Morpheme, morph, allomorph
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Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said. Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning. These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
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Morpheme, morph, allomorph
- 1. HUL461 MORPHEME, MORPH, ALLOMORPH A PRESENTATION BY: SAJEED MAHABOOB (2011ME1111) GUIDED BY: DR. SOMDEV KAR DR. K.K. CHAUDHARY
- 2. INTRODUCTION Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said. Cats - '-s' morpheme is pronounced /s/ Dogs - '-s' morpheme is pronounced /z/ Houses - '-s' morpheme is pronounced /ɪz/ This /s/, /z/, /iz/ are the different sound of same morpheme {-s}. Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed Ex: Unthinkable = 'un-' 'think' and '-able‘ Ex: Books = Book and s. Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning. These can be different pronunciations or different spellings. 2
- 3. MORPH A morph is a meaningful group of phones which can not be subdivided into smaller meaningful units. (Francis, 1958:170). 1. Weakness : weak/ness/es. (Each of these parts is a morph). 2. Books : Book/s. (Each of these parts is a morph). 3. Holiday : Holy/day (Each of these parts is a morph). Segmented words are referred to as morph. The word bigger is segmented into two morph which can be written orthographically as big and er and in phonological transcription as /big/ and /ęr/. Each morph represents a particular morpheme. 3
- 4. TYPES OF MORPHEMES Free morpheme Bound Morpheme A free morpheme is one that can stand alone with the specific meaning. Ex: Book, Table, Stand, bag etc. A bound morpheme is one that can not be stand alone with the meaning. It always added to one or more morphemes to form a meaningful word. Ex: Replay, Cheaply, Shorten, unable, brighten etc. 4
- 5. FREE MORPHEMES The Free morpheme is of two types. Lexical morpheme Lexical morphemes are morphemes that carry the main messages we convey. These can be ordinary noun, verbs and adjective. Ex: Girl, tiger, long, black, look, kill etc. The lexical morphemes are of open class. 5
- 6. FREE MORPHEMES Functional morphemes Acts as a functional words in a language. Mostly conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. Ex: And , when, but, near, in, the, that, it etc. It is of closed class words. 6
- 7. BOUND MORPHEMES Bound morpheme is also of two types. 1. Derivational morphemes 2. Inflectional morphemes Main difference between these two morphemes , Derivational morphemes creates a new words or mostly changes the word classes/identity/category. Inflectional morphemes merely changes word form. 7
- 8. BOUND MORPHEMES Bound morpheme mostly refers to morphemes that can occur as affixes. Two types of affixes prefixes (x-R), and suffixes (y-R). Examples: Prefixes: dis-, un-, pre-, trans-, bi- etc Suffixes: -ly, -ness, -ish, -ity, -er, -en etc Prefixes: Disadvantage, unable, preview, transport, bilingual etc. Suffixes: Simply, whiteness, boyish, simplicity, greener, forgotten etc. 8
- 9. BOUND MORPHEMES Derivational morpheme Derivational morpheme used to create new word. New word with a new meaning. Noun + Derivational Morpheme >>> Adj. Ex. Boy + ish Verb + Derivational Morpheme >>> Noun Ex. clear + ance Adj. + Derivational Morpheme >>> Adverb Ex. Exact + ly 9
- 10. BOUND MORPHEMES Inflectional morpheme Inflectional morpheme changes the form but not the word class or the central meaning of the word. Main function : marking grammatical distinction Cat VS. Cats === Singular VS. Plural Collects VS. Collected === Present VS. Past Loud VS. Louder === Positive VS. Comparative 10
- 11. ALLOMORPH Variations of Morphemes. Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning. These can be different pronunciations or different spellings. The plural morphemes in English, usually written as {s}, has at least 3 allomorphs: s as in judges /yudgis/ z as in dogs /dogz/ IZ as in boxes /boksiz/ 11
- 12. ALLOMORPH The past form morpheme {ed} usually has also three allomorphos: d as in ‘hunted’ h>ntd t as in ‘fished’ fistt id as in ‘buzzed’ buzid 12
- 13. TYPES OF ALLOMORPH There are four types of allomorph 1. Additive allomorph 2. Replacive allomorph 3. Suppletive allomorph 4. Zero allomorph 13
- 14. ADDITIVE ALLOMORPH To signify some difference in meaning, something is added to a word. The past tense form of most English verbs is formed by adding the suffix –ed which can be pronounced as either / -t/, or /-d/ or /-Id/: ask + - ed /a : sk/ + / -t/ liv(e) + ed /llv/ + / -d/ Need + - ed /nid:d/ + / -Id 14
- 15. REPLACIVE ALLOMORPH To signify some difference in meaning, a sound is used to replace another sound in a word. The /I/ in Drink is replaced by the /ae/ in Drank to signal the simple past. This is symbolized as follows: /drænk/ = /drΙnk/ + /Ι > æ/. 15
- 16. SUPPLETIVE ALLOMORPH To signify some difference in meaning, there is a complete change in the shape of a word. Go + suppletive allomorph of {-D1} = went Be + suppletive allomorph of {-S3} = is Bad + suppletive allomorph of {-er1} = worse Good + suppletive allomorph of {-est1} = best. 16
- 17. ZERO ALLOMORPH Zero allomorph is the term given to the unit involved when a morpheme change status form one type of morpheme to another without any condition or subtraction of its parts. Sheep (singular) + Ø >>> Sheep (plural) Lawyer (singular) + Ø >>> Lawyer (plural) 17
- 18. DIFFERENT CONDITIONED ALLOMORPH 18 Taken from the notes by Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/
- 19. ANY QUESTIONS 19
- 20. REFERENCES https://wiegecko.wordpress.com/2012/03/24/morph-and-allomorph/ http://okyhiory.blogspot.in/2012/04/linguistics-morphology.html http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-morphology-morphs-allomorphs-morphemes- whats-254498 http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/111660-Morpheme-and-Morph http://pediaa.com/difference-between-morpheme-and-allomorph/ http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/111681-morph-and-morpheme http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryoflinguisticTerms/ Classroom lecture notes 20
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Notas do Editor
- Morph is the smallest meaningful part of a language when we break down a word into the smallest meaningful parts. When the word can be segmented into parts. These segmented words are referred to as morph.
- The bound morpheme is always requires another set of word to attach with to give new set of words.
- These are open class of words that simply means that new lexical morphemes can be added.
- It is closed words category that simply means that no new functional morphemes can be added in to this category.
- Main difference between these two being that, The addition of the derivational morphemes creates a new words or mostly changes the word classes/identity/category. while The addition of the inflectional morphemes merely changes word form.
- The affixes which precede free morphemes are called prefixes, and those which follow free morphemes are called suffixes.
- Whether or not word class changes and how significantly meaning is affected, “derivation” always creates new word existing one ; while “inflection” is merely limited to change word form.