Crossfield Pro*Doc school presentation - Alpine Rendez-vous, Villard de Lans (France), 30 January 2013

1. Social RE presentations of
Community Multimedia Centres
in Mozambique and ACT ions
for improvement
S a r a Va n n i n i
NewMinE Lab
Università della Svizzera italiana
Lugano, Switzerland

2. What are the Social
Representations of CMCs in
Mozambique?
Social Representations Theory
(Moscovici, 1963)
Analysis (mixed methods):
work in progress...

3. radio telecentre

4. …fostering equitable a c c ess t o
i nf or m ation a n d k now l edge f or
de ve l opm e nt , reduce the digital divide,
promote social inclusion, public participation,
education, agriculture, health, etc.
U N E S C O, 2 0 0 0

5. Community
Multimedia Centres
in
Mozambique
(2011)

10. Local Perspectives

11. Social Representations
Moscovici, 1963

12. Social Representations
systems of values, ideas and practices,
that are shared among a given social group
Moscovici, 1963

13. doubl e function
enable individuals to
orientate themselves
and interpret their
world
provide a code that enable
communication
among the members of a
community

14. object
subject group

15. intersubjectivity: need to be in relationship
with others to give meaning to the object;
the individual perception and the
socio-cultural context are not
separated.
object
subject group

16. cognitive polyphasia: no mere reproduction of
the external reality, development and negotiation
of SRs lead to contradictions and conflicts:
agency and creative power of the human being are
allowed.

17. dialectic: both prescriptive on human behaviour
and a product of human agency:
tradition vs change, agency vs structure.

18. Toblerone Model
Bauer & Gaskell, 1999

19. Ideas
Values
Practices

20. Ideas Semi-structured Interviews
Pictures
Values
Focus Groups
Questionnaires
Practices

21. Ideas Semi-structured Interviews
Pictures
Values
Focus Groups
Questionnaires
Practices

22. Semi-structured Interviews
Pictures
2 initiating agencies
57 staff members
95 CMC users
Focus Groups
72 radio-only users
8 non-users
Questionnaires
110+ hours

23. Semi-structured Interviews
Computer-aided
Content Analysis
(T-Lab)
Manual
Content Analysis
(N-Vivo)

24. Computer-aided
Content Analysis
(T-Lab)

25. Lexical Universes

26. Lexical Universes
Thematic Analysis
(bisecting
K-means clustering)

27. Lexical Universes
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU ECU
ECU

28. Lexical Universes
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU ECU
ECU
min. 3 co-occurrences

29. Lexical Universes
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
ECU
6
Thematic
ECU ECU
Clusters
ECU

30. Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
“What we sell is
The radio experience
Computers as photocopies”: an
Molding the polis through Learning informatics of the users: The CMC as a
Themes possibly connected instrumental look at
the community radio. at the telecentre. information, training bureaucratic capsule.
typewriters. the services of
and leisure.
telecentres.
Education: few no
schooling and Age: few older than Age: older than 30 Age: older than 30
Age: older than 40;
primary Status: U- 40; and 40; and 40;
CMC;
Status: initiating
Education: primary school Education: not Education: University
Location: Quelimane. agencies, staff
and University; present no-schooling; and high school;
Status: U-RC, non- members, U-CMC;
Variables
users. Status: initiating
Location: few
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; agencies, staff
Quelimane.
members.
Location: Chiure,
Cuamba, Ilha,
Quelimane, and
Xinavane.
CMC, management,
committee,
computer, internet,
program, listen to, service, telecenter, association,
use, learn, surf,
district, community, informatics, class, music, like, children, center, photocopies, coordinator,
machine, write,
Lemmas information, radio, classroom, training, speak, radio, news, multimedia, volunteers, work,
fiddle, explain,
government, change. English. participating, calling, communitarian, UNESCO, pay, money,
investigate, school,
home. document. collaborator,
world.
manager, training,
managing.

31. district
community change
government
information
radio

32. district
community change
government
information
radio
Molding the πόλις through the community radio

33. “A community radio is an institution for
information with the vocation of letting the
community receive the necessary information, the
information that is important for its conviviality, for
its interaction, it is an institution that creates an
opportunity for the people to interact with one
another and with other people at the international
level”
Molding the πόλις through the community radio

34. class
informatics
classroom
training
English

35. class
informatics
classroom
training
English
Learning informatics at the telecentre

36. “It is important because we learn to know what a
computer is, we learn computer programs, we
study the computer as well, but it is much more a
honor for Xinavane, we now know that we have
informatics courses.”
Learning informatics at the telecentre

37. use computer
learn internet
surf write machine
fiddle
explain school
investigate
world

38. use computer
learn internet
surf write machine
fiddle
explain school
investigate
world
Computers as possibly connected typewriters

39. “Internet is a page of the broadband [...], there is
mobile Internet, there is fix Internet that is the one
of the computers, it is Internet that you use when
sitting in an appropriate site, mobile Internet is the
Internet that you surf from your phone, and
wherever you are you can surf.”
Computers as possibly connected typewriters

40. program
music participating
speak
listen to home
children like
radio calling
news

41. program
music participating
soeak
listen to home
children like
radio calling
news
The radio experience of the users: information,
education and leisure

42. “In the radio what I like at most are informative
programs, as for example programs about sport, about
information of what happens at the local level, as well
as at the national and the international level, I also like
more programs for children, other programs as music
ones, I like entertainment in this case.”
The radio experience of the users: information,
training and leisure

43. service
centre
multimedia
communitarian
telecentre
photocopies

44. service
centre
multimedia
communitarian
telecentre
photocopies
“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental
look at the services of telecentres

45. “I would say the telecentre is a place where we can
have some services, the services are, for example,
those services of photocopies, printing and typing,
services that can help this very same community to
have something more organized, for example every
person that can read and write has a different kind of
handwriting, can you imagine.”
“What we sell is photocopies”: an instrumental
look at the services of telecentres

46. association pay
coordinator
volunteers work manager
management
CMC UNESCO
committee
collaborator money
managing training

47. association pay
coordinator
volunteers work manager
management
CMC UNESCO
committee
collaborator money
managing training
The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule

48. “Well, when I came here my activity was to restore the
CMC, it was not working properly, there were
relationship problems in between volunteers and
member of the directive board of the CMC radio, also
there was no transparency in terms of public
management in the CMC, the money, the assets, there
was no transparency, and the last issue we became
aware of was that the CMC does not make money.”
The CMC as a bureaucratic capsule

49. Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
“What we sell is
The radio experience
Computers as photocopies”: an
Molding the polis through Learning informatics of the users: The CMC as a
Themes possibly connected instrumental look at
the community radio. at the telecentre. information, training bureaucratic capsule.
typewriters. the services of
and leisure.
telecentres.
Education: few no
schooling and Age: few older than Age: older than 30 Age: older than 30
Age: older than 40;
primary Status: U- 40; and 40; and 40;
CMC;
Status: initiating
Education: primary school Education: not Education: University
Location: Quelimane. agencies, staff
and University; present no-schooling; and high school;
Status: U-RC, non- members, U-CMC;
Variables
users. Status: initiating
Location: few
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; agencies, staff
Quelimane.
members.
Location: Chiure,
Cuamba, Ilha,
Quelimane, and
Xinavane.
CMC, management,
committee,
computer, internet,
program, listen to, service, telecenter, association,
use, learn, surf,
district, community, informatics, class, music, like, children, center, photocopies, coordinator,
machine, write,
Lemmas information, radio, classroom, training, speak, radio, news, multimedia, volunteers, work,
fiddle, explain,
government, change. English. participating, calling, communitarian, UNESCO, pay, money,
investigate, school,
home. document. collaborator,
world.
manager, training,
managing.

50. Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
“What we sell is
The radio experience
Computers as photocopies”: an
Molding the polis through Learning informatics of the users: The CMC as a
Themes possibly connected instrumental look at
the community radio. at the telecentre. information, training bureaucratic capsule.
typewriters. the services of
and leisure.
telecentres.
Education: few no
schooling and Age: few older than Age: older than 30 Age: older than 30
Age: older than 40;
primary Status: U- 40; and 40; and 40;
CMC;
Status: initiating
Education: primary school Education: not Education: University
Location: Quelimane. agencies, staff
and University; present no-schooling; and high school;
Status: U-RC, non- members, U-CMC;
Variables
users. Status: initiating
Location: few
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; agencies, staff
Quelimane.
members.
Location: Chiure,
Cuamba, Ilha,
Quelimane, and
Xinavane.
CMC, management,
committee,
computer, internet,
program, listen to, service, telecenter, association,
use, learn, surf,
district, community, informatics, class, music, like, children, center, photocopies, coordinator,
machine, write,
Lemmas information, radio, classroom, training, speak, radio, news, multimedia, volunteers, work,
fiddle, explain,
government, change. English. participating, calling, communitarian, UNESCO, pay, money,
investigate, school,
home. document. collaborator,
world.
manager, training,
managing.

51. Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
“What we sell is
The radio experience
Computers as photocopies”: an
Molding the polis through Learning informatics of the users: The CMC as a
Themes possibly connected instrumental look at
the community radio. at the telecentre. information, training bureaucratic capsule.
typewriters. the services of
and leisure.
telecentres.
Education: few no
schooling and Age: few older than Age: older than 30 Age: older than 30
Age: older than 40;
primary Status: U- 40; and 40; and 40;
CMC;
Status: initiating
Education: primary school Education: not Education: University
Location: Quelimane. agencies, staff
and University; present no-schooling; and high school;
Status: U-RC, non- members, U-CMC;
Variables
users. Status: initiating
Location: few
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; agencies, staff
Quelimane.
members.
Location: Chiure,
Cuamba, Ilha,
Quelimane, and
Xinavane.
CMC, management,
committee,
computer, internet,
program, listen to, service, telecenter, association,
use, learn, surf,
district, community, informatics, class, music, like, children, center, photocopies, coordinator,
machine, write,
Lemmas information, radio, classroom, training, speak, radio, news, multimedia, volunteers, work,
fiddle, explain,
government, change. English. participating, calling, communitarian, UNESCO, pay, money,
investigate, school,
home. document. collaborator,
world.
manager, training,
managing.

52. Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
“What we sell is
The radio experience
Computers as photocopies”: an
Molding the polis through Learning informatics of the users: The CMC as a
Themes possibly connected instrumental look at
the community radio. at the telecentre. information, training bureaucratic capsule.
typewriters. the services of
and leisure.
telecentres.
Education: few no
schooling and Age: few older than Age: older than 30 Age: older than 30
Age: older than 40;
primary Status: U- 40; and 40; and 40;
CMC;
Status: initiating
Education: primary school Education: not Education: University
Location: Quelimane. agencies, staff
and University; present no-schooling; and high school;
Status: U-RC, non- members, U-CMC;
Variables
users. Status: initiating
Location: few
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; agencies, staff
Quelimane.
members.
Location: Chiure,
Cuamba, Ilha,
Quelimane, and
Xinavane.
CMC, management,
committee,
computer, internet,
program, listen to, service, telecenter, association,
use, learn, surf,
district, community, informatics, class, music, like, children, center, photocopies, coordinator,
machine, write,
Lemmas information, radio, classroom, training, speak, radio, news, multimedia, volunteers, work,
fiddle, explain,
government, change. English. participating, calling, communitarian, UNESCO, pay, money,
investigate, school,
home. document. collaborator,
world.
manager, training,
managing.

53. Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
“What we sell is
The radio experience
Computers as photocopies”: an
Molding the polis through Learning informatics of the users: The CMC as a
Themes possibly connected instrumental look at
the community radio. at the telecentre. information, training bureaucratic capsule.
typewriters. the services of
and leisure.
telecentres.
Education: few no
schooling and Age: few older than Age: older than 30 Age: older than 30
Age: older than 40;
primary Status: U- 40; and 40; and 40;
CMC;
Status: initiating
Education: primary school Education: not Education: University
Location: Quelimane. agencies, staff
and University; present no-schooling; and high school;
Status: U-RC, non- members, U-CMC;
Variables
users. Status: initiating
Location: few
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; agencies, staff
Quelimane.
members.
Location: Chiure,
Cuamba, Ilha,
Quelimane, and
Xinavane.
CMC, management,
committee,
computer, internet,
program, listen to, service, telecenter, association,
use, learn, surf,
district, community, informatics, class, music, like, children, center, photocopies, coordinator,
machine, write,
Lemmas information, radio, classroom, training, speak, radio, news, multimedia, volunteers, work,
fiddle, explain,
government, change. English. participating, calling, communitarian, UNESCO, pay, money,
investigate, school,
home. document. collaborator,
world.
manager, training,
managing.

54. Thematic Clusters
Clusters
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight 19.4% 15.2% 17.1% 25.0% 15.2% 8.1%
“What we sell is
The radio experience
Computers as photocopies”: an
Molding the polis through Learning informatics of the users: The CMC as a
Themes possibly connected instrumental look at
the community radio. at the telecentre. information, training bureaucratic capsule.
typewriters. the services of
and leisure.
telecentres.
Education: few no
schooling and Age: few older than Age: older than 30 Age: older than 30
Age: older than 40;
primary Status: U- 40; and 40; and 40;
CMC;
Status: initiating
Education: primary school Education: not Education: University
Location: Quelimane. agencies, staff
and University; present no-schooling; and high school;
Status: U-RC, non- members, U-CMC;
Variables
users. Status: initiating
Location: few
Location: Cuamba. Status: non-users; agencies, staff
Quelimane.
members.
Location: Chiure,
Cuamba, Ilha,
Quelimane, and
Xinavane.
CMC, management,
committee,
computer, internet,
program, listen to, service, telecenter, association,
use, learn, surf,
district, community, informatics, class, music, like, children, center, photocopies, coordinator,
machine, write,
Lemmas information, radio, classroom, training, speak, radio, news, multimedia, volunteers, work,
fiddle, explain,
government, change. English. participating, calling, communitarian, UNESCO, pay, money,
investigate, school,
home. document. collaborator,
world.
manager, training,
managing.

55. Clusters by Interviewees’ typology
13.8% 19.4% 16.6% 20.1%
27.8%
11.1%
8.7%
21.1% 14.3%
10.5%
30.6% 22.3% 14.8% 10.9%
19.9%
10.2%
20.1%
14.3%
40.9% 29.1%
41.7% 19.1%
26.3%
7.5% 11.6% 11.6%
0.0%
2.8% 1.2% 1.7%
Non-Users U-RC U-CMC Staff Agencies
Representatives

56. Semi-structured Interviews
Manual
Content Analysis
(N-Vivo)

57. CMC interpretative model
Values Ideas Practices People
Benefits of the CMC; Definitions of CMC, Community Interviewee media
Benefits of ICTs; Community Radio, involvement/ support exposure;
Motivation to work in Telecentre, computer, in the CMC; Staff Training.
CMC; Internet ; Promotion of CMC;
Motivation to use Improvements needed Synergies the CMC is
CMC; in/ challenges for the able to create;
Reasons not to use CMC; Usages of the
CMC. Local denomination of Community Radio;
CMC; Usages of the
Services of the Telecentre.
Community Radio;
Services of the
Telecentre;
Services working
properly.

58. CMC interpretative model
Values Ideas Practices People
Benefits of the CMC; Definitions of CMC, Community Interviewee media
Benefits of ICTs; Community Radio, involvement/ support exposure;
Motivation to work in Telecentre, computer, in the CMC; Staff Training.
CMC; Internet ; Promotion of CMC;
Motivation to use Improvements needed Synergies the CMC is
CMC; in/ challenges for the able to create;
Reasons not to use CMC; Usages of the
CMC. Local denomination of Community Radio;
CMC; Usages of the
Services of the Telecentre.
Community Radio;
Services of the
Telecentre;
Services working
properly.

59. Information and Communication Flows
Jakobson, 19 6 0

60. Information and Communication Flows
Jakobson, 19 6 0
In-bound
Out-bound
Shared within the community

61. Results
In- Shared Out- Tot
bound bound
Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%
Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%
Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%
Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%
Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%
Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%
ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%
Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%
Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%
TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%
TOT count 131 87 17 235

62. Results
In- Shared Out- Tot
bound bound
Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%
Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%
Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%
Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%
Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%
Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%
ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%
Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%
Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%
TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%
TOT count 131 87 17 235

63. Results
In- Shared Out- Tot
bound bound
Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%
Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%
Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%
Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%
Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%
Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%
ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%
Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%
Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%
TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%
TOT count 131 87 17 235

64. “…the people here need to know what
is happening.
They need to get information about
other part of the world…”
Chitima, Non-user3

65. e-government
“I think the radio created this
space to let people stay close to
the Government, and to let them
know that not everything that is
happening is against the
population and when the
Government does something,
they know that the Radio is
going to broadcast it”
Chiure, User3

66. Results
In- Shared Out- Tot
bound bound
Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%
Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%
Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%
Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%
Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%
Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%
ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%
Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%
Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%
TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%
TOT count 131 87 17 235

67. “…in the computer there is a lot of information we can
get”
Cuamba, Non-user1

68. “because people go there, in the Internet, and look for
information, and inform the community, and the
community is fulfilled in listening to the things that
who went to use the Internet found”
Cuamba, Non-User4

69. Results
In- Shared Out- Tot
bound bound
Radio 45.1% 36.6% 5.5% 87.2%
Communication 0.0% 20.9% 3.0% 23.8%
Information 45.1% 15.7% 2.6% 63.4%
Telecentre 6.8% 0.4% 0.4% 7.7%
Communication 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 0.9%
Information 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 6.8%
ICTs 3.8% 0.0% 1.3% 5.1%
Communication 0.0% 0.0% 1.3% 1.3%
Information 3.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.8%
TOT % 55.7% 37.0% 7.2% 100.0%
TOT count 131 87 17 235

70. “…we want to talk to you, we want to talk to people and
have friends abroad…”
Chiure, User3

71. Thank you!
s a ra. va nni ni@ usi .ch
www. r e a c t -project .ch
www. n e wm i n e.org