America Is the Target; Israel Is the Front Line _ Andy Blumenthal _ The Blogs...
CongressOfVienna3.ppt
1. Review Questions
1. What was the Napoleonic Code?
2. Name at least two other specific
reforms made by Napoleon.
3. What is nationalism?
4. How did geography play a role in the
defeat of Napoleon?
5. What was the goal at the Congress of
Vienna?
2. Essential Questions:
• Is nationalism the greatest force in shaping the world geopolitically?
• In what region of the world did the French Revolution have the greatest impact?
Aim:
Was the Congress of Vienna
successful in “turning back
the clock?”
3. Map of Europe (1789)- Before Napoleon’s Rise to Power
3
7. T he Congress of Vienna
(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)
8. Key Players
at Vienna
The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh (Br.)
Tsar Alexander I
(Rus.)
King Frederick
William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles
Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)
9. Review Questions
1. How did Napoleon’s conquests spark
nationalism?
2. What was the purpose of the Congress of
Vienna?
3. Who do the kings and ministers at the
Congress of Vienna want to rule over
European countries?
4. Did the kings and ministers support the idea
of nationalism? Use specific examples to
support your answer.
10. Goals of the Congress of Vienna
1. PREVENT ACTS OF FUTURE AGGRESSION
– Surround France with strong countries.
– Make the weak countries around France stronger.
2. TO RESTORE A BALANCE OF POWER: redraw
boundaries so no country can dominate Europe again
3. “TURN BACK THE CLOCK.”
•Restore Europe’s royal families to their thrones.
•Legitimacy: The hereditary right of a monarch to rule.
•Suppress future revolutions and liberal ideas.
•Compensation: countries that fought against France
should receive either land or money
10
11. Was the Congress of Vienna
Successful?
1. No country was left bearing a grudge.
2. The establishment of the Concert of
Europe created a long lasting peace
throughout Europe
3. The Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 were
Metternich's effort to suppress ideas of
revolution, freedom, democracy, and nationalism
through Europe.
Attempted to silence the voices of
11
12. Congress of Vienna
4. Could not prevent the spread of
nationalist ideas.
Revolts by nationalist groups for
unifications or greater autonomy rose
in Central Europe.
In Britain, the Reform Bill of 1832
extended the vote to most members of
the middle-class, however it failed to
produce a true democratic government
12
14. Protect basic
rights to
liberty and
property
GOALS OF
GOVERNMENT
Stability and
Order
Republic with
constitution
and
separation of
powers
FORM OF
GOVERNMENT
Monarchy
16. On the index card, explain
3 things that you can
remember about the
Congress of Vienna
and 3 things about the
Age of
Ideologies
17. Aim: How did the French Revolution
spread nationalism to Latin America?
18. From 1500 to 1800,
Latin America was
colonized by Europe,
especially Spain
European nations used
mercantilism to gain
wealth from their
American colonies.
Catholic missionaries
from Spain & France
converted American
Indians.
21. Social Classes in Latin American colonial society, known
as sociedad de castas
•Peninsulares: People who were born in Spain
• Tiny percentage of the population.
• Only class which could hold high office in
colonial government.
• Mostly Spanish government officials, church
officials, and clergy members.
•Creoles: Spainiards born in Latin America
• Could not hold high-level political office, but could rise in military ranks.
• Could hold land, wealth, and were the best educated.
• Owned plantations and mines. Controlled the local colonial economies.
•Mestizos: People of mixed European and Native Indian ancestry.
•Mulattos: Persons of mixed European and African ancestry.
_______________________________________________________________
Enslaved Africans and American Indians were at the bottom of the social
ladder.
22. Indians & African slaves
made up the bottom of
the social hierarchy
Indians & slaves were
used as workers for
Creole plantations
23. From 1800 to 1830, Latin American colonies began
declaring independence from European nations &
establishing democracies throughout the Americas
24. By the late 1700s,
Latin Americans
were inspired to
gain independence
because of the
ideas of the
Enlightenment,
and the successes
of the American &
French Revolutions
had spread
amongst the well-
educated Creole
class.
25. Throughout the Spanish
colonies in South America,
the creoles had wealth &
education but could not
participate in government
Creoles embraced Enlightenment
ideas like natural rights &
consent of the governed
26. Five outside events prompted Latin American
revolutions for independence:
1. Enlightenment ideas of
liberalism spread among
Creoles
2. American Revolution
showed how it could be
done - inspired
revolutionary leaders
3. French Revolution idea of
“liberty, equality and
fraternity,” but how
much liberty, equality,
and fraternity was
debated.
4. Fear of Haiti’s slave revolt
made Creoles act quickly.
5. Napoleon’s forces invaded
the Iberian Peninsula-
colonies claimed that had
no loyalty to this French
puppet- government
27. STOP and CHECK
(1)Which social group will carry
out these Latin American
Revolutions?
Creoles in South America
African slaves in Haiti
Indians in
Mexico
28. Latin American Independent
Leaders
Simon Bolivar Toussaint
L’Oueverture
Miguel Hidalgo Jose de San
Martin
Chris
Julianna
Kieran
Daniel
Carly
Matthew
Mark
Ella
Gabby
Taylor
Kian
Jonathan
Kevin
Danielle
Alex F.
Halle
Alex B.
Cydney
Anysia
Tommy
Dylan
Even though they could not hold high public office, creoles were the least oppressed of those born in Latin America. They were also the best educated. In fact, many wealthy young creoles traveled to Europe for their education. In Europe, they read about and adopted Enlightenment ideas. When they returned to Latin America, they brought ideas of revolution with them. Napoleon’s conquest of Spain in 1808 triggered revolts in the Spanish colonies. Removing Spain’s King Ferdinand VII, Napoleon made his brother Joseph king of Spain. Many creoles might have supported a Spanish king. However, they felt no loyalty to a king imposed by the French. Creoles, recalling Locke’s idea of the consent of the governed, argued that when the real king was removed, power shifted to the people. In 1810, rebellion broke out in several parts of Latin America. The drive toward independence had begun.
The South American wars of independence rested on the achievements of two brilliant creole generals. One was Simón Bolívar, a wealthy Venezuelan creole. The other great liberator was José de San Martín, an Argentinian.
Bolívar’s Route to Victory
Simón Bolívar’s native Venezuela declared its independence from Spain in 1811. But the struggle for independence had only begun. Bolívar’s volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeats. Twice Bolívar had to go into exile. A turning point came in August 1819. Bolívar led over 2,000 soldiers on a daring march through the Andes into what is now Colombia. (See the 1830 map on page 685.) Coming from this direction, he took the Spanish army in Bogotá completely by surprise and won a decisive victory. By 1821, Bolívar had won Venezuela’s independence. He then marched south into Ecuador. In Ecuador, Bolívar finally met José de San Martín. Together they would decide the future of the Latin American revolutionary movement.
San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces San Martín’s Argentina had declared its independence in 1816. However, Spanish forces in nearby Chile and Peru still posed a threat. In 1817, San Martín led an army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile. He was joined there by forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins, son of a former viceroy of Peru. With O’Higgins’s help, San Martín finally freed Chile. In 1821, San Martín planned to drive the remaining Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru. But to do so, he needed a much larger force. San Martín and Bolívar discussed this problem when they met at Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1822.
No one knows how the two men reached an agreement. But San Martín left his army for Bolívar to command. With unified revolutionary forces, Bolívar’s army went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9, 1824. In this last major battle of the war for independence, the Spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom. The future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia.
