The document discusses the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in healthcare delivery in India. It notes that there are over 20 lakh NGOs in India, with one for every 600 people. NGOs play a supplementary role to the government by providing services like health education, clinics, nutrition programs, and addressing communicable diseases. They also assist with policy formation and help communities assume responsibility for their own health. The document examines several prominent national and international NGOs working in India and their contributions to healthcare.
3. What is an NGO?
History of NGO
Role and responsibilities of NGO
Difference in NGO and GO
NGO as partner in health care delivery
NGO and NRHM
Leading NGOs – Nationally and Internationally
Advantages of NGO in health care
Few review articles
Few NGOs
3
4. Include organizations engaged in public service,
based on ethical, social, religious.
Formal/ Informal groups
Following characteristics:
Private, Self-governing
Registered organizations/ informal groups
Defined aims and objectives
Do not return profits
Source: NGO India website, http://ngo.india.gov.in/faq_ngo.php 4
5. Dates long back in history
During 18th century: emergence of self help
Friend-in-Need Society (1858)
Prathana Samaj (1864)
Satya Shodhan Samaj(1873)
In 1916 : Mahatma Gandhi’s focus on Swadeshi
movement,Voluntary action.
5
6. 1951: First Five-Year Plan
“In any plan for social and economic regeneration, state
should give them maximum cooperation in
strengthening their efforts.”
1965–1966: International NGOs entered India in
significant numbers
1980 :NGOs began to be formally recognized as
development partners of the state
6
7. India witnessing NGO boom
Around 20 lakh of them in states and union
territories.
There is 1 for every 600 people.
one policeman for every 943 people.
India has just one doctor for every 1,700 people.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-witnessing-NGO-boom-there-is-1-for-
every-600-people/articleshow/30871406.cms
7
8. Participatory Research in Asia, 1982
Engaged in religious activities: 26.5%
Work in the area of social service: 21.3%
NGOs works in education: one in five
Fields of sports and culture: 17.9%
Only 6.6% work in the health sector.
8
9. Types of
NGO
Service Empowering
Charitable Participatory
Looking at the role of the Non-Governmental Organizations in primary health
care field in India to meet the Millennium Development Goals.
9
12. Health Education
Clinic Services.
Water and sanitation
Nutrition
Communicable
diseases
Family planning
Nearly half (42%) had targeted the poor as their main
beneficiaries. Followed by Mothers, youth and general public
12
13. A comprehensive and
innovative health care
system
Primary health care to
advanced surgical care
Access to health was non
existent in a wider
radius.
Today- 2500 employee
and 12 centres
13
14. Primary group
• Most elementary
course
• To village women
usually illiterate
• Hygiene, common
ailments
• 1 week of training
The second group
• Illiterate women
• Trained by GK for
the government.
• 1 month of training
• Evaluated by a GK
doctor
• Gov stipend
The third group
• Paramedics, 5
yrs schooling
• To treat
diseases
• How and when
blood, urine,
sputum and
stool tests
• Family planning14
15. Work for greater understanding and positive attitudes
Assist national policy formation in health care.
Establish greater collaboration, coordination
Evaluative techniques to render all new programs are
accountable to real community needs
15
16. Particular attention to local community development groups
Conduct reviews and assessment of existing health
programs
Enables communities to assume greater responsibility for
their own health
Ensure increase in beneficiaries for existing programs
Expand their training efforts, e.g., training of health
workers, supervisors.
16
17. Supplementary or complementary role
Selection/approval of the NGOs and overseeing
implementation of the projects
Key features:
Decentralization of the schemes
Emphasis on measurable qualitative and quantitative
performance indicators.
Increased interface of NGOs with Government bodies.
Rationalization of the jurisdiction area serviced by the NGO
to provide in depth service.
17
18. MOTHER NGO (MNGO) SCHEME
SERVICE NGO (SNGO) SCHEME
STATE NGO COORDINATORS (SNGOCS)
RRCs
18
19. Implementing the mutually agreed
programme of collaboration
Utilize the opportunities to disseminate
information policies and programmes.
Collaborate individually or collectively in
WHO programmes to further health-for-all
goals.
19
WHO | Principles Governing Relations with Nongovernmental
Organizationshttp://www.who.int/civilsociety/relations/principles/en/ 6/6
20. Lepre society
Uday foundation
Aravind eye care system
Smile foundation
Udaan
20
21. CARE(Co operative assistance and relief)
HelpAge
Rotary International
21
22. Flexible ,Transparent, accountable and
efficient
Strengthen PPP
Strengthen International co operation
Significant influence on national program,
policies and legislations
22
23. Inequitable distribution
Political pressure
Limited resources
Gov Co operation
Aid providing agencies
23
24. By Nance Upham, Review of the NGO experiences
in selected Asian countries.
Looked at four aspects:
Health care and socio-economic context.
Global advocacy capacities
Proven capacities for comprehensive primary health
care
Capacities to innovate and prepare health systems
for the future.
24
25. Health System for the poor need not be poor
health system
NGOs favour “best of” in Primary Health Care
NGOs’ assets:
Know-how to deliver good health care to poor
Powerful advocacy capacity for health as a
human right
25
26. WHO publication stated that:
NGOs are not ready for engagement in the
governance of the national programme.
No networking amongst NGOs to be able to
partner and exercise voice.
At present NGOs work in isolation
Negative competitive orientation
http://www.who.int/macrohealth/events/civil_society_asia/en/Potential_for_Governme
nt_NGO_Partnership_in_Health_Care.pdf 26
27. PHFI: Public health foundation India
Independent accredition body to regulate
standards of health education
Establishing strong research network
Catalysing growth and evolution
27
28. Henry Dunant, buisnessman
1859
Objective: aid to the wounded
without distinction
Activities:
Disaster management
First aid
Maternal and child welfare
Health education
28
29. Working in 35 states
More than 400 branches
Objective: promotion of health, prevention of disease
and mitigation of suffering
Activities :
Relief
Medical supplies
Maternal and child welfare services, FP
Blood Bank and First aid
29
30. Mr John D Rockfeller
Public health and medical education
India: 1920
Uniqueness: All India Institute of Hygiene
and Public health, Kolkatta.
Family planning, rural training centre and
medical education
30
31. Location: Ground Floor, MillenniumTowers, Opp Highland
Hospital, Falnir, Mangalore
VISION STATEMENT:
To reach out through humanitarian efforts and to
articulate frameworks that advance conversations in
health and development
31
32. NGO India website, http://ngo.india.gov.in/faq_ngo.php
Partnership with Non- Government Organisations, NRHM, Chapter
8.101-104
Civil Society Initiative (CSI) Principles Governing Relations with
NongovernmentalOrganizations
WHO and Civil Society: Linking for better health External Relations and
Governing Bodies C IV I L S O C I ETY I N IT I AT IV EWorld Health
OrganizationWHO/CSI/2002/DP1
Nance Upham, Making Health CareWork for the Poor Efficiency in Health
Delivery Systems “Best of” in Primary Health Care Review of the NGO
experiences in selected Asian countries.WHO publication
Potential for Gov-NGO partnership in Health
carehttp://www.who.int/macrohealth/events/civil_society_asia/en/Poten
tial_for_Government_NGO_Partnership_in_Health_Care.pdf
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-witnessing-NGO-boom-
there-is-1-for-every-600-people/articleshow/30871406.cms
32
Voluntary organizations (VOs) / Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) include organizations engaged in public service, based on ethical, cultural, social, economic, political, religious, spiritual, philanthropic or scientific & technological considerations. VOs include formal as well as informal groups, such as: community-based organizations (CBOs); non-governmental development organizations (NGDOs); charitable organizations; support organizations; networks or federations of such organizations; as well as professional membership associations.
VOs / NGOs should broadly have the following characteristics:
They are private, i.e., separate from Government
They do not return profits generated to their owners or directors
They are self-governing, i.e., not controlled by Government
They are registered organizations or informal groups, with defined aims and objectives
India has a long history of civil society based on the concepts of daana (giving) and seva (service).
During the second half of the 19th century, nationalist consciousness spread across India and self-help emerged as the primary focus of sociopolitical movements. Numerous organizations were established during this period, including the Friend-in-Need Society (1858), Prathana Samaj (1864), Satya Shodhan Samaj(1873), Arya Samaj (1875), the National Council for Women in India (1875), and the Indian National Conference (1887).
Mahatma Gandhi’s return to India in 1916 shifted the focus of development activities to economic self sufficiency.
His Swadeshi movement, which advocated economic self-sufficiency through small-scale local production, swept through the country. Gandhi identified the root of India’s problem as the poverty of the rural masses and held that the only way to bring the nation to prosperity was to develop the villages’ self-reliance based on locally available resources. He also believed that voluntary action, decentralized to gram panchayats (village councils), was the ideal way to stimulate India’s development. Gandhi reinvigorated civil society in India by stressing that political freedom must be accompanied by social responsibility.
This includes temples, churches, mosques, gurudwaras (Sikh place of workshop), sports associations, hospitals, educational institutions, and ganeshotsav mandals (temporary structures set up to house Ganesh festival celebrations). Most NGOs in India are small and dependent on volunteers.
NGO types can be understood by their orientation and level of cooperation as-
· Charitable Orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little participation by the "beneficiaries". It includes NGOs with activities directed toward meeting the needs of the poor.
· Service Orientation includes NGOs with activities such as the provision of health, family
planning or education services in which the programme is designed by the NGO and people
are expected to participate in its implementation and in receiving the service.
· Participatory Orientation is characterized by self-help projects where local people are
involved particularly in the implementation of a project by contributing cash, tools, land,
materials, labour etc. In the classical community development project, participation begins
with the need definition and continues into the planning and implementation stages.
· Empowering Orientation aims to help poor people develop a clearer understanding of the
social, political and economic factors affecting their lives, and to strengthen their awareness
of their own potential power to control their lives. There is maximum involvement of the
beneficiaries with NGOs acting as facilitators.[6]
the Subnational Community Level NGOs nearly half (42%) had targeted the poor as their main beneficiaries. Mothers, youth and
general public (15% each) constituted the next important target groups.
GK began by providing preventive
and primary health care for the villages
where access to health was non existent in a
wider and wider radius around its initial health
center and hospital Savar, started at the time of
national independence in 1971.
GK’s Human Resources development system: from education to advanced care.
The most elementary course is given to the dai (midwives), village women, usually illiterate, who have
learned their craft as apprentices. Their instruction, lasting only one week, is designed to fill gaps in their
knowledge. After covering basic hygiene such as hand washing they are expected to treat common ailments
and introduce them to family planning techniques. They receive a monthly GK supplement of Tk.
50.
The second group, also illiterate, is trained by GK for the government. The women receive one month of
instructions on the treatment of common ailments such as diarrhoea, skin diseases, intestinal parasites,
burns, shock and poisoning, and they attend lectures where family planning is fully discussed. After they
return to their villages they will be evaluated by a GK doctor or advanced paramedic and will come to
Savar – the hospital- for further training twice within the next 18 months. The government gives them a stipend
of Tk. 100 a month.
The third category consists of GK's own paramedics. With rare exception they are required to have five
years of schooling and be literate. Their training lasts from six months to a year. Lectures stressing the relationship
between poverty and disease "take a big chunk out of our curriculum," Chowdhury laments,
about these things, they must understand. "They are taught to treat the most prevalent diseases (70 percent
of the village caseload), how to do blood, urine, sputum and stool tests, and all aspects of family
planning.
The Abbé Pierre group of supporters of GK recently reported from a trip to Savar’s hospital that the GK
trained paramedics (over 4000 trained) are of very high quality and considered as having above average
professional qualification and this has lead to constant efforts by private health care organizations to
“steal” the GK trained paramedics, offering them many times the income they would make in GK. It follows
that GK must always expect to loose a portion of its trainees to the private sector.
NGOs in particular, have been assigned supplementary or complementary role to that of he Government health care
According to the revised guidelines of NGO scheme, the states have been given an important role in selection/approval of the NGOs and overseeing implementation of the projects undertaken by them. An inbuilt mechanism of monitoring the working of the NGOs and various activities
Key features:
Decentralization of the schemes to the state and district level
Emphasis on measurable qualitative and quantitative performance indicators.
Increased interface of NGOs with local government bodies.
Rationalization of the jurisdiction area serviced by the NGO to provide in depth service.
Mngo :The objectives of the MNGO scheme, are to improve RCH indicators in the under served and unserved areas, with specific focus on MCH, FP,
Immunization, institutional delivery, RTI/STI andadolescent reproductive health care.
Sngo: The Service NGOs (SNGOS) are, those, who are expected to provide clinical services and other specialized aspects such as Dai training, MTP, male
involvement, covering 100,000 population, contributing to achieving the RCH objectives.
Sngocs: The SNGOCs are responsible for monitoring the implementation, facilitating timely submission of NGO reports to the state government, providing
government feed back to NGOs, communicating government policies and programs, and facilitating NGO dialogue with the district health system.
RRCs :NGOs with expertise and experience in RCH and having national level stature are identified as RRCs
Top Healthcare Non-Profit Organisations in India
lepra societyLEPRA Society
LEPRA Society is involved in helping people who suffer serious diseases such as leprosy, AIDS and tuberculosis among others. The Society implements several initiatives focussed on improving women and child health. They have been awarded by various organizations for their efforts in eradicating leprosy in various states of India such as Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand.
uday foundation healthcare ngoUday Foundation
Although Uday Foundation is not directly related to healthcare, it plays a very important role in this sector. The Foundation is essentially a support group that helps families with children suffering from serious illnesses such as congenital defects, growth disorders, and other syndromes. Uday Foundation has done substantial work towards strengthening child rights scenario in the country. It supports research aimed towards development of new technologies in healthcare.
arvind eye care system ngoAravind Eye Care System
Aravind Eye Care System is a drive against blindness. The NGO uses a special “assembly line” method for treatment. This method has increases productivity by 10 times and increases the number of cases that the NGO handles. Owing to its unique method, Aravind Eye Care System performs more than 300,000 optic surgeries every year. Also, 70 percent of its services are offered at subsidized prices or freely to the poor.
smile foundation NGOSmile Foundation
One of the largest non-profit organisations in India, Smile Foundation has two healthcare wings called Smile on Wheels and the Smile Health Camps. Smile on Wheels (SoW) is a national level program that focuses on providing a wide range of promotive, preventive and curative health services to the underprivileged section of the society. Smile’s vision through SoW is to provide affordable, accessible & advance health care facilities at the door steps of the underprivileged communities. Through their health camps, the organisation arranges special healthcare camps to provide preventive, curative, referral and promotive health services. In the next two years, Smiles plans to reach out to 500 districts.
Deepalaya non profit organisationDeepalaya
Deepalaya is one of the most popular healthcare non-profit organisations which works in improving rural healthcare in India. This NGO also deals with several other issues such as education, child rights, institutional care, care for the specially abled, and gender equality. Deepalaya has also launched a mobile service called Chameli Dewan Memorial Rural Health & Mobile Clinic. By coordinating with existing healthcare institutions, the mobile service has managed to increase immunizations and reduce infant mortality in the rural areas surrounding New Delhi.
Udaan non profit organisationUdaan
Udaan works with mentally handicapped and spastic persons. The foundation aims at bringing brain damaged children to the mainstream and helping them lead a more independent life. Ever since its establishment in 1994, Udaan has worked with children as well as their parents, and has succeeded in enabling these children to find gainful employment. The NGO educates parents about these diseases, home management, selecting schools and several other related works.
Together, these NGOs definitely raise the standard of average health in India. If you feel for any of these, then take time out to participate in their events. A few hours in your busy life can change the life of another human being.
Care is an international ngo working in 87 countries with more than 1000 centre, areas of work are emergency relief
We have looked at four aspects:
1- Apprehending health care within a broader
socio-economic context.
2- Global advocacy capacities to set health policy
making and implementation
3- Proven capacities to implement efficient
comprehensive primary health care
4- Capacities to innovate and prepare health
systems for the future.
Study Methodology
Data was gathered through
An in-depth field survey of fifty NGOs, who responded to a semi-structured questionnaire. The sample was
selected from a stratification of NGOs into four types, International, National Level Foreign Funded, Local
Funded, and Sub-national and Community-based.