SHAIK UMME SALMA MFK 1710 COLLEGE OF FISHERIES

2. Conus:
• It is a highly carnivorous gastropods.
• Generally found below the low water and
considered as pests on the oyster beds.
• It injects poison into the body of the prey and
cause paralysis.
• Tongue is modified and bear and bear 3 -4
whorls, last one being largest.
• A pair of tentacles and eyes are present.
• Foot is long, sole like with which animal
efficiently attached on the rocky shore.

3. Phyllum: Mollusc
Class : Gastropod
Family: Conidae
Genus: Conus

4. Cypraea
• It is commonly known as ‘Cowry’.
• It is marine and found in rocky shores and
coral reefs.
• The shell is convolute, oval above and
flattened below.
• Surface of the shell is smooth, polished and
brightly colored.
• shell opening is long, narrow.
• In the young stages, the shell has a
prominent spire and long siphon.

5. Phyllum: Mollusc
Class : Gastropod
Family: Cypraeidae
Genus: Cypraea

6. Perna
• It is commonly known as Green mussel.
• Marine in their habitat, found more
extensively in rocky shore areas.
• Body enclosed in a wedge shaped shell
with two equal halves. It is pointed in front
and rounded behind.
• Byssal thread protrudes between two shell
valves, virtually by which it is attached to
stones and rocks.

7. • Foot is cylindrical, elongated with a ventral
groove, continuous with byssus pit.
• Pair of gills present.
• Sexes are separate. Gonads extend into
the mentle.
• Extensively used as test animal in
pollution related works.

8. Phyllum: Mollusc
Class : Bivalvia
Family: Mytilidae
Genus: Perna

11. General Characteristics:
• Mollusc are mostly marine. Many occur in
fresh water and some are terrestrial forms.
• Body of molluscs is un-segmented and
bilaterally symmetrical with a distinct head,
muscular foot and visceral mass.
• Body is commonly protected by an
exoskeleton calcareous shell of one or more
pieces which is secreted by mentle.
• Mentle (pallium) is a thin, fleshy fold of dorsal
body wall more or less covering the body. It
encloses a space, which is called mantle
cavity

12. Classification of Phyllum Mollusc
7 Classes:
1. Aplacophora
2. Polyplacophora
3. Monoplacophora
4. Gastropoda
5. Scaphopoda
6. Pelecypoda
7. Cephalopoda

13. Chiton:
• Chiton are commonly known as ‘sea cradles’
• They are marine molluscs of varying size
found attached to the rocks, empty shells and
corals between the tide marks.
• Body is elongated, bilaterally symmetrical
and dorsoventrally compressed consists of
shell, foot, mantle and visceral mass.
• The shell is calcareous, present on the
dorsal side and composed of eight
overlapping plates. Head is not distinct, eyes
and tentacles are present.
• Foot is ventral muscular with a flat side
extending along the whole length of the body.
It serves for creeping and adhering to
substratum.

14. • Mantle covers greater part of the body and
partly covers the edges of shell plates.
• Mouth and anus are at opposite ends.
• Sexes are separate. Development
includes trocophore larva.

16. Turitella:
• Commonly known as ‘sacred shell’.
• It is found distributed in intertidal zones of
sand and muddy shores and sometimes in
estuaries and backwaters.
• It has spirally coiled shell with more length
than breadth.
• Foot is conical and helps in efficient
burrowing.
• Head bears a pair of tentacles.
• It feeds on detritus particle.

18. Dentalium:
• Commonly known as ‘tusk shell’
• They are marine, found in sand at greater
depth.
• Body is bilaterally symmetrical and enclosed
in a tubular shell that opens at both ends.
• Mantle folds are fused ventrally to form a
tube enclosing a body.
• Head is bearing the mouth which is
surrounded by contractile tentacles with
sucker like ends.

19. • Foot is long and conical, provides through
the anterior opening of shell and used in
burrowing.
• Gills are absent, respiration by transverse
folds in the lining of mantle.

21. Arca:
• Commonly known as ‘arc shell’
• Found distributed in the intertidal and subtidal
zones of sandy shores. Sometime found
washed in great numbers in the shores.
• Shells bear raised and vertically angled
umbo.
• Bold lines are present on the surface of the
wall.
• Both the walls are hinged by special
ligaments and siphons are lacking. Ventral
side of the shell bears a row of teeth and the
arrangement is called homodentition.

23. Meritrix
• Commonly known as ‘back water clams’.
• Shells are strong, bear number of lines of
growth.
• Both the shells are hinged by ligaments.
• Two pairs of gills are present.
• It is a filter feeder and feeds on particulate
matter.
• These muscles have the tendency to
accumulate toxins present in
dinoflagellates.

29. Classification of Phyllum Mollusc
Class 1 Pelecypoda or Bivalvia
• Habitat: mostly marine
• They burrow in mud and sand.
• Symmetry: bilateral and the body is
laterally compressed.
• No distinct head
• Examples: Mussels, Unio, Mytilus,

30. Class 2 Gastropoda
• Habitat: These are either aquatic or
terrestrial
• They possess a spiral shell.
• The foot is large and flat.
• Head is well developed with tentacles and
eyes.
• Examples: Hilex (Snail), Limax (Slug), Pila
(Apple snail)

31. Class 3 Cephalopoda
• Habitat: mostly marine.
• They are adapted for swimming.
• The foot is modified into eight to ten long
tentacles in the head region.
• The shell is either external, internal or
absent.
• Examples: Octopus, Loligo, Sepia, spirula,
Nautilus

32. Class 4 Monoplacophora
• Habitat: exclusively marine
• Head is present without eyes and
tentacles
• Gills are external
• Excretion: by serially arranged nephridia

33. Class 5 Amphineura
• Habitat: mostly marine
• Body is elongated
• Eye and tentacles are absent
• Radula is present
• Examples; Chiton, Neomenia

34. Class 6 Scaphopoda
• Habitat: marine
• Body is bilateral symmetry elongated and
enclosed in tusk shell
• Foot is reduced
• Excretion: a pair of Kidney
• Examples: Cadulus, Dentalium

36. Study of Coelenterata

37. Characteristic features
• Coelenterata includes animal phyla Cnidaria (
true jellies, sea anrmones, corals, sea pens) and
Ctenophora (comb jellies).
• They are aquatic animals and are mostly found
in marine environments and few are found in
freshwater habitats.
• They can be solitary or live in colonies. Each
individual is a zooid. They are sedentary or free
swimming.
• These are typically invertebrate multicellular
organisms, which show a very simple level
tissue organization.
• They are diploblastic, with two layers of cells, an
outer layer called the ectoderm and the inner
layer called the endoderm.

38. • These organisms show two morphological forms
– Polyps and Medusa.

39. • The bodyform is radially symmetrical.
• The body has a single opening, through which
food is taken in and also waste is expelled out.
• The opening in the body is surrounded by
tentacles.
• Tentacles have special structures known as the
nematocysts which help in capturing and
paralyzing prey.
• Coelenterates do not have sensory organs.
• Respiration and excretion occur through simple
diffusion.
• circulatory system is absent.
• Asexual reproduction is seen in polyps, through
budding and sexual reproduction is seen in
medusa form, through gametic

40. Classes of Coelenterata
Class : Anthozoa
• They are exclusively polypoid
Class : Hydrozoa
• They exhibit polymorphism. There are two
main types of zoods, the polyp and
medusa
.
Class : Schyphozoa
• They are true medusae

41. Fungia:
• Commonly known as mushroom corals
• They are mostly solitary, marine in habitat,
some attaining 30 cm in diameter.
• They are found in various bright colours
including white, pink, red, purple, blue and
yellow.
• Large in size, discoid corallite, convex on
upper and concave in lower surface.
• Septa are numerous and connected together.
• Adult animal bears a single polyp with many

42. Phylum : Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Family: Fungiidae
Genus: Fungia

43. Favia:
• They are colonial corals, either dome shaped
or flat.
• They are marine and reef building stony
corals.
• Favia was originated in Jurassic period and it
is still living today quite successfully.
• There is a great diversity of form even among
individuals of the same species.
• In most species, the corallites are plocoid and
in some, monocentric.
• septa and costae linked to the corallite wall
are well developed and covered by fine teeth.

44. Phylum : Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Family: Mussidae
Genus: Favia

45. Gorgonia:
• Commonly known as sea fan.
• It is a marine, colonial shallow water
anthozoa.
• Colony is yellowish / reddish in colour and
consists of plant like branching stems and a
short main trunk attached to the substratum.
• Colony branches only in one plane in a
feathery manner.
• The base of the colony expanded to form
hold fast organ.
• Axial rod is made up of flexible horn like
material gorgonium which is ectodermal in

46. Phylum : Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Family: Gorgoniidae
Genus: Gorgonia

47. Tubipora:
• Commonly known as organ pipe corals.
• It is a marine, colonial polyploid most
common in coral reefs.
• Colony is reddish in colour and consists of
large numbers of vertical CaCO3 tubes of
different sizes.
• The tubes are connected with transverse
platforms formed by fusion of polyps spicules
and contain polyps.
• Polyps are green in colour but skeleton
becomes dull red due to presence of iron
salts.

48. Phylum : Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Family: Tubiporiidae
Genus: Tubipora

49. Metridium :
• Commonly known as Sea anemone.
• It is a marine form, large sessile, brightly
coloured solitary flower like form.
• Sessile polyp attached at the base to the surface
beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal
or pedal disc, with a column-shaped body
topped by an oral disc.
• Most are from 1 to 5 cm (0.4 to 2.0 in) in
diameter and 1.5 to 10 cm (0.6 to 3.9 in) in
length, but they are inflatable and vary greatly in
dimensions.
• The oral disc has a central mouth, usually slit-
shaped, surrounded by one or more whorls of

50. Phylum : Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Family: metridiidae
Genus: Metridium

51. Pennaluta :
• Commonly known as Sea pen / sea feather.
• It is a marine, sedentary and colonial form.
• Colour is usually red and the fully developed
colony measures about 10 cm in height.
• The colony is elongated, feather-like and is
differentiated into a lower peduncle or stalk and
an upper rachis.
• The rachis is narow at two ends, dialated in the
middle and bears two rows of lateral branches—
the pinnules.
• Each pinnule is a long, slightly curved, flattened
and fleshy projection of the rachis and bears,
along its upper margin, a row of anthocodia—the
autozoids.

52. Phylum : Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Family: Pennatuliidae
Genus: Pennatula