These are words that denote action, state, or occurrence.

1. VERBS
Kinds of Verbs and Verb Tenses

2. Verb
- a word that expresses time while showing an action, a condition or,
the fact that something exists
ACTION CONDITION EXISTENCE
Elijah runs daily. Jacob will be sorry. Percival was here.
The verb runs shows an action.
The verb will be shows a condition.
The verb was expresses an existence.

3. KINDS OF VERBS
Action Verbs, Auxiliary Verbs & Lexical Verbs, Dynamic Verbs & Stative
Verbs, Finite Verbs & Nonfinite Verbs, Regular Verbs & Irregular Verbs,
Linking Verbs

4. I. ACTION VERBS
Transitive and Intransitive

5. I. ACTION VERBS
Action verbs are verbs that specifically describe what the subject of the
sentence is doing.
e.g. skip, smell, love, think
Most of the action verbs are categorized as transitive or intransitive.

6. A. Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb expresses an action which passes from the
subject to a direct object or when the subject is acted upon. It
needs a receiver of the action or a direct object.
e.g. owe, feed, paint, make, drive, lift, kick, produce, give, buy,
pass, sell, take, show, offer

7. 1. Azrael kicked Koko under the table.
kicked = transitive verb; Koko = direct object
2. Hector wants a smile from Francesca, his beautiful but
serious lab partner.
wants = transitive verb; smile = direct object
3.Portia painted the canvas in Brandon Rockwell fashion,
dribbling bright colors from a heavily soaked brush.
painted = transitive verb; canvas = direct object

8. B. Intransitive Verbs
Verbs that do not need an object or receiver of its action.
e.g. run, nap, bark, gloat, wink, snore, grow, rain, arrive

9. 1. Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom door with
only seven seconds to spare.
arrived = intransitive verb
2. James went to the campus cafe for a steaming bowl of
squid eyeball stew.
went = intransitive verb
3. To escape the midday sun, the cats lie in the shade under
our cars.
lie = intransitive verb

10. II. AUXILIARY AND LEXICAL
VERBS
A. Auxiliary (or Helping) Verbs
- used together with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or
to form a negative or question. They come before main verbs
in a verb phrase.

11. Be Do Have
am does has
is do have
are did had
was having
were
being
here
Modal Auxiliaries
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would

12. 1. If all goes well, I will be going home today.
2. We shall meet tomorrow in the afternoon and discuss the
matter we left pending.
3. We may go shopping anytime from now because the rains
have stopped.

13. B. Lexical Verbs
A lexical verb is any verb that is not an auxiliary. Also called a main
verb or a full verb.
e.g. come, rest, organize, handle
1. He will be coming home for dinner.
2. He rested in the shadow after a tedious job in the garden.
3. Thomas will be organizing the group before he travels.

14. III. Dynamic Verbs & Stative
Verbs
A. Dynamic Verb
- A verb basically used to show a process, an action or a sensation
rather than a state. Most of them describe activities or events
which can begin and finish.
e.g. drive, grow, throw, hit, repair, play, melt,
eat, drink, go, type, read, write, listen, speak, watch, say, work,
sleep, cook, talk

15. 1.She plays tennis every Friday.
She is playing tennis right now.
2.The snow melts every spring.
The snow is melting right now
3.When one boxer hits another, brain damage can result.
(This suggests only one punch.)
When one boxer is hitting another, brain damage can
result. (This suggests many repeated punches.)

16. Dynamic verbs can be used in the simple and perfect
forms (plays, played, has played, had played) as well as
the continuous or progressive forms (is playing, was
playing, has been playing, had been playing).

17. Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition
which is quite static or unchanging. They can be
divided into verbs of perception or cognition (which
refer to things in the mind), or verbs
of relation (which describe the relationships between
things).
e.g. hate, believe, contain, own
B. STATIVE VERBS

18. 1. I hate chocolate.
2. She believes in UFOs.
3. The box contains 24 cans of soda.
4. Yong owns three motorbikes.
Note that we cannot use these verbs in the continuous (progressive)
forms, you can’t say "Yong is owning three cars." Owning is a state,
not an action, so it is always in the simple form.

19. When describing states, they never take the
continuous (‘-ing’) form.
STATIVE VERB CORRECT USAGE INCORRECT USAGE
Like I like you. I am liking you.
Love I love you. I am loving you.
Hate I hate you. I am hating you
Appear
It appears to be
cloudy.
It is appearing to be
cloudy.
Believe I believe in God.
I am believing in
God.
Fit This shoe fits me.
This shoe is fitting
me.
Sound
This song sounds
good.
This song is
sounding good.
Remember
I remember
everything.
I am remembering
everything.

20. IV. Finite Verbs & Nonfinite Verbs
A.Finite Verbs
- A verb that agrees with a given subject in a sentence. It is
usually marked for tense.
e.g. appear, promise, enjoy, love, hate
1. He appears sick.
2. Jane promised to change her behavior.
3. Gladys said that she enjoyed learning more about verbs.

21. B. Nonfinite Verbs
A verb that has no distinction in different tense. It cannot be used
unaccompanied as the main verb in a given question or sentence.
e.g. expand, leave, smile
1. You can expand your boundary.
2. We may leave after 10.00pm.
3. She had a reason to smile.

22. V. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR
VERBS
A.Regular Verbs
A verb whose past participle and past tense is attained by adding –
d or –ed or –t for some. It is sometimes called a weak verb.
e.g. accept, arrive, fence, deliver
1. I accepted the offer.
2. He has just arrived.
3. He fenced the area.

23. B. Irregular Verbs
- Also called a strong verb. It does not usually follow the rules
for common verb forms. They usually do not have the
predictable –ed ending.
e.g. get, go, say, see, come, take, sleep
1. He got (get) his business running at the right time.
2. We went (go) home early.
3. They came (come) by bus on a Saturday morning.

24. VERB TENSES
Simple, Perfect, Progressive, and Emphatic Tenses

25. Tense
- a form of a verb that shows the time of an action or a condition
- there are 14 verb tenses in modern English and they are
classified according to:
1. Simple Tenses
2. Perfect Tenses
3. Progressive Tenses
4. Emphatic Tenses

26. I. SIMPLE TENSES
A. Past Tense
B. Present Tense
C. Future Tense

27. A. Past Tense
- denotes an action that was completed in a definite time in the
past
- Usually a -d or -ed is added to the root verb. However, this rule is
not applicable to some verbs which are called irregular verbs.
e.g.
1. Mr. Rage Del Fierro’s father became the CEO of Del Fierro
Group of Companies for the past 24 years.
2. He regarded Sunshine as the most beautiful woman he has
ever seen.

28. B. Present Tense
- denotes a habitual action or anything that is true in the
present or in general
e.g.
1. Klare uses strawberry scented shower gel everyday.
2. Elijah likes the smell of the shower gel.

29. - The s-form of the verb is used in the two examples
because the subjects are singular. The same is true with
pronoun subjects he, she, it, and with other singular
nouns.
- The base form of the verb is used for pronoun subjects
I, you, we, they, and other plural nouns.

30. C. Future Tense
- denotes the occurrence of an action that is yet to be done or
that will happen sometime in the future
- The use of will/shall + present form of the verb indicates future
tense
e.g.
1. Logan will try to win Portia’s heart back.
2. I shall make a heart-shaped chocolate for Noah.

31. II. PERFECT TENSES
A. Past Perfect Tense
B. Present Perfect Tense
C. Future Perfect Tense

32. A. Past Perfect Tense
- Indicated completed or perfected action before some definite time in
the past
- This tense is formed with the past tense form of "to have" (had) plus
the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular
in form)
e.g.
1. Riguel had studied Philippine Constitution at some point in time
before he came to class.
2. Rozen had invested heavily in the air-conditioning industry before he
went to France.

33. B. Present Perfect Tense
- This tense indicates either that an action was completed (finished or
"perfected") at some point in the past or that the action extends to
the present
- Is formed with a present tense form of “to have” plus the past
participle of the verb which can either be regular or irregular in form
- We should not use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such
as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in
Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc.

34. - We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as:
ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already,
yet, etc.
e.g.
1. Nobody has ever ruined the wall Allen made to protect himself.
2. Methods of farming in Alegria have improved greatly because of
Jacob Buenaventura’s expertise.

35. C. Future Perfect Tense
- indicates that an action will have been completed (finished or
"perfected") at some point in the future.
- This tense is formed with "will" plus "have" plus the past
participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in
form)
e.g.
1. If all goes well, by March 2018, I will have finished my college
degree.
2. Wade will have solved all the Math problems by then.

36. III. Progressive Tenses
A. Past Progressive Tense
B. Present Progressive Tense
C. Future Progressive Tense
D. Past Perfect Progressive Tense
E. Present Perfect Progressive Tense
F. Future Perfect Progressive Tense

37. A. Past Progressive Tense
- indicates continuing action, something that was happening, going on,
at some point in the past.
- This tense is formed with the helping "to be" verb, in the past tense,
plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending)
e.g.
1. Entice Esquivel was riding her horse, Abaddon, all day yesterday.
2. Nicholas Revamonte was being a terrible role model for his
younger brother, Leon.

38. B. Present Progressive
Tense- indicates continuing action, something going on now.
- This tense is formed with the helping "to be" verb, in the present
tense, plus the present participle of the verb (with an -
ing ending)
e.g.
1. Claudette is buying all her cousins’ New Year’s gifts early this
year.
2. Freya is working through the holiday break.

39. C. Future Progressive
Tense- indicates continuing action, something that will be happening,
going on, at some point in the future.
- This tense is formed with the modal "will" plus "be," plus the
present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending)
e.g.
1. Pantaleon Revamonte III will be running in next year's
national elections.
2. The Cuevas’ campaign plans suggest that the governor will be
winning the southern vote by May.

40. D. Past Perfect Progressive Tense
- indicates a continuous action that was completed at some point
in the past.
- This tense is formed with the modal "HAD" plus "BEEN," plus
the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending)
e.g.
1. Denise had been studying in the library all day.
2. Katarina had been drawing her house for weeks, but she
finally gave up.

41. E. Present Perfect Progressive
Tense
- indicates a continuous action that has been finished at some
point in the past or that was initiated in the past and continues
to happen.
- The action is usually of limited duration and has some current
relevance
e.g.
1. The girl named Snow has been running and her heart is still
beating fast.
2. Reina has been walking alone in the streets.

42. F. Future Perfect Progressive
Tense
- indicates a continuous action that will be completed at some
point in the future.
- This tense is formed with the modal "WILL" plus the modal
"HAVE" plus "BEEN" plus the present participle of the verb
(with an -ing ending)
e.g.
Next Thursday, I will have been working on this project for
three years.

43. IV. Emphatic Tenses
There are two emphatic tenses namely:
A. Past Emphatic Tense
B. Present Emphatic Tense
The two receive their name because they are used for emphasis.
More commonly, however, they are used with the negative not and
with questions when the normal order is inverted and part of the
verb comes before the subject.

44. A. Past Emphatic Tense
- tense is formed by adding the basic present form of the verb to
the past tense of the verb to do (did)
e.g.
He did come to work today.
Didn't he stay home?
He did not stay home today.

45. B. Present Emphatic Tense
- is formed by adding the basic present form of the verb to the
present tense of the verb to do (do or does)
e.g.
Does he run fast?
He does run fast.
He does not run slowly.

46. References:
Prentice Hall: Grammar and Composition 1
http://www.enkivillage.com
http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/verbs
Smart English: More Than a Worktext for Grammar and Syntax
(Third Edition) by San Miguel, Barraquio, Revilla
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms
www.oxforddictionaries.com/words
http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/stat.htm
http://www.englishleap.com/grammar

47. http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000378.htm
https://aliciateacher2.wordpress.com/grammar/verb-tenses
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/tenses
http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs