This presentation deals with all the major steps involved in the survey, selection of the most possible route and the designing of the highway. It will brief u on all the major topics of highway designing

1. HIGHWAY DESIGNING
By-
M. Tabish Khan
Sabin Shaji
Aayush Jain
Shahjaan Rehman

2. OVERVIEW
• Why Transportation.
• Road Plans.
• Committees Involved.
• Classification of Roads.
• Planning Survey.
• Preparation of Plans.
• Highway Alignment.
• Geometric Design.

3. WHY TRANSPORTATON?
• It is needed since every commodity produced
whether it is food, clothing, industrial products or
medicine needs transport at all stages from
production to distribution.
• Road transport is requires relatively less investment
from government hence is used most widely and is
most efficient mode of transport.

4. ROAD PLANS
First 20 yr
Road Plan
• Also known as Nagpur Road Plan (1943-1963).
• Road density 16 km/100 sq. km.
Second 20 yr
Road Plan
• Also known as Bombay Road Plan (1961-1981)
• Road Density 32 km/100 sq. km.
Third 20 yr
Road Plan
• Also known as Lucknow Road Plan (1981-2001)
• Road Density 82 km/100 sq. km.

5. COMMITIES INVOLVED
1. Jayakar Committee.
2. Central Road Fund.
3. Indian Road Congress.
4. Motor Vehicle Act.
5. Central Road Research Institute.
6. National Highway Act

6. CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
• National Highway
• State Highway
• Major District Road
• Other District Road
• Village Road
By Nagpur
Road Plan
• Primary System
• Secondary System
• Tertiary System
By Lucknow
Road Plan

7. PLANNING
SURVEY

8. 1. ECONOMIC STUDIES

9. 2. FINANCIAL STUDIES

10. 3. TRAFFICANDROADUSE STUDIES

11. 4. ENGINEERING STUDIES

12. PREPARATION OF
PLANS

13. • Plan I
• Plan II
• Plan III
• Plan IV

14. INTERPRETATION OF PLANNING
SURVEYS

15. • To arrive at the road net-work out of several alternate possible
road systems .
• To fix up priority of the construction projects .
• To assess the actual road use by studying the traffic flow patterns .
• Designing using previous data and past experience of traffic type,
intensity, performance of existing roads etc.
• Comparison of areas for information on areas for immediate need
for road network .
• The data obtained in fact finding surveys may be analysed for the
future trends in development of an area . This information is
useful in the future planning .

16. HIGHWAY
ALIGNMENT

17. Requirements
• Short
• Easy
• Safe
• Economical

18. Factors Controlling Alignment
• Obligatory Points
• Traffic
• Geometric Design
• Economics
• Other Considerations

19. Obligatory points

20. Traffic

21. Geometric Design

22. Economics

23. Other Considerations

24. 1. Map Study
2. Reconnaissance
3. Preliminary Surveys
4. Final Location And Detailed Surveys
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FOR HIGHWAY
LOCATIONS

25. Map Study
1. Alignment avoiding valleys, ponds or lakes.
2. Approximate location of bride site.
3. Possibility of crossing through a mountain pass.

26. Reconnaissance
1. Obstructions along route such as Valleys, Ponds etc.
2. Approximate value of gradient, alternate alignments.
3. Soil type and sources of construction materials.

27. Preliminary Survey
1. Survey various alternate alignments.
2. To compare different proposals.
3. To estimate quantity of earthwork materials to workout cost of
alternate proposals.

28. Final Location And Detailed Survey
1. Done using transit theodolite.
2. Location of centre line.
3. Levelling work along that centre line as vertical alignments.

29. HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN
1. Cross section elements.
2. Sight distance.
3. Horizontal alignment details.
4. Vertical alignment details.

30. Cross Section Elements
1. Pavement surface characteristics
2. Camber
3. Kerbs
4. Carriageway
5. Road Margins

31. Pavement Surface Characteristics

32. Camber And Kerb

33. Carriageway

34. Road Margins

35. SIGHT DISTANCE
1. It is the actual distance along the road surface,which a driver
has visibility of stationary or moving objects.
2. Restrictions to this may caused at horizontal curves, vertical
curves or at intersections.

36. Sight Distance At Horizontal Curve

37. Stopping Sight Distance
1. It is equal to the minimum sight Distance available on a highway
at any spot.
2. Explained by PIEV theory.

39. Overtaking Sight Distance
It is the minimum distance open to vision of the driver intended to
overtake slow vehicle ahead.

40. Overtaking Zone

41. HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT
• Often changes in the direction are necessitated in highway
alignment due to obligatory points.
• Alignment should enable consistent, safe and smooth
movement of vehicles operating at design speeds.
• Horizontal Alignment Consists:-
– Design Speed
– Horizontal Curves
– Super elevation
– Widening of Pavement
– Transition Curve

42. Design Speed
• Main factor on which Geometric design elements depends
• Design Speed depends on
– Class of the Road
– Terrain
Road
Classification
Design Speed in Kmph for Various Terrain
Plain Rolling Mountainous Steep
Ruling Min Ruling Min Ruling Min Ruling Min
NH & SH 100 80 80 65 50 40 40 30
MDR 80 65 65 50 40 30 30 20
ODR 65 50 50 40 30 25 25 20
VR 50 40 40 35 25 20 25 20

43. Horizontal Curve
• It is a curve in plan to provide change in direction to the center
line of road.
• The centrifugal force develops depend on the radius and the
speed of the vehicle negotiating the curve.
• Centrifugal force has two effects
– Overturning.
– Tendency to skid the vehicle.

44. Super Elevation
• Transverse inclination to the pavement surface
• To counteract the effect of Centrifugal force.

45. Widening
• Objectives of extra widening.
– To prevent Off Tracking
• Types of extra widening.
– Mechanical Widening
– Psychological widening

46. Transition Curve
• Curve having radius decreasing from infinity at tangent to
design radius.
• Objects
– Gradually introduce centrifugal force
– Turn steering gradually
– To gradually introduce Super elevation & Extra Widening

47. VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
• The vertical alignment is the elevation or profile of the centre
line of the road.
• It consists
– Gradient
– Vertical Curves

48. Gradient
• Rate of rise or fall along the length of road w.r.t. the horizontal.
• Expressed as ratio of 1 in x (1 vertical in x horizontal)
• Types
– Ruling gradient
– Exceptional gradient
– Minimum gradient

49. Vertical Curves
• These are introduced to smoothen out the vertical profile
• Types of vertical curves
– Summit curve with convexity upward
– Valley curve with concavity upward

50. Summit Curve

51. Valley Curve

52. THANK YOU