a short presentation on Pharyngitis for ENT department

1. University of Duhok
College of Medicine
Disease of the Pharynx
Prepared by : Sabah S. Majeed
Supervision: Dr.Abdul Selam
Dr Abdulla

2. Pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the
nasal cavities to the larynx and oesophagus
Two types of Muscles forms
the walls of the pharynx
longitudinal and circular
innervated by the vagus nerve

3. It is common to both the
GIT and RT

4. Nasopharynx
between the base of the skull and the soft palate
Oropharynx
the middle part of the pharynx,between the soft palate
and the superior border of the epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
distal part of the pharynx,between
the superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of
the cricoid cartilage (C6)
Parts of the Pharynx

5. Arterial supply is via
branches of the external
carotid artery
Venous drainage is achieved
by the pharyngeal venous plexus

6. Diseases of the Pharynx
 1-Pharyngitis
 2-Tonsillitis
 3-Adenoids Hypertrophy
 4-Cancer

7. Pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx, causing a sore throat.

8. Causes
viral and bacterial agents cause pharyngitis:
measles
adenovirus,cause of the common cold
chickenpox
croup,a barking cough
whooping cough

9. ***fewer than 20 percent have a clear
indicationfor antibiotic therapy
(i.e., group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection
GABHS)

10. What Are the Symptoms of
Pharyngitis?
 In addition to a sore, dry, or scratchy throat it may
cause:
 sneezing
 runny nose
 headache
 cough
 fatigue
 body aches
 chills
 fever (a low-grade fever with a cold and higher-
grade fever with the flu)

11. How Is Pharyngitis Diagnosed?
 1-C/F
 2-Throat Culture

12. Rx
1-Home Care
 2-Medical Treatment
 According to the Mayo Clinic, penicillin is
the most commonly prescribed treatment
for sore throat

13. Tonsillitis

14. What Is Tonsils?
Tonsils are the two lymph nodes
located on each side of the back of
your throat
Tonsils are your first line of defense against illnes
and they produce white blood cells to help your body
fight infection.
 but are vulnerable to infection from these invaders
themselves.

15. Tonsllitis is inflammation of the
tonsils due to infection

16. Causes of Tonsillitis
 Tonsillitis can be caused by a virus,
such as the common cold, or by a
bacterial infection, such as strep
throat

17. Symptoms
 a very sore throat
 difficulty swallowing or painful swallowing
 a scratchy-sounding voice
 bad breath
 fever
 chills
 Headaches
 a stiff neck
 jaw and neck tenderness (due to swollen lymph
nodes)
 tonsils that appear red and swollen
 tonsils that have white or yellow spots

18. How Tonsillitis Is Diagnosed?
 based on a physical examination of the
throat and may include a throat culture

19. Rx
Treatments for severe cases
1-Antibiotic
2-Tonsillectomy

20. Indication for tonsillectomy
upper airway obstruction, severe dysphagia, sleep
anea or unresponsive to medical management
Contraindications
Poor anesthetic risk or uncontrolled medical illness
Anemia
Acute infection

21. Adenoids
 Adenoids are small tissues located at the
back of the throat.
 They are similar to the tonsils
 Both adenoids and tonsils are part of the
immune system, which helps to prevent
and fight infection in your body

22. Adenoids hypertophy
 s the unusual growth ("hypertrophy") of
the adenoid tonsil first described by the
Danish physician Wilhelm Meyer (1824-
1895) in Copenhagen in 1868. He
described that a long term adenoid
hypertrophy will cause an obstruction of
the nasal airways.

23. Causes
Bacterial or Viral Infection

24. Adenoid facies is the long, open-mouthed, dumb-looking
face of children with adenoid hypertrophy
is the most common cause of nasal obstruction in children
enlarge when infected e.g EBV

25. Symptoms
 blocked, stuffy nose
 ear problems
 problems sleeping
 snoring
 sore throat
 difficulty swallowing
 swollen glands in the neck
 problems breathing through the nose
 glue ear (fluid buildup in the middle ear, which can cause
hearing problems)
 cracked lips and dry mouth (from breathing problems)
 sleep apnea (irregular breathing during sleep)

26. Diagnosis
C/F
Physical examination through
Endoscope

27. Rx
 Many people with enlarged adenoids have
few or no symptoms and do not need
treatment. Adenoids shrink as a child
grows older.
 The health care provider may prescribe
antibiotics or nasal steroid sprays if an
infection develops.
 Surgery to remove the adenoids
(adenoidectomy) may be done if the
symptoms are severe or persistent.

28. Cancers

29. Causes:
 Throat cancer occurs when cells in your
throat develop genetic mutations

30. Types
 1-Nasopharyngeal cancer
 2-Oropharyngeal cancer
 3-Hypopharyngeal cancer (laryngopharyngeal
cancer)
 4-Glottic cancer
 5-Supraglottic cancer
 6-Subglottic cancer

31. Risk Factor
 Tobacco use, including smoking and
chewing tobacco
 Excessive alcohol use
 A virus called human papillomavirus
(HPV)
 A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables
 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

32. Diagnosis
1-Endoscope
2-Tissue Biopsy
3-Imaging

33. Rx
1-Radiotherapy
2-Surgery
3-Chemotherapy
4-Cetuximab (Erbitux)

34. References
 1-Medscape
 2-youtube
 3-wikipedia
 4-medline
 5-healthonline
 6-teachmanatomy
 7-ENTassociation
 Photos from google