and China. Waugh
introduced fruit trees, which included
apricots, peaches and apples and trees
of interest to a botanical garden, namely
junipers, oaks and thujas.”
 William Munro, another army man, also
came to be in charge of the garden and
made observations such as “Mauritius
sugarcane grew well” and “sheep dung
is the best manure by far”. Thiruvady
noted that in Lalbagh the “cultivation of
hops, mulberry and the production of
silk was introduced under his [Munro’s]
watch”.

26.  Waugh then presented it to Governor-General
Warren Hastings. Hastings put in charge of Dr
Nathaniel Wallich, the superintendent of the Royal
Botanical Garden of Calcutta. He reported back that
Lalbagh could be “an intermediate nursery or a
depot for the introduction and acclimatisation of fruit
trees of England” and that “the climate of Bangalore
is eminently suited for the purposes of horticulture.”
 Till the year 1856 Lal Bagh garden was known as
Mango Tope and the Cypress Garden. Later the
Garden was named Lal Bagh because of a collection
of red roses that remain blooming all through the
year in this garden. In spite of such encouraging
reports, nothing much happened between 1831 to
1856. Inactive for 14 years.

27. DR. H.F.C. CLEGHORN:
o Thiruvady wrote that Lalbagh owes a lot to Dr H.F.C. Cleghorn--- a
trained professional surgeon turned into a forester, botanist,
administrator, publicist and philanthropist. Also whose advice Sir
Mark Cubbon, the Chief Commissioner of Mysore, sought on the
setting up of a horticultural garden in 1856.
o Cleghorn is also the person who named the garden “Lalbagh” and
was entirely responsible for putting Lalbagh on a steady path after
the ups and downs in its management in the past. Thiruvady has
sourced for his book rare botanical illustrations made during
Cleghorn’s time. A south Indian artist named Cheluviah Raju
executed 675 of them. There were others such as “Rungiah” and
“Govindoo”, and Thiruvady, on the basis of his research, speculated
in Lalbagh: “In the 1830s, Tanjore (Thanjavur) and Trichinopoly
(Tiruchirappalli) were the most likely places where botanical
illustrators could have come from as these were the centres of
South Indian religious art.”
o CHELUVAIAH RAJU’S TECHNIQUE: Cheluvaiah Raju would draw
a single line rectangular frame, text book details, cross-sections
and dissections of the plant parts, all in black. However, Raju’s art
lies in making the coloured leaves and stems stretch beyond and
be partially obscured by the frame, thus making the plant spring
vividly off the page. His paintings had a freshness and a natural
look.

28. Ricinus communis
(“Mootoocotteh”) from
the “Tanjour Grains”
album. Credit: Library
and Archives, Natural
History Museum,
London
Gmelina asiatica, painted by Rungiah,
c. 1827. Credit: Royal Botanic Garden
Edinburgh
Ipomaea superbiens,
Hort., by K.
Cheluviah Raju, late
19th to early 20th
century. © Dr M.H.
Marigowda National
Horticulture Library,
Lalbagh, Bengaluru
ILLUSTRATIONS BY CHELUVIAH RAJU, AND RUNGIAH:

29. KEW-TRAINED GARDENERS
Cleghorn introduced a certain professionalism in
the management of the garden and initiated the
tradition of appointing gardeners trained at the
Royal Botanical Gardens in Kew, London, as
superintendents of Lalbagh. From the appointment
of William New, who arrived in Bangalore in April
1858 and was the first Kew-trained gardener, “six
Kew-trained gardeners helmed the garden”.
Modern Lalbagh is the result of these professional
gardeners.

30. WILLIAM NEW:
From the appointment of William New, who arrived in Bangalore (now Bengaluru)
in April 1858 and was the first Kew-trained gardener.
 He came to Lalbagh as superintendent. Here, he established nurseries and
greenhouses that still exist today. Under him, Lalbagh became a centre of
scientific research, and evolved from a pleasure garden to a botanical garden. He
brought plants from Kew, Africa, New Guinea, Australia, South America and
various parts of Asia, grew varieties that were of ornamental and economic
value, and, in 1861, also published a census of all the trees growing there.
Unfortunately, there’s nothing in Lalbagh that commemorates New’s
contribution, except for the cottage he built for himself that now houses the
Lalbagh library.
 As soon as New arrived in the city, he “organised the introduction and exchange
of plants with other botanical institutions in India and elsewhere. He received
apples, peaches, vines, lemons and oranges from Ooty [Udagamandalam], a set of
spice plants from Coimbatore and cases of plants from North Africa, Tenerife,
Madeira and Azores in addition to seeds received from Melbourne and Adelaide
in Australia".
 Author Edward Lear called Lalbagh the “Kew of India” on his visit in 1874.
 In 1861, New listed all the 1,073 plant species that were present in Lalbagh. He
also began organising flower shows at Lalbagh, a tradition that continues to this
day. Many of the exotic plant species planted at the time survive in Lalbagh even
now. By this time, the garden had regular visitors, and Thiruvady records that
between 1863 and 1864, “12,183 carriages and 6,003 equestrians entered the
park. Indians also visited the park in large numbers, especially on festival days.”

31. JOHN CAMERON- FATHER OF HORTICULTURE IN
KARNATAKA:
John Cameron took over as superintendent in 1874---
the “Father Of Horticulture” in Karnataka. Under him,
Lalbagh grew from 40 acres to 100. Cameron also
undertook experimental cultivation of different
varieties of cotton, rubber, grape and other fruits:
groundnut, potato, dates, coconut, coffee and cocoa.
He introduced several vegetables and fruits that were
grown and acclimatised in Lalbagh, and disseminated
to the rest of the country. For instance, in order to
popularise the “Chayote”, a South American native
vegetable, Cameron stood at the gate of Lalbagh and
handed samples of the vegetable to passing farmers. It
was certainly a successful feat— as the vegetable is
well-established in Indian cuisine now. The name for
Chayote in Kannada, seemebadanekayi, translates to
“foreign brinjal”.

32. • Incidentally, Lalbagh’s Glass House, was Cameron’s
brainchild and was modelled on the lines of the Crystal
Palace, London, that housed the Great Exhibition of
London in 1851. Recognising the need for a permanent
structure for the flower shows that had become wildly
popular by this time, Cameron built the Glass House in
1889 It was also Cameron who started the tradition of
flower and vegetable shows at the Glass House. It
continues to this day, with the immensely popular
biannual flower show.
• Thiruvady sums up Cameron’s contribution thus: “He
largely focused on improvements and development in
botany and horticulture in Lalbagh itself and exchanging
seeds, saplings and trees with botanical gardens
worldwide while also establishing a zoo.” A 1890-91
report lists 32 botanical parks around the world that
received seeds from Lalbagh, which shows how Cameron
had expanded the international exchange network of
Lalbagh. A survey of the diverse plants at Lalbagh during
Cameron’s tenure showed that the garden had 3,222
plant species, marking a clear increase from the period
of New’s tenure. (This seems to have been Lalbagh’s
peak period of botanical variety as a 2001 survey put the
number of plant species at only 793.)

33. Later superintendents, stalwarts in their own right, continued the legacy of
Lalbagh, and were also responsible for making Bengaluru the Garden City.
Gustav Krumbiegel, a Kew-trained German botanist and landscape designer,
succeeded Cameron. After him, towards the late-colonial and post-
Independence period, Lalbagh saw Indian superintendents — Rao Bahadur
HC Javaraya and Dr MH Marigowda.

34. GUSTAV HERMANN KRUMBIEGEL:
 The German-born and Kew-trained gardener Gustav Hermann
Krumbiegel became the Superintendent of Lalbagh in 1908 after
having worked in the princely state of Baroda for 14 years, and “in
contrast with Cameron, was multifaceted and successfully spread
his energies across garden architecture and landscaping, pomology
and vegetables, plant propagation, agriculture and town
planning”. Krumbiegel focussed his energies on sourcing fruit-
bearing trees from “Australia, South Africa, California and the
Philippines as the places from where most suitable seeds and
saplings could be procured for planting in Mysore”. Most of the plant
species planted during Krumbiegel’s time came from Australia.
 Krumbiegel was an expert landscape and ornamental gardener and
was also responsible for the garden designs at the Indian Institute
of Science in Bengaluru, the Brindavan Gardens in Mysuru and
Jubilee Park in Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) apart from making
substantial contributions to the landscape of Lalbagh. Krumbiegel’s
services for the princely state of Mysore were marred by his
internment during the World Wars because of his German
provenance that remains a malevolent footnote in the last 63 years
of his life. After he retired in 1932, he continued to live in Bengaluru
until his death in 1956.

35. H.C. JAVARAYA:
The first Indian to be appointed as Superintendent of the
Government Gardens in the Mysore State was H.C. Javaraya, who
“continued the landscaping of Lalbagh” and “added an east wing”
to the Glass House, “which made the structure aesthetically more
attractive from all directions”. Apart from this, he also made
other contributions to structures at Lalbagh. After his
retirement, he was employed by the Nawab of Bhopal in whose
princely state he was responsible for the development of parks
and royal gardens.

36. POST-INDEPENDENCE: M.H.
MARIGOWDA
In 1951, M.H. Marigowda became the Superintendent of
Government Gardens. Like his five predecessors, he had also
trained at Kew Gardens. As Thiruvady writes in Lalbagh:
“Marigowda made it his mission to address the needs of the
people of Karnataka and of horticulturists through the
Departments of Horticulture and Agriculture; horticulture
was to be no longer Lalbagh centric. Knowledge
accumulated and concentrated in Lalbagh for over a century
has to be dispersed to every single district and taluk in
Karnataka.” By the time he retired in 1974, Marigowda had
set up over 400 farms and associated nurseries, when there
were only four such farms when he started out.
Marigowda’s efforts at spreading horticultural knowledge
throughout the State did not mean that he ignored Lalbagh.
It was during his tenure that the premier garden was
expanded from 120 acres to 240 acres. Several national and
international personages visited Lalbagh during
Marigowda’s time, and the memorable one is a picture of
him with Queen Elizabeth II in 1961.

37. FLOWER SHOWS:
 The beginnings of the show were, however, humble — the aim was to educate people
and showcase the botanical riches of the garden. The Lalbagh Flower Show is a bi-
annual tradition, alive and evolving since the early 1900s. Biannual flower shows are
organised every year in January and August on the occasion of the Republic Day and
Independence Day, respectively. Earlier called the Summer and the Winter show, the
thematic flower shows have been commemorating national festivals from 1951,” says
MV Venkatesh, Director, Horticulture Department.
 According to Mansoor Ali, founder of Bengaluru By Foot, whilst Cameron is credited
with the flagging off the concept of a flower show — albeit on a small scale — it was
GH Krumbiegel, superintendent from 1908, who made it a regular event. That was
since 1912. It was organised through the Mysore Horticulture Society, which he
founded the same year. “Krumbiegel was inspired by the Chelsea Flower Show in the
UK,” said Ali. Organised by London’s Royal Horticultural Society, the show at Chelsea is
considered to be one of the biggest events in the British high society calendar. Royals,
socialites, horticulturists and celebrities drop in to view a wide variety of gardens
designed by renowned floral artists and designers.
 In the early days of the flower show, wild animals including leopards, bears, elephants,
peacock and monkeys from surrounding forests would stray into Lalbagh. Some of
them were captured and shifted to the Mysore zoo in 1920. After Krumbiegel retired
in 1932, HC Javaraya, the first Indian horticulturist to be trained at London’s Kew
Gardens, took over. “At the time, the Lalbagh Flower Show was replicated in areas like
Ooty and Coonoor. Javaraya also introduced it later in Delhi,” said Harish Padmanabha,
Javaraya’s grandson, explaining that one of the earliest traditions of the flower show
was to have Jardinieres. “The interior display included a mix of potted plants in brass
and porcelain while the exterior had landscape elements of moulded clay and
terracotta.”

39.  In the 1950s, Ali said, among the highlights of the
flower show was flower display by public sector
companies like HAL, BEL and HMT. “Until the 80s, the
exhibited plants used to be auctioned after the show,
since it would be difficult to take them all back.”
Citizens also showcased annuals like cockscomb, phlox,
petunias and asters that they cultivated at home.
Training in horticulture, post-harvest technology and
mushroom cultivation and classes in ikebana and
bonsai are also conducted.
 While 92 varieties of annual flowering plants in
thousands of pots and on the ground are major
attractions, the Glass House will itself showcase nearly
5 lakh roses, apart from hundreds of poinsettia, pentas,
blossom hill, hydrangea, marigold and clarkia. The
statue of the Maharaja and the mantapa is decorated
with 1.5 lakh red roses, 50,000 white roses, 50,000
orange roses, 3000 orchids and 4500 twigs. Flowers
will be changed mid-way through the show, in order to
look fresh,” says Jagadeesh, adding that decoration
experts from Sneha Florists had done up the model.
 Lalbagh is now under the Directorate of Horticulture,
Government of Karnataka. From the year 1856 Lalbagh
has remained a Government Botanical Garden and has
been worldwide famous as a centre for scientific study
of plants and their conservation.

40. GATES:
LALBAGH HAS FOUR GATES:
 The western gate is situated near Siddapura Circle.
One can enter this gate and enjoy the sylvan
atmosphere of the garden. The north western wall
adjoins Krumbiegal Road named after G.H.
Krumbiegal, the last pre-Independence
Superintendent. “Come in with folded hands, this is a
sacred kingdom of green,” a board in Kannada at the
West Gate of Lalbagh Botanical Gardens can be seen.
 The northern gate is a fairly wide and big road leading
to the Glass House and serves as the primary
entrance. There is a banner at the main gate of
Lalbagh with the poet Kuvempu’s
words: Devaalayavee hoovina totam (an abode of
gods, this garden of flowers). We can appreciate the
sentiment behind it.
 The eastern gate has a wide road with Jayanagar close
by.
 The southern gate is often referred to as a small gate
and opens near Ashoka pillar.

41. FLORA AND FAUNA IN LALBAGH:
History and legacy apart, the true treasure of Lalbagh are its trees —
nearly 2,000 species currently. Each tree has a history.
 Many trees are endemic to India, like the pines from the Himalayas
and Western Ghats, and a fair number from Southeast Asia, like the
yellow Ashoka.
 One of those which never fail to make our jaw drop is the matriarch
of Lalbagh, the colossal white silk cotton tree, 250 years old. It is 55 ft
high, and its dense canopy has a spread of 20,000 sq ft. It has massive
buttresses that extend nearly 25 ft in each direction from the thick
trunk.
 The rare pride of Burma, the brownea tree from tropical America,
with its pretty handkerchief-like flowers.
 The stately kauri pine from Queensland, the araucaria pines from the
Pacific Islands and Australia, Moreton Bay chestnuts, Colville’s glory
from Madagascar, loquat from China, magnolia, Spanish mahogany,
cypresses from Australia, China, Mexico, California and Europe —
these are some of the exotic trees present here. There are olive trees,
persimmon, oleander, ylang ylang. And also the pod mahogany, native
to tropical Africa and a threatened species there.
 There are several others like the tabebuia, gulmohar. The New
Caledonian pine in front of the Glass House stands nearly 150 ft tall.
It had a twin on the other side of the walking path, which is visible in
old photos of the Glass House. But the twin was felled by lightning a
few years ago, and now this tree stands alone, grand despite the
asymmetry.
 African baobab, native to Madagascar, that stands next to the
aquarium building. Something about this “upside-down tree” — so
called because when it sheds its leaves, its branches look like roots —
creates the allure of far-off lands.

43. The century palm, which flowers only
once in about 85 years, gives a sense of
timelessness in this era of hurry and
speed. And then there is the
ficus krishnae, a variation of the banyan,
but with endearing leaves that look like
little cups. According to mythology,
Krishna stored butter in these leaves,
and hence its name.

44. Lalbagh has ‘Pride of India’ trees in its heart. There are
two tall ‘Pride of India’ trees in front of Lalbagh
Glasshouse, which are memorable because they are
planted by leaders of USSR. One tree planted by Nikolai
Bulganin, the Prime Minister and the other one by Nikita
Krushov, the secretary of communist party. They were
planted in the year 1955 during their official visit to
India.

45. Walking in Lalbagh, there is a Christmas tree
(Araucaria columnaris) that towers over all the
other trees and can be seen from several parts of
the garden. When New’s 1861 survey was done,
this tree was already listed, which means that it
had been planted before then. “This tree is
originally a native of New Caledonia and is the
height of a 13-storey building. This could well be
the tallest tree in south India,” Thiruvady
contended.
A more down-to-earth Araucaria specimen stands
nearby and the tips of its overlaid leaves sting like
needles. The massive rain trees (Samanea saman)
that stand like Brobdingnagian sentinels in Lalbagh
allow only slivers of sunlight to hit the ground
beneath them date to Cameron’s era when they
were planted here and in different parts of
Bengaluru.

46. FAUNA:
Lalbagh is the heaven for birds and a university for bird
watchers. The bird watching walk shows the growing
awareness towards nature. The second Sunday is when
people can bird watch at Lalbagh with BNG birders.
There are two advantages to Lalbagh – get a very good
walk and observe birds.
 The Lalbagh small lake never disappoints us as many
water birds can be found. The highlight is the large
number of Cormorants. Beside this, Pelicans, Cattle
Egret, Common Coot, Common Myna, Pigeon, Verditer
flycatcher, Eurasian Golden Oriole, Grey headed
starling, Black Drongo, Ashy Drongo, Rose ringed
Parakeet, Black Kite, Brahminy Kite, Darter, Asian
Koel Male, Asian Koel Female, Large Pied Wagtail,
House Crow, Purple Water hen(Purple Moorhen),
White cheeked Barbet.

48. 6 MAJOR ATTRACTIONS AT LALBAGH
These include the Floral Clock, Maharaja Statue, Aquarium, Band Stand, Rose Garden, Lake, Silk
Cotton Tree, Tree Fossil, Lotus Pond, Glass House, Dove Cot, Farm Information Unit, Bonsai
Garden, Kempe Gowda Tower, Topiary Garden, Japanese Garden, Directorate, and The Krumbiegel
Lecture Hall.

49. FLORAL LAWN CLOCK
Lalbagh is home to an attractive Flower Clock that has
been installed by Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT)
watch company. Measuring 7 meters in diameter, the
functional clock dial is beautifully decorated with
myriad colourful flowers. The figurines of ‘Snow White
and The Seven Dwarfs’ installed around the
surrounding gardens is another attraction, especially
for kids.

50. GLASS HOUSE:
The golden era of Lalbagh can be marked as the year
1874, when the then Superintendent of Government
gardens James Cameron proposed the construction of
Glass house (also called the Albert Victor Conservatory)
on the lines of Crystal Palace in London. The construction
was started in the year 1888 and the Glass House was
completed in the year 1890 at a cost of Rs 75,000. The
Glass House is the pièce de résistance of the 240-acre
garden, with more than 3,500 species of flora and
flowering plants. Six pyramids with eye-catching hues
occupy each and every corner of the Glass House with
sculpted art pieces of Wadiyar in the background.

51.  LAL BAGH LAKE: If you love water bodies, you must take time out
to visit the Lal Bagh Lake that is located at the southern end of the
Gardens. Special attractions here include the walkway bridge and
the two small ponds at the north (Lotus Pond) and west corners.
 ROSE GARDEN: ‘Lal Bagh’ literally means ‘Red Garden’ – a name it
inherits from the gorgeous red roses that can be found here during
the peak season.
 BAND STAND: The Band Stand at Lal Bagh was established way
back in 1870, and it is here that the Army band played. Earlier, it
was also used as the location for hosting flower shows.
 TREE FOSSILS: The stunning tree fossil of petrified Coniferous
Tree is a collection from the National Fossil Park, Tiruvakkarai,
South Arcot, Tamil Nadu. It is believed that this Tree Fossil dates
back to 20 million years. One can’t resist stopping for a couple of
minutes to admire this beautiful collection.
 MANGO MELA: Every year during the month of June, this fair is
conducted in which different varieties of mangoes are sold.
 STALLS: There are various stalls inside the garden that sells
products related to horticulture. The seed stall is the most popular
one from where you can buy seeds, flowers, plants and even
equipment used in gardening. Apart from this, there are stalls that
sell Vetiver handcrafts. Vetiver is a kind of grass. There are stalls
that sell Hooglu natural fruit juice that contains no added flavours.
 Lalbagh also has a "Garden centre" where citizens can buy
ornamental plants. This is managed by Nursery Men's Cooperative
Society.

52. PENINSULAR GNEISS ROCK
 Popularly called the Lalbagh Rock, this is one of the oldest existing rock
formations in the world and dates back to 3,000 million years! No
wonder, this one’s a huge crowd puller at the Lal Bagh. A plaque at the
site declares it as a ‘National Geological Monument’. “Lalbagh rock”, as
Thiruvady referred to the small granite hill crowned by one of the four
boundary towers erected by Kempegowda I (1510-69), who is often
identified as the founder of Bengaluru.
 He explained the significance of the “rock” in the planet’s early
geological history. What lay in front is a Gneiss Complex, and according
to Lalbagh, “this rocky plateau rafted on to the lithosphere of the earth
and stabilised in its present form” around 3.5 billion years ago after the
earth’s tectonic plates moved around like coins on a carrom board over
millions of years. Thus, because of its importance, the hill was declared
a National Geological Monument in 1975. According to Thiruvady, the
finding of the “stone slabs, referred to as Nishidhikallus and Virakallus”
is evidence that Jain and Hindu communities lived in the area around
Lalbagh, but the origins of the garden can be traced to the reign of
Kempegowda, who laid out a flower garden “in 1537 with a view to
growing flowers for worshipping in temples”. The boundary tower has
been refurbished “and made to look like a Hindu mantapa”, but when it
was originally built, it marked the southern border of Bengaluru.

53.  A bibliophile, shouldn’t miss out on Dr. M.H. Marigowda
National Horticulture Library as it features a humungous
collection of books on horticulture and allied subjects.

54. LALBAGH TODAY!
• With an increasing pressure to serve as a park and social space, much of
the garden has been converted into walking paths and lawns. Morning
walkers throng Lalbagh every morning. Many trees have been trimmed or
cut down to make way for public amenities or due to perceptions that
falling branches may threaten visitors. A part of the garden was taken over
and many trees cut down amid protests for construction of the Lalbagh
Metro Station as part of the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. Entry
fees of INR 25 with a camera fee of INR 60 have also been a point of
contention. There have been repeated proposals to build various
recreational amenities such as rock gardens, fountains and boating
facilities. Some of these proposals of the management have been halted in
the past due to protests from enlightened public who have pointed out the
impacts these have on the environment
• When asked about his vision for the future of Lalbagh, Thiruvady said:
“Lalbagh must necessarily draw on its strengths as a botanical garden
while preserving its essence as a layered heritage garden.” Thiruvady’s
implication was clear: for Lalbagh to remain botanically significant, its
administrators should focus on its core identity as a repository of diverse
plant species from around the world rather than move in the direction of
other public parks with food courts, children’s play areas and synthetic
additions.

55. CUBBON PARK

56. CUBBON PARK: THE LUNGS OF CENTRAL BANGALORE!
 This 150-year old park traces its origins back to the
colonial times and is home to hundreds of plant species,
thousands of ornamental and flowering trees, and
several avenues lines with tress and colourful
flowerbeds. Many historical monuments, stately
buildings, museums, statutes of famous personalities,
and other attractions are also part of the park complex.
It is one of the commercial and tourist nerve centers in
the city.
 In the heart of the bustling city, Cubbon Park is an oasis
of biodiversity that provides citizens respite and a place
to unwind. The city, infamous for its traffic jams and
inflammable rivers, however, in the midst of this, it’s not
all gloom and doom for the city, as there are a few
spaces that provide safe haven for a plethora of life.
Cubbon Park is one such sanctuary in the heart of
central Bangalore. It is the heart and lungs of the city.
 It’s a public park. It’s favourably located, has open
lawns, well kept roads, walking paths and shady
playgrounds. The park with its natural undulated
ground, slope, water bodies and rocks can afford
beautiful and picturesque landscape.

57. CUBBON PARK: THE THICKET OF SEPARATION!
 By 1881 AD, Bangalore had two nuclei: one a high-density area around the fort and its market (K.R.
Market area) in pete and the second Blackpally (Russel Market area) within the colonial city. Both of
these comprised the inner city of Bangalore with Cubbon Park acting as a large green buffer. Several
suburbs were built at the turn of the century. By 1812 AD the colonial city developed as a low density
“Garden City”, with a parade ground, clubs, churches, bungalows, shops, markets, cinemas, and parks
and other open spaces interspersed by water bodies. The colonial city had a strong European character,
with public life.
 After the death of Tipu Sultan in 1799, the British East India Company began to establish a cantonment
at Bangalore. The cantonment was separated from the Pettahs or the native portion of the city. This
division was a ‘cordon sanitaire’ or a physical separation. The reason for this partition was probably the
British belief that mixing with the native population was very dangerous — the native population was
believed to be very ‘dirty and unclean’ and diseased. In addition to this, there was a considerable
difference between the planning of the Pettahs and the structure of the British cantonments. The old
Pettahs consisted of a deep network of crowded streets which were considered a hallmark in the
planning and design of urban development for that time. In sharp contrast, the cantonments were made
up of large empty spaces with wide roads and huge houses. The British wanted a separate clean and
healthy city of their own, away from the Pettahs. Perhaps, the separation also created a social
distinctiveness for the colonisers.
 Whatever the reason, the British wanted to keep their distance from the natives. This separation was
evident in every British settlement. In the case of Bangalore, this separation was in the form of a strip of
land, about 1.5 km in width. This piece of land was probably a jungle. Some accounts also say that it was
made up of a thorny hedge which was responsible for the security of the Pettahs. Irrespective of what
this piece of land contained in the past, this land was destined to become what we see as Cubbon park
today. The jungle or hedge was cleared and the area was beautified to make what we see today as
Cubbon park.

58. HISTORY AND CONCEPTION:
 Cubbon Park was planned in 1864 by Sir Richard Sankey, the then
Chief Engineer of Mysore. The park was initially known as ‘ Meade’s
Park ‘after John Meade who was the acting Commissioner of Mysore in
1870. To commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Sri Krishna Raja
Wodeyar’s rule in Mysore State, in 1927, the park was renamed as Sri
Chamarajendra Park. This was in memory of the 19th-century ruler of
the state Sri Chamarajendra Wodeyar, during whose rule the park
came into existence. Though it remains the official name of the park
even today, people continue to call it Cubbon Park
 It was later named Cubbon Park, after Lt.-Gen Sir Mark Cubbon, who
was the British Commissioner of Mysore Kingdom from 1834 to 1861.
During his tenure, he established a law and order system, introduced
judicial and economic reforms and through action in all spheres of
governance helped develop the economy of Mysore. He resigned from
his office in 1860 due to ill-health and left for England for the first time
since his arrival in India as a cadet in 1800. In the days of Sir Mark
Cubbon, the administration of the state was conducted on time where
he won universal admiration. The Raj Bhavan in Bangalore was built in
1840s and owned by Sir Mark Cubbon, who was Commissioner then.
Cubbon was passionately fond of Arabian horses and used to keep at
least 50 steeds in his stable here.
 Sir Mark, incidentally, had never set his eyes on the park. He left India
in April 1861, and died on his way back home at Suez on April 23,
1861. The park initially covered an area of 100 acres. The park has
expanded over the years and is now spread over 300 acres.

59. PRESERVATION ACT- 1979:
The Preservation Act, 1979 passed by the Government of Karnataka to preserve the
uniqueness of the park is under the provision of Karnataka Government Park
(Preservation) Act, 1975, which states:
“Accordingly, it is directed that neither any land should be granted to nor any further
constructions be permitted whether temporary or permanent by any organization or
individuals in the Cubbon Park and Lalbagh areas except the constructions taken up by
the Horticulture Department in furtherance of the objectives of the department.”

60. FLORAL ASSETS OF CUBBON PARK : VERDANT VENUE:
 When the park was laid out in the 1870s, the whole area
was planted with only flowering trees. Over the years, the
area was also filled with Bamboos, Shrubs, Creepers, etc.
Now the whole area of Cubbon Park is under the canopy of
trees.
 The park is a riot of colors from the months of November
to July, when one species after another begins to bloom in
all its glory. The park is a well-laid out mix of rock, trees,
bamboos, grassy expanses and flowerbeds. While the best
aspect of the park remains the motorable roads within, the
walking paths have its devotees among joggers and
naturalists.
 Cubbon Park has around 8,000 plant and trees, over 96
species and 400 varieties. “We have nearly 25 silver oak
trees that are 150-year-old. They were the first oaks
introduced to Bangalore from Australia. Other trees are
mango, jackfruit, cherry fruit, java fig and passion fruit,
apart from artocarpus of the South-east Asian and Pacific
origin belonging to the Mulberry family, and the cassia
fistula and ficus, Banyan, and Pride of India. The ‘Pride of
India’ trees are in profusion in Lalbagh, Cubbon Park and in
the gardens around the Vidhana Soudha.

61.  A lone ‘Pride of India’ tree by the side of YMCA
building on Nrupatunga Road is a feast for the
eyes with its blazing colourfull lilac flowers.
Similarly, at all the corners of the Vidhan Souda
garden, the ‘Pride of India’ trees present an
enchanting view. It’s commonly called as ‘Hole
Dasavala’ in Kannada, and creates the picturesque
effect of landscape in the area where they grow
luxuriantly and bloom in profusion.
 The avenues include araucaria trees along the
flowering canna beds, polyalthias, moreton bay
chestnut, southern silky oak,
peltophorum, schinus molle, swietenia
mahagoni, tabebuia.

62.  They’ve replaced most of the dried up bamboo with a
dozen varieties more and 500 saplings from Belgaum,
Assam and Tamil Nadu have joined the bamboo family
here.
 Cubbon Park hosts a three-day flower show in
November to coincide with Children’s Day. “Every year
we will try to increase the scale of the showcase. We
have permanent stalls including a Jaivik organic, plant-
nursery and Hopcoms,” says Murgod, who is also
responsible for the tree sculptures and rock garden
brought inside.
 Amongst the ornamental and flowering exotic trees
lining the roads in the park are the — Jacarandas from
Brazil, delonix or the gulmohar tree from Madagascar
(bright red flowers with long petals) along the Cubbon
road in the park, which is a widely
cultivated tropical ornamental tree around the world.
 Royal Palms from the Caribbean islands, neelgiri, and
the millettia. Shrubs such as bougainvillea, or the
climbers such as red jade vine are popular for its
texture and shades,” says Deputy Director of
Horticulture, Cubbon Park, Mahantesh Murgod

64. BIRDS GALORE: FAUNA OF CUBBON PARK!
 With a unique set of habitats, Cubbon Park plays host to a
wide variety of birds. According to eBird observations
alone, close to 100 species of birds have been spotted
there. On a typical morning, the regular suspects are large
flocks of pigeons, roosts of black kites near water bodies,
and crows can be seen.
 On rare occasions, Cubbon Park may even surprise you
with a bird that you wouldn’t normally expect to see there-
-- a black baza and a local bird of prey, the shikra.
 The ground reveals one of the park’s most
underappreciated inhabitants: ants! Arboreal ants and
carpenter ants can be found building elaborate colonies at
the base of their favourite trees.
 Cubbon Park has also played a role in the discovery of a
new species of ant, Dilobocondyla bangalorica.

65.  Other species of birds: jungle myna and
common mynas, white-cheeked barbet,
white-throated kingfisher, Pond herons,
egrets, a night heron and a little
cormorant, tailorbird, an oriental magpie
robin , Tickell’s blue flycatcher and a purple-
rumped sunbird, Ashy Drongos, Chestnut-
tailed Starlings, Spotted Doves, Rose-ringed
Parakeets.
 Among the many habitats found within the
park, bamboo groves have played host to a
plethora of life. One such inhabitant was a
bird whose tail is so distinctive that it needs
little introduction: the Indian paradise
flycatcher.

66. MAJOR STATUES/MONUMENTS AT THE PARK -MAKING
THEIR MARK IN STONE:
o They came. They saw and they conquered! Ironically, the conquests
and achievements of many great people are only but a memory.
People rise and people fall. Only their memories remain buried in
the annals of history. However, some are more fortunate and are
remembered better – thanks to monuments and places named after
them or in this case – having a statue erected for them.
o The city of Bangalore boasts an array of interesting statues of
phenomenal people and one of the prime locations to spot them is
the historic Cubbon Park. The large lung-space in the heart of the
city bears testament to five of the most remarkable personalities to
have etched a mark in Bangalore and India’s histories. With a
history of its own – the park is home to the marble statues of Queen
Victoria, King Edward VII, Major General Sir Mark Cubbon, Rajya
Dhurandhara Sir K. Sheshadri Iyer and Sri. Chamarajendra Wodeyar.
A fading tribute to these foreigners who left a lasting impression on
the destiny of the country, these statues may not stand the test of
time, but they will remain in the weathered memories of
Bangalore’s residents.

67. THE EMPRESS OF INDIA- QUEEN VICTORIA:
Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901).
George Frederick Ernest Albert, Prince of Wales & Duke of Cornwall & York
unveiled this statue on 5th February 1906, in a corner of the park near
Mahatma Gandhi Circle. Sculpted by Thomas Brock in England and shipped to
India in 1905, is a 11-foot statue. The Queen, who used the additional title of
Empress of India, is the most notable sight in the garden. A noble tribute to the
member of the royal family of Great Britain to hold the prestigious crown for
the longest time from the age of 18 for almost 64 years, the statue has the
Queen holding a scroll and an orb. Alexandrina Victoria was given the title
Empress of India after the dissolution of the East India Company following
which she took reign of the administration of the subcontinent. Marked for
restoration, the statue has a finger missing while the orb has lost its cross.

68. KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM: KING EDWARD VII
King Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King
of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from
22 January1901 until his death in 1910. Installed 1919 at the North-Western
point of the Queen’s park. Often ignored due to the stagnating Metro
construction that has overridden the park’s beauty, the statue of the King, lies
neglected in a layer of dust and dirt. The statue was unveiled by Frederic John
Napier Baron Chelmsford, the Viceroy and Governor General of India, in
November 1919. The bearded king, who was responsible for modernisation
of the British Home Fleet and reorganisation of the British Army, was known
to be a peacemaker. But with the World War I beginning just four years after
his death, many believe the Germans paranoia increased because of the
British King’s massive transformation of the forces. He toured the
subcontinent while being the Prince of Wales in 1875 but King Edward VII
never visited India after he took over the throne. His short reign and
subsequent passing over of the mantle to his second son George V saw only a
time of peace, often credited to be the golden age for the upper class in
Europe and America. He was also one of the first Kings to become social with
people believing in the seeing and being seen by the people.

69. Lieutenant-General Sir Mark Cubbon KCB (23 August 1775 – 23 April
1861) was a British army officer with the East India Company who
became the British Commissioner of Mysore state in 1834. The statue
was unveiled in March 1866 by Lewin Bowring in front of Karnataka
High Court. The statue of Major General Sir Mark Cubbon adorns the
terrace garden. The British Army officer who became the British
Commissioner of Mysore state moved the capital from Mysore to
Bangalore and is respected for creating a prosperous government here.
The statue of Sir Cubbon seated on a horse was unveiled by the
Commissioner of Mysore Lewin Bowring.
 The Maker of Modern Bangalore: Sir K. Seshadri Iyer KCIE (b.1845
– d.September 13, 1901), or Sheshadri Aiyar was an advocate who
was also the second Dewan of Mysore state since the reinstation of
the Wodeyar family on its throne in 1881 and was the longest serving
Dewan of the princely state as well. Unveiled by (then) Viceroy and
Governor General, Lord Charles Baron Hardinge of Penshurst on the
November 20, 1913. The staue is situated in front of the State Central
Library (also called Cubbon Library)
THE NAMESAKE: LIEUTENANT-
GENERAL SIR MARK CUBBON

70. MAHARAJA OF MYSORE:
Chama Raja Wadiyar X (also known as Chama
Rajendra Wadiyar X) was the ruling Maharaja of
Mysore between 1881 and 1894. Chamaraja Wadiyar
was a great patron of arts and music and a violin
virtuoso himself. Installed in 1927, on the way to
Lavelle Road. In the central portion of the park near the
tennis pavillion with a floral display and fountain in the
front.

71. HISTORIC ARCHITECTURAL WONDERS!
 Located in the precincts of Cubbon Park are numerous
historical buildings and structures, many of which date back to
the British era and boast of spell-binding colonial
architecture. Monuments in Cubbon Park have a rich cultural
importance. A gentle amalgam of natural and man - made
sights, Cubbon Park has multicoloured exotic floral beds lining
its various avenues which are located close to important
administrative buildings like Central Public Library,
Government Museum, Sir Vishweshwariah Industrial and
Technological Museum, the Karnataka High Court, Venkatappa
Art Gallery, etc.
 Other buildings that are situated within or at periphery of park
are: 1) the Indira Priyadarshini Children's Library, 2) the
Venkatappa Art Gallery, 3) the Aquarium (stated to be the
second largest in India), 4) the YMCA, 5) Yuvanika - the State
Youth Centre, 6) Century Club, 7) Press Club, 8) Jawahar Bal
Bhavan, 9) Tennis Pavilion, 10) the Cheshire Dyer Memorial
Hall and 11) the Ottawa Chatter, 12) Doll Museum.

72. BANDSTAND (CUBBON PARK)
The important section is the Band Stand Park. Greenery is maintained in the
surrounding area of the band stand throughout the year with colourful annuals
planted all along the borders and also around the bandstand. Earlier, Military
band used to be played here. Later, for several years, Bangalore City
Corporation used to arrange weekly orchestra on Sundays. The programme has
been revived by the Department of Kannada and Culture by arranging music
programmes every weekend. This bandstand section is demarcated by metalled
roads at all the sides. Cement benches are provided along these roads so that
public could sit and view the greenish lawns and colourful flower beds of the
section. Since public is not allowed to trample the lawns, they remain green
throughout the year. The band stand lies almost in the centre of the Cubbon
Park and also in the middle of the road which runs from the portico of Attara
Kacheri to Government museum.
ATTARA KACHERI AT CUBBON PARK: One of the most important buildings in
Cubbon Park is Attara Kacheri (18 government offices) which is now the
Karnataka High Court. Attara Kacheri, built in 1864 AD, is a stone structure in
an intense red colour. It consists of a two-storied building with Corinthian
columns in Gothic Style of architecture and is located at the entrance to the
Park. The Public offices (Secretariat of the Government of Karnataka) were
located here from 1868 to 1956, which were later moved to the Vidhana
Soudha, opposite to it. The building now accommodates the Karnataka High
Court. In the Central Hall, a portrait of Sir Mark Cubbon decorates the ceiling.
An equestrian statue of Cubbon by Baron Marochetti is located at the back of
the building.

73. THE STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM:
Is one of the oldest in India, built in 1876 by
Colonel Sankey, located within the Park, is akin to
the design of Attara Kacheri in its architectural
style and hue. While the original collection in the
museum belonged to Benjamin L. Rice of the
Mysore Gazetteer, antiquities from Mohenjodaro
period are on display in the Museum. Exhibits in
the Museum include specimens of Vijaynagara and
Halebid architecture, ancient coins and stone
inscriptions as old as 5000 years.

74. SESHADRI IYER MEMORIAL HALL:
Built in the year 1915, in a conventional European style with
Corinthian and Tuscan columns, Seshadri Iyer Memorial Hall,
in honour of Sir K. Seshadri Iyer who was Dewan of Mysore
State from 1883 to 1901, is an impressive red building with
gables. It houses the Seshadri Memorial Library. The memorial
building is ensconced in the middle of the park, framed by the
plants of the park and with a gorgeous frontage of the rose
garden. The Library has an area of 300 km square and
functions as the Apex of the Karnataka Public Libraries system,
which is governed by State Library Authority. In the year 2000,
the Library, for the best state central library in India, was
awarded the Raja Ram Mohan Roy Library Foundation Award in
recognition of its outstanding contribution to meritorious
services rendered in the spread of knowledge and gearing up of
library movement in the city of Bangalore in particular and in
the state of Karnataka in general.

75. JAWAHAR BAL BHAVAN AND TOY TRAIN RIDE:
A small-scale recreation center for kids, Jawahar Bal Bhavan
has a decent range of attractions to keep little children busy.
These include a dolls museum, horse rides, swings, roller
coaster rides, boating, slides, other play gym equipment, and
large open areas for kids to play. A special pull for children is
the well planned amusement for children as part of Jawahar
Bal Bhavan, which has the toy train, Puttani Express that runs
(0.75 miles or 1.2 km) within the Park. Get into Putani
Express, the toy train at Cubbon Park, and enjoy a joyful 10 to
20-minute ride through various sections of the park.

76. AQUATIC WONDERS AT BANGALORE AQUARIUM:
Also known as Government Aquarium, Cubbon Park Aquarium, and
Bangalore Aquarium. This three-storied building is located right at
the entrance of Cubbon Park and houses a good range of
ornamental and cultivable fish varieties from across the world. It’s
a wonderful mini-marine world with lots of species of fish and
other marine fauna. The aquarium is an impressive building with
an octagonal shape and is one of the best fun things to do in
Cubbon Park. Perhaps one of the most popular attractions in the
Cubbon Park. It was established in the year 1983. The first floor
itself has 14 large water tanks, while the second floor has a
whopping 69 tanks. The water life on display here include Siamese
fighters, catla, freshwater prawns, goldfish, red tail shark,
angelfish, glowlight tetra, hockey stick tetra, Indian tiger barb,
mahseer, blue gourami, pearl gourami, moon tail and many others.
It’s a fascinating world of azure and kaleidoscopic water animals.

77. VENKATAPPA ART GALLERY:
Located next to the Government Museum is Venkatappa Art
Gallery, one of the must-visit museums in Bangalore, with over
600 paintings and artworks. K. Venkatappa, after whom this
Gallery is named, was a prolific painter. His sketches and
landscape paintings take pride of place on the ground floor of
the Gallery. Venkatappa Art Gallery Bangalore is the place to be
if you wish to feast your eyes on the visual splendors of art
works by India's best artists including M. F. Hussain paintings,
works of Yusuf Arakkal, and others. Artist K.K Hebbar has an
entire floor showcasing his stunning works (second floor).
Browse through the hall exclusively devoted to tools and
articles of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation.
 INDIRA PRIYADARSHINI CHILDREN’S LIBRARY:A must-
visit place for little bibliophiles, the library is housed within
the park and boasts of a good collection of books for
children of all ages.

78. SIR VISHWESHWARIAH INDUSTRIAL AND
TECHNOLOGICAL MUSEUM:
An unusual museum which requires most part of the day to
really enjoy all the fun interactive displays. Visvesvaraya
Museum is fun for children and adults. It houses a treasure
trove of machines and artifacts related to science and
technology. Its interactive exhibits make this a great place for
children to develop a love for science. There are exhibition
Halls on Engines, Electricity, Fun Science, Space, Biotechnology &
Electronics. Animated dinosaurs, life-size model of Wright
Brothers' flyer “Kitty Hawk” along with ‘Flyer Simulator’ and
Steam locomotive are other attractions. There are interesting
shows like 'Science On A Sphere‘ the only one in Asia, is a large
visualisation system that uses multimedia projections to
display animated data on the sphere converting it into an
immersive animated globe showing dynamic, animated images
of the atmosphere, ocean's and land area of a planet, combined
with narration. 'Taramandal', '3d film show' and 'Science show'
held at regular intervals. The 'Science for Kids' gallery is the
new addition to the Museum. This is a place designed for tiny
tots to play unhindered and engage with science. Was
established in memory of Bharat Ratna Sir M. Visvesvaraya. A
modest building with a built up area of 4000 sq. mtrs. Was
opened by the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru on 14.07.1962.

80. REASON BEHIND THE COLOUR OF THE
HERITAGE BUILDINGS!
There is a reason why heritage buildings in Cubbon Park such as Attara Kacheri (High
Court), Seshadri Iyer Memorial Library and the State Archaeological Museum were
painted in shades of yellow, of ochre and Pompeian red.
 Built in the 19th century by the British, these buildings were painted with “the
specific altered yellow tone” on the orders of British Chief Engineer of the then
Mysore State, Richard Sankey after the discovery of the Roman towns of Pompeii
and Herculaneum. The frescoes in Pompeii and Herculaneum were originally said
to be ochre before Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD and buried the city. The gases
emitted turned the original yellow into dark red that came to be known as
Pompeian red. Most Britishers wanted to use this new hue in their work. Speaking
about the Victorian, Colonial, and Gothic designs of the buildings, stand as an
example of the combined imagination and creativity of Sir John Meade, who as the
acting Commissioner of Mysore State conceptualised Cubbon Park and Richard
Sankey, who was the architect.
 Cubbon Park was envisioned to be in the centre of the city — between
Kempegowda’s old city and Cantonment area. The park’s vegetation, buildings, and
sculptures merge with the surroundings, although the entrance points were not
really planned. Entry points are something that evolve spontaneously in a natural
setting. There are currently 7 gates of Cubbon Park out of which 3 gates will soon
be closed to vehicular movement permanently.
 Each structure inside the park such as the State Central Library, High Court, State
Archaeology Museum, Band Stand, Venkatappa Art Gallery, and the aquarium have
distinct features that reflect the city’s colonial past. And they want to showcase to
people the speciality of these buildings, such as the High Court’s Greco-Roman
styles visible in the pillars, arches and decorated ceilings, walls and open
verandahs.

81. OTHER ATTRACTIONS…
Other attractions include: the lotus pond--- the
authorities plan to rejuvenate the lotus pond that is
currently filled with filth and toxic algae, Ringwood
Circle, dancing fountain and the bamboo groove nook.
Like most things in life, the iconic bamboo grove
recently went through its cycle of flowering and
gradually withering. With nearly 200 bamboo plants
no longer standing tall, the area looks unrecognisable
to somebody that’s been visiting the park for nearly
two decades. There are plans to replant nearly 400
bamboo saplings around the park to slowly recreate
this signature habitat of the park.

82. CUBBON PARK- HOW CITIZENS
UTILISE THE PARK TODAY:
Cubbon Park is truly a space for everybody. Birding groups with their
binoculars, tree-walk enthusiasts carefully examining canopies, joggers along
the paths, and sports enthusiasts of all ages can be found on these grounds.
Wedding photographers and wildlife photographers alike find it a good
backdrop too. Citizens can relax and enjoy a picnic, The location is perfect to
host different fun events like cricket games, family games, or some quick fun
sports activities. Kids and children can enjoy too playing around having a gala
time.
 Poetry in the Park if you are a writer, a poet, then, Cubbon Park is here to
delight you with its poetry group gathering every month.
 Bird watching, you can spot an array of various bird species here.
 Green Yoga At Cubbon Park The Yoga sessions are hosted at every Saturday
morning in Cubbon Park. The session is conducted in the park near the
statue of Queen Victoria and gives you the opportunity to meditate with the
most well-known Yogis of Bangalore city.
 Puppets And Pearls - Storytelling For Kids. Mostly for age groups of four to
six, Puppets and Pearls hosts a storytelling session at Cubbon Park on
Saturdays.
 Take Your Furry Babies To The Dog Park. Cubbon Park has a Dog Park that
welcomes all your adorable four-legged friends. It’s got to be on a Sunday
though. You will see dogs of all kinds and sizes running free and having the
time of their lives.

83.  Open Theatre – troupe Bardolators. The Bardolators of
Bangalore are an open theatre troupe who shows their tribute
towards Shakespeare by adapting his plays for the city audience.
The plays are musical, accompanied by flute and violin and an
open to attend event for all, organized in the Bamboo groves of
Cubbon Park as the setting perfectly tunes with the theme of
Shakespeare’s plays.
 Participate In Photo And Heritage Walks: It’s a great way to
grab the Park’s history through a leisurely stroll. It is a 3 hour
event encouraged with photography and guided by a host
touring the important statues
 Take Your Furry Babies To The Dog Park: Cubbon Park has a
Dog Park that welcomes all your adorable four-legged friends.
It’s got to be on a Sunday though. You will see dogs of all kinds
and sizes running free and having the time of their lives.
 Share Your Life Journey And Problems With A Support
Group: support group here in Cubbon Park, where they meet up
periodically to lend each other emotional support.
 Slacklining: is nothing but walking on a suspended line (also
called webbing)
 Vegan Bangalore Potlucks: are held and you can attend this
monthly potluck. Groups bring something vegan to share.

84. CUBBON PARK- POLITICAL PUBLIC SPACE!
 Cubbon Park today caters to peoples’ active and passive needs. The Park, which
was usually used for rest and leisure, transformed into a political public space
during rallies, likewise, Mahatma Gandhi statue provides a symbolic backdrop
to a demonstration. Mysore Bank Square, Banappa Park and Chick Lalbag used
to be venues for protests and demonstrations. Today the corporate sector
dreams of turning Bangalore into a “city-state”. Also citizen groups have
become more active over the years, as demonstrated by the protest to protect
Cubbon Park in 1998. According to Janaki Nair the Cubbon Park protest
illustrated the elites’ and middle class’ anger towards politicians and the
erosion of “cantonment character”. The Cubbon Park protest mobilized women
and children in large numbers.
 Some of the protests: Three of the 7 gates of Cubbon Park will soon be closed
to vehicular movement permanently. Furthermore, it is Bengaluru’s only park
where traffic is permitted to pass through. However, the park was closed during
the lockdown in 2020, and several groups have called for a halt to vehicular
traffic within the park to preserve the park’s environment or biodiversity.
However, the Karnataka government has stated its intention to reintroduce
vehicular traffic, and several PILs have been filed in this regard since then.
 300 walkers emphasised on the need to preserve the city's preserve the city's
premium lung space by not taking up any construction work in the park and
keeping out all kinds of vehicles. Members of the Cubbon Park Walkers'
Association gathered at the state central library safety and security of walkers,
allowing parking of vehicles inside the park and construction work.
 ‘Not Without My Dog’ campaign.
 Bengaluru protests against wave of molestation: City women have a
message for perverts..."We will not live in fear!"

85. IMPORTANCE OF SUCH A LUNG SPACE:
Cities across the world celebrate, protect and fight for their green
spaces. The area of parks in a city and its liveability are directly
correlated. The more parks and gardens a city has, the better the
physical and mental health of its citizens and the better their
relationship with nature. Cubbon Park is the heart and lung of
Bangalore, cherished by residents, the park instantly takes one away
from the hustle and bustle of the city.

86. CONCLUSION: GREEN SPACES COMMODOTISED AND
RECREATION- FOCUSED!
 Within Bangalore city just a few green spaces like Cubbon Park and Lal
Bagh remain to fight the stress we’re putting on our environment. With
India’s current urbanised population estimated at 34%, and this number
expected to rise above 50% by 2050, public parks may be one way we can
grow sustainably. While it is imperative that we preserve our forested and
protected areas, there is a lot that needs to be done within our rapidly
growing cities as well. City parks may be a way of creating safe spaces for
nature, and our curiosity and love for it.
 But, instead, neighbourhood parks, now, are often gated and entirely
landscaped, with paved walking paths, designated play areas for young
children, and exercise equipment for senior citizens. On paper, it all sounds
great, but the reality is that these spaces are increasingly restricted to
certain kinds of city residents – usually middle- or upper-middle class –
and exclude those whose lifestyles don’t fit the bill.
 “Green spaces are becoming commoditised and recreation-focused; they’re
not really commons anymore,” Harini Nagendra told Quartz. ”Many of
these parks would have had one side that was a playground where kids
played cricket or just tossed a ball around. And those I hardly see now…
Where do kids go to toss a ball around or play cricket?” she added. In
Bengaluru, once India’s ‘garden city’, parks are now restricted areas that
keep the poor out. Academics and activists call this the privatisation of
public spaces. It is a curious policy that has been in place for several years,
reportedly designed to keep out alcoholics, gamblers, and prostitutes,
according to the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, the city’s civic body.
But its enforcement across many of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara
Palike’s 1,200-odd neighbourhood parks is a telling sign in the
transformation of the city’s relationship with public green spaces, which
have rapidly dwindled as Bengaluru has moved far away from its “garden
city” roots.

87. In a 2006 essay titled Social Municipalism and the New Metropolis, by Janaki Nair showed how
growing middle-class political engagement in Bengaluru had changed the way the city worked. She
used the example of Cubbon Park, the over 100-year-old public park located in the heart of the city.
The 1.2-square-km park was established in 1870 and had a rich history as the site of demonstrations
and rallies, and as a space frequented by members of different social classes. But things started to
change by the late 1980s and 1990s, as middle-class users began to push for the beautification of the
park and a ban on public rallies in the space. “By 1998, this public utility had been more or less
‘privatised’ with the installation of chain link fences and large gates, which, though ‘aesthetically
pleasing,’ kept all, except the jogger and walker, from the use of the park at certain hours,” Nair
writes.
To add to this are the rules and regulations that now govern public green spaces in Bengaluru, which
often include prohibitions against “indecent” behaviour – warning couples against public displays of
affection, or even sitting together in some cases – and the very specific entry timings. Most
neighbourhood parks open from around 5am until 9 am or 10 am, catering to crowds of morning
walkers, before being locked up until it’s time for the evening walkers to come in. Resident Welfare
Associations have sometimes attributed this to a lack of funds for round-the-clock security, but the
consequences are far-reaching. “We just can’t afford to have security guards all the time, so during
less-visited hours you say that people can’t enter. But the flip side is when you do that, you exclude so
many people – mothers of young children, for instance,” Harini Nagendra said. “There’s absolutely no
place where you can take them unless you have the money to pay.”
This reflects what some academics and activists have described as the privatisation of public spaces,
which they say is the result of the sizeable influence of Bengaluru’s middle class: a product of the
city’s information technology boom. “The main reason why [parks are] being regulated is that the
BBMP [Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike] has a policy of ensuring that there are parks for people
who organise themselves, which is the middle class,” said Leo Saldanha, coordinator of Environment
Support Group, an environmental and social justice trust in Bengaluru. “Their notion is that parks
have to have gardens, there needs to be a walking path, and a designated zone for kids to play. But
there is no unstructured space.”

88.  Present lifestyles are exerting various stresses on urban dwellers. Environment related
pressures are in the rising. Urban green spaces such as parks play a vital role in
managing these pressures. The present study was carried out in order to ascertain the
utility of the park in terms of ecological services it offered, along with the perceptions of
the park users with reference to available facilities and needs by adopting Subjective
Well-Being (SWB) questionnaire method.
 A total of 183 respondents were interviewed out of 102 were men and 81 women. Age
distribution pattern showed that the age group of 19-35 of both the genders visited the
park frequently. The preference of visiting time indicated that males did not show any
specific pattern, women preferred afternoons. Frequent male visitors travelled to the
park from about 5 kms, women chose to limit their travel to 2 kms. Though the users
have no significant comments on the park plan there is a strong opinion about the
maintenance of toilets. A strong objection was recorded with reference to the entry fee.
This concludes that occasional visitors tend to derive only the benefits of this urban
green space and do not essentially show any regard to park management, whereas
regulars show a feeling of belongingness/ownership. These are the people who matter
when it comes to people-government interaction in park planning and management.
 Parks are a part of the city’s soul, not just part of the tally of its environmental
resources. We need to imagine the impact this will have on the environment and the
quality of life for everyone in Bengaluru, keeping in mind the value of the past, the
present and the consequences for the generations that will follow.

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Most of the images are copyrighted and do not belong to me. I have simply used them as
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nd%20water.%E2%80%9D

91. • https://s01.sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/inline/894582-1.jpg
• https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/takeaway/in-the-shades-of-
lalbagh/article21969395.ece1#:~:text=There%20are%20several,pines%20from%20the
• https://experiencekerala.in/kerala-tourism-activities/attractions/lalbagh-bangalore-
bangalore#:~:text=Mango%20Mela%3A%20Every,no%20added%20flavours.
• https://thedependablewriter.com/lal-bagh-botanical-
gardens/#:~:text=recent%20visit%20to%20Bangalore%20gave%20me%20a%20chance%20to%20explore%20some%20of%20the%20city%E2%80%99s%2
0most%20memorable%20landmarks%20and%20popular%20tourist%20attractions%20including%20the%20%E2%80%98Bangalore
• https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/history-of-lal-bagh-bangalore-
8322#:~:text=narrow%20waterways%20that%20had%20symbolic%20significance.%20The%20gardens%20were%20associated%20with%20paradisical%20
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