1. D.1
PHARMACEUTICAL
PRODUCTS
Alyssa Pivniouk
Liam Rawson

2. D.1.1 LIST THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES AND
DRUGS ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE BODY
 A drug is any substance, by its chemical nature,
that has an influence on the physical or mental
functions of the human body.
 A medicine or pharmaceutical is a drug that leads
to an improvement in health.

3. D.1.1 LIST THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES AND
DRUGS ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE BODY
 Medicines and drugs produce any or all of the
following effects:
-Alteration of incoming sensory sensations
-Alteration of mood or emotions
-Alteration of physiological state (eg.
consciousness, activity levels, physical
coordination

4. D.1.1 LIST THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES AND
DRUGS ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE BODY
 Drugs that target the  Analgesics, stimulants and
nervous system, depressants
the brain and
the perception of stimuli
 Drugs that target  Antacids
the metabolic processes
 Drugs that supplement the  Antibacterials and antivirals
body’s natural ability to
fight disease-causing
organisms

5. D.1.1 LIST THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES AND
DRUGS ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE BODY
Two classes of drugs
Depressants- Result in relaxation (alcohol at low concentrations)
Stimulants- Result in wakefulness and a sense of well-being
(amphetamines, hallucinogens)
Some drugs, such as caffeine, nicotine, and marijuana can fit into
both categories

6. D.1.1 LIST THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES AND
DRUGS ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE BODY
Placebo Effect NOT THIS
Placebo: An inert chemical used as a control
when testing a drug clinically.
Placebo effect: the pharmacological effect on a
person who has been given a placebo, rather
than an active drug. (affected by mental
attitude)
It is thought that the placebo effect triggers
natural healing processes in the body.
~***Fun Fact***~ ‘Placebo is the Latin word
meaning “I shall please”.

7. D.1.2 OUTLINE THE STAGES INVOLVED IN THE
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF
NEW PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
Procedure:
 isolating the new product from existing species
(plants, animals) or synthesized chemically/
artificially
 subjecting the product to laboratory and clinical
pharmacological studies (plant and animal testing)
to demonstrate its effectiveness
 testing its effective dosage and lethal dosage rates
 establishing its therapeutic index / window
 testing on humans in an initial clinical trial, on
volunteers and patience, half of which are given a
placebo
 processing the product through other tests
elaborating on clinical situations
 having it approved by the drug administration, as
either an OTC (over the counter) drug or
prescription drug

8. D.1.2 OUTLINE THE STAGES INVOLVED IN THE
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF
NEW PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
Clinical trial: recording the results
of treating a group of patients
with the drug and comparing
them to group of similar
patients receiving a different
treatment or a placebo
Control group: group of patients
receiving a placebo
Double-blind study: Where the
patients, the doctors and the
drug company analysts do not
know which patients receive
what drug.

9. D.1.2 OUTLINE THE STAGES INVOLVED IN THE
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF
NEW PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
Thalidomide
Had been subjected to
toxicity test before
marketed but critics have
stated that these were
superficial and incomplete.
Not tested for birth defects
and led to 10,000 deformed
babies with phocomelia
Also led to peripheral
neuropathy in the mothers

10. D.1.3 DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF
ADMINISTERING DRUGS

11. D.1.4 DISCUSS THE TERMS THERAPEUTIC
WINDOW, TOLERANCE AND SIDE-EFFECTS
Therapeutic Window: range of a drug's
concentration in the blood between its
therapeutic (ED50) and its toxic (LD50) level.

12. D.1.4 DISCUSS THE TERMS THERAPEUTIC
WINDOW, TOLERANCE AND SIDE-EFFECTS
 Tolerance: When a larger dose of the
drug is required in order to achieve the
effect originally obtained by a smaller
dose
 Acute tolerance: Occurs within a single
exposure to the drug
 Chronic tolerance: Occurs gradually as
the drug is taken repeatedly
 Cross-tolerance: Can develop between
alcohol and other sedative/hypnotic
drugs.

13. D.1.4 DISCUSS THE TERMS THERAPEUTIC
WINDOW, TOLERANCE AND SIDE-EFFECTS
 SideEffects: Any effect other than the
intended effect of drug treatment.