Seizures are episodes of abnormal brain activity that result from excessive neuronal discharge. They can be classified as partial or generalized seizures. Partial seizures remain localized in one area of the brain while generalized seizures involve both hemispheres. Common causes include brain injuries, tumors, infections, genetic factors, and chemical imbalances. Diagnosis involves a neurological exam, EEG, and MRI. Treatment involves anti-seizure medications tailored to the individual. Generalized seizure types include tonic-clonic, absence, and atonic seizures which are characterized by muscle contractions, staring spells, and loss of muscle tone respectively. Status epilepticus is a medical emergency defined as continuous seizures lasting more than 30 minutes.

1. EIZURE DISORDER
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2. EIZURE DISORDER
SEIZURES are episodes of abnormal motor, sensory,
autonomic or psychic activity (or combination of these)
that result from sudden excessive discharge from
cerebral neurons.
 Mostly occur in Americans .
 For example :
. 6000 people are in stadium ,in which 500 people are
suffer from epilepsy

3. Rate of epilepsy most occur in age of
0 to 1 or occur in age 70

4. What is happening with a seizure?
o Abnormal electrical activity in the
brain causing a sudden uncontrolled
event.
o Seizures look different, depending
upon what part of the brain they
affect.

5. .
It can be 2 hemispheres

6. It can be 4 lobes of the brain

7. The 4 lobes of the brain
o Frontal lobes- planning and control of
movements
o Parietal lobes- deal with sensation
o Temporal lobes- important for
learning, memory and emotions
o Occipital lobes- centers of brain that
allow us to see

8. causes
Causes divided in to two group

9. Brain injury

10. Chemical imbalance in brain

11. Causes of seizures in children
Brain tumours
Infection
Congenital abnormalities
High fever

12. Causes of seizures in middle years
Head injuries
Infections
Alcohol
Stimulant drugs
Medication side effects

13. Causes of seizures in Elderly
Brain tumours
strokes

14. Some others causes
Low blood sugar
Low oxygen
Low blood sodium
Low blood calcium
Kidney failure
Liver failure

15. Diagnosis
Neurological history
Exam
EEG
MRI

16. TYPES OF SEIZURES
1. PARTIAL SEIZURE
2. GENERLIZED SEIZURE
3. STATUS EPILEPTUS

17. Incidence of seizure types

18. Partial seizure
A seizure in which benign at focus and
remain localized and not generalized at
rest of body.
About 60% of peoples have partial
seizures.
Occur due to brain injury.
5% chances of genes.

20. Categorization of partial seizures
Simple partial seizure (sps)
Complex partial seizure(cps)

21. Partial Seizure

22. simple partial seizure
o Not produce loss of consciousness
o People retain awareness and ability to recall
o motor or autonomic symptoms- movements of
part of the body, nausea or upset stomach
o sensory or psychic symptoms (aura)numbness, tingling, pain, smell ,etc.
o Only finger or hand may shake

23. complex-partial seizures
o Consciousness is reduced or lost
o Occur most commonly in the temporal
and frontal lobes
o With sensory or motor symptoms
ex)lip smacking, clear throat, fiddle with clothes, laugh, staring
o Actions purposeless, look as if
behaving strangely

24. Partial seizures with impairment
of consciousness

25. Diagnosis of partial seizures
Partial seizures can be difficult to
diagnose with certainty because they vary
so much from one person to another. It is
helpful for the doctor to hear a detailed
description from the person who is
experiencing the events and from people
who have seen them occur.

26. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
o Brain's electrical activity pattern is tested
with an electroencephalogram (EEG) to
see if any areas of the brain are
conducting electricity in an abnormal way.
o If the EEG is abnormal, it can confirm
suspicions that seizures are occurring.

28. Treatment
Anti-epileptic drugs used for partial
seizures
Anti-epileptic treatment is associated with
a small risk of suicidal thoughts and
behaviour

29. Generalized seizures

30. Generalized seizures
Seizure that begin over the entire surface of the
brain are called generalized seizure.
Convulsion start in generalized seizure because
of the involvement of motor system.

31. Types of generalized seizure:
Grand mal seizure
Petit mal seizure
Atonic mal seizure

32. Grand mal seizures
A grand mal seizure also known as a
tonic-clonic seizure involve loss of
consciousness and violent muscle
contractions.
Convulsion involve in it
Convulsion : uncontrolled movement of
muscle .

33. Aura
A sensation perceived by a patient that
precedes a condition affecting the brain.
An aura occurs before a seizure.
 It may consist of flashing lights, a gleam
of light, blurred vision, an odor, the feeling
of a breeze, numbness, weakness, or
difficulty in speaking.

34. Phases of grand-mal seizures
Tonic phase:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Contraction of muscle start
Rigidity of arm
Duration 15 sec
Person loss consciousness and fall down
Saliva merge from the mouth
Tongue biting
Sweating increase

35. Clonic phase
 Arm and leg jerk rapidly
 After 30 sec or few minutes jerking slow down and end
 Consciousness return slowly
 Eye rolled
 Show painful expressions
 Than person falls, unresponsive sleep for 15 minutes
 Than after awaking then sleep again for hours
Clonic phase

37. Treatment of tonic and clonic seizures
Treatment of tonic and clonic seizures
There is no one treatment method for any
patient with a seizure disorder.
Each treatment plan is tailored to the individual
patient based on their diagnosis and symptoms.
Treatment options may include medical
therapy, nerve stimulation, dietary therapy,
or surgery, as appropriate. Clinical trials may
also be a valuable treatment alternative.

38. Guidelines for Seizure Care

39. Electric recoding
 During grand mal seizures neural firing starts at the
focus causing aura than spread.
 Firstly near areas than contralateral ----crossing
corpus callosum --- to thalamus ,hypothalamus and
various nuclei.
 Excitation increases in subcortical region and
symptoms start.
 Neurons in motor system show activity than tonic
phase start.
 Than diencephalon structures (the hypothalamus,
thalamus, pineal gland) start activity and send
inhibitory messages to cortex.

40. .
The inhibitory messages comes into brief
burst that cause jerking movements that
occur in clonic phase. So that muscles
relax and than contract again.
The inhibition become more and than
jerks become slow.
Than finally inhibition cause relaxation.

41. o An electroencephalogram (an EEG) is a recording of the
brain's electrical activity.
o About 20 small adhesive electrodes are placed on the
scalp, and the brain's activity is recorded under normal
conditions.
o Then the person is exposed to various stimuli, such as
bright or flashing lights, to try to provoke a seizure.
.

42. oDuring a seizure, electrical
activity in the brain accelerates,
producing a jagged wave
pattern.
oSuch recordings of brain
waves help identify a seizure
disorder. Different types of
seizures have different wave
patterns.

44. oIt is also known as absence seizures that are type of
generalized seizures.
oPresent in children in which stop there activity and stare
off at the distance, become unresponsive for few seconds.
oIt can occur many times within day.
oDue to miss diagnosis these children are considered as
inattentive and less motivated.

45. Atonic mal seizure
Atonic seizures are a type of generalized
seizure.
They involve a sudden loss of muscle tone, so
that the child goes limp and falls to the ground.
They are often present in children who also have
other seizure types, such as tonic.
 They occur in all age groups, but are more
common in children.

46. Possible signs and symptoms of an atonic
seizure include:
Sudden loss of muscle tone
The child goes limp and falls straight to the ground
The child remains conscious or has a brief loss of
consciousness
Eyelids drop, head nods
Jerking
The seizure usually lasts less than 15 seconds ,
although some may last several minutes
The child quickly becomes conscious and alert
again after the seizure

47. Causes
Can be due to any brain injury.
Due to tumor
Drugs and infections
High fever
Alcoholic and people who take
barbiturates ,in these people after
withdraw seizures can occur.(SUDDEN
inhibitory effect stopped create excitation)

48. A series generalized seizures that occur without full
recovery of consciousness between attacks.
Electrical seizures (on EEG) lasting at least 30 minutes,
even without impairment of consciousness.
Considered a medical emergency.
Status Epileptics produces:
Cumulative effects.
Vigorous muscular contractions impose a heavy
metabolic demand; and
Interfere with respirations.

49. Factors that precipitate Status
Epilepticus:
Withdrawal of antiseizure medication,
Fever
Concurrent infection.

50. Medical Management
Stop the seizures as quickly as possible,
Ensure adequate cerebral oxygenation, and
Maintain the patient in a seizure-free state.
An airway and adequate oxygenation are
established.
If the patient remains unconscious and
unresponsive, a cuffed Endotracheal tube is
inserted.
Medications:
Intravenous Diazepam (Valium), Lorazepam
(Ativan), or Forphenytoin (Cerebyx)