what is surveying and its types

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2. Mine Surveying
CLO Description
Taxonomy
level
PLO
1 Describe and remember the different terms
used in surveying and identify different
surveying methods and instruments C2
1
(Engineering
Knowledge)

3. Surveying

4. Surveying

5.  SURVEYING:
The art of determining the relative
positions of distinctive features on the
surface of earth or beneath the surface
of earth, by means of measurements of
distances, directions and elevations, is
called surveying.

6. OR
Surveying is the art of making such
measurements as will determine the
relative positions of points on the
surface of the earth in order that the
shape and extent of any portion of the
earth’s surface may be ascertained on a
map or a plan.

7. OR
A process of determining the position
of points on the surface of earth or
beneath the surface of earth in a
horizontal plane is called “Surveying”.

8. What Is Mining Surveying?
 Mining survey is the process of
collecting data about the mineral
resources present in a particular area.
The data collected is used to make
informed decisions about mining
operations in the area.

9. Importance of Mine Surveying
 The planning and design of all Mining Engineering
projects such as tunnels, open pit mines, underground
mines, query, etc. are based upon surveying
measurements.
 Moreover, during execution, project of any
magnitude is constructed along the lines and points
established by surveying.
 Thus, surveying is a basic requirement for all
Mining & Civil Engineering projects.

10. Other principal works in which surveying is
primarily utilized are:
 To fix the national and state
boundaries;
 To chart coastlines, navigable streams
and lakes;
 To execute hydrographic and
oceanographic charting and mapping; an
 To prepare topographic map of land
surface of the earth.

11. Objectives of Surveying:
 To collect field data;
 To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed;
 To analyze and to calculate the field parameters
for setting out operation of actual engineering
works.
 To set out field parameters at the site for
further engineering works.

12. Purpose of Mine Surveying
1. To identify the location of underground mines,
tunnels, and other man-made excavations.
2. To determine if the mine is being used without a
permit or has been abandoned.
3. To locate and estimate the extent of underground
resources with respect to their volume and value
(e.g., coal, gold).
4. To locate mine shafts and rooms that may lead to
safety hazards or other problems.
5. To measure the number of harmful substances in the
environment and mine products including water.

13. 6. To provide a basis for oxygen content, carbon dioxide or
carbon monoxide levels, and production.
7. To provide information on the location of underground
workings to assist in designing ventilation systems or
designing reinforcing structural elements (e.g., portals and
archways) that are needed to support mining equipment
moving above ground level, such as haul trucks and
conveyors.
8. To locate underground culverts and scour holes.
9. To provide information on ore concentrations to help
determine if a mine is profitable (e.g., an optimum location
for exploitation).
Purpose of Mine Surveying

15. Primary Divisions of Surveying
We know that the shape of the earth is
spheroidal. Thus, the surface is obviously
curved. Surveying is primarily divided into
two types considering the curvature of the
earth’s surface.
 Plane Surveying
 Geodetic Surveying

16.  The plane surveying is that type of surveying in which
earth surface is considered as a plane and the
curvature of the earth is ignored. In such surveying a
line joining any two stations is straight. The triangle
formed by any three points is considered as a plane
triangle, and the angles of the triangle are considered
as plain angles.
 Plain Surveying is carried out for a small area of less
than 250 km2 . It is carried out by local or state
agencies.
Plane Surveying

17. Plane Surveying

18.  The geodetic Surveying is that type of surveying in
which the curvature of the earth is considered.
 It is generally extended over larger areas.
 The line joining any two stations is considered as
curved line. The triangle formed by any three points
is considered to be spherical and the angles of the
triangle are considered to be spherical angles.
 Geodetic surveying is conducted by the Survey of
Pakistan Department and is carried out for a larger
area exceeding 250 km2
Geodetic Surveying

19. Geodetic Surveying

20. Plane Surveying Vs Geodetic
Surveying
No. Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying
1 The earth surface is considered as
plane Surface.
The earth surface is considered as Curved
Surface.
2. The Curvature of the earth is ignored The curvature of earth is taken into account.
3 Line joining any two stations is
considered to be straight
The line joining any two stations is considered
as spherical.
4. The triangle formed by any three
points is considered as plane
The Triangle formed by any three points is
considered as spherical.
5. The angles of triangle are considered
as plane angles.
The angles of the triangle are considered as
spherical angles.
6. Carried out for a small area < 250 km2 Carried out for a small area > 250 km2

21. CLASSIFICATION
OF
SURVEYING

22. CLASSIFICATION
BASED
ON THE THE FIELD OF SURVEYS:
(1) LAND SURVEYS:
It is further divided into four parts.
(a) Topographical Survey:
This is done for determining the natural features of a
country such as hills, valleys, rivers, nallas, lakes, woods,
etc. and also the artificial features such as roads,
railways are determined.

23. (b) Cadastral Survey:
In this type of survey the additional details such as
boundaries of fields, houses and other properties,
pathways are determined.
(c) City Survey:
This type of survey is done for laying out plots and
constructing streets, water supply systems and
sewers.
(d) Engineering Survey:
It is used for determining quantities and for
collecting data for the design of engineering works
such as roads, railways, reservoirs and works
connection with water supply, sewerage, etc.

24. Engineering Survey
is further sub-divided into:
(a) Reconnaissance Survey:
It is used for determining the feasibility
and rough cost of the scheme.
(b) Preliminary Survey:
It is used for collecting more precise data
to choose the best location for the work
and to estimate the exact quantities and
costs.
(c) Location Survey:
This Type of survey is used for setting out
the work on the ground.

25. (2) MARINE OR SEA SURVEY
This survey is done for finding objects from
water, sea; etc. This is also done for
navigation purpose.
(3) ASTRONOMICAL SURVEY
This type of survey is done for getting
knowledge about the astronomical objects
such as moon, stars, etc.

26. CLASSIFICATION
BASED
ON THE OBJECT /PURPOSE OF
SURVEYS:
(1) Geological Survey:
This type of survey is to be carried out to
determine the different strata in the earth’s
crust.
(2) Archaeological Survey:
This type of survey is to be carried for
unearthing relics of antiquity (ancient times).

27. (3) Mine Survey:
This type of survey is to be carried for
exploring mineral wealth such as gold, silver,
coal, etc.
(4) Military Survey:
Military survey is done for determining points
of strategic importance both offensive and
defensive for locating suitable locations.

28. CLASSIFICATION
BASED
ON THE METHODS /EMPLOYED IN SURVEY:
(1) Triangulation Survey:
In this type of survey, the whole area which is to be surveyed is
divided into a number of triangles.
(2) Traverse Survey:
In this type of survey there is the series of connecting lines,
length of these lines is measured with the chain or tape and
angles are measured with the help of angle measuring
instrument.
There are two types of this survey:
(a) Closed traverse Survey (b) Open traverse Survey

29. CLASSIFICATION
BASED
ON THE INSTRUMENTS EMPLOYED:
(1) Chain Surveys:
This type of survey is also called triangulation survey.
In this type of survey sides of triangles are measured
with the chain or tape, so we can say that angular
measurements are concerned with this type of survey.
(2) Compass Surveys:
This survey is used for measuring angles.

30. (3) Plane table Surveys:
This is a graphical method of survey; in which field
work and office work (plotting) both are done
simultaneously (at a time) .In this survey plane table
instrument is used.
(4) Theodolite Survey:
In this we can easily find horizontal and vertical
angles by using theodolite and lengths are measured
by using chain or tape, etc.
(5) Tachometric Survey:
In this type of survey horizontal, vertical angles and
distance are measured directly

31. (6) Photographic Survey/Aerial Survey:
In this type of survey photographs of the area are
taken .There are two types of photographic survey.
(a) Ground Photography:
In this photographs of ground are taken, which are
used for plans or projections.
(b) Aerial Photography Survey:
This type of survey is done by the help of areoplanes
to drive out the photographs of hilly areas.

32. PHOTOGRAMMETRY

33. Technology is rapidly changing the
surveying profession.
What used to take weeks or months can
now be done in a single day with
computerized tools

34. Principle of Surveying
 To work from whole to the part
According to this principle, it is always desirable to
carryout survey work from whole to part.
First a system of control points is to be established
covering the whole area with very high precision. Then
minor details are located by less precise methods.

35. Principle of Surveying
 Locating the station with
at least two reference
point
According to this principle,
the relative position of a
point to be surveyed should
be located by measurement
from at least two points of
reference, the positions of
which have already been
fixed.
If P and Q are the two reference points on
the ground, any other point, such as R, can
be located by any of the direct methods
shown in the above figures.