1.
Lower Fox River Demo Farm Networks 7‐31‐2017
SWCS International Annual Conference
Getting affective land management practices on the land.
Can it be done in Northeastern, WI
Brent Petersen
Farm Demo Manager
New Horizen Dairy Sept 8th 2016
2.
Farms Selected
Six producers in
Brown County and
two in Outagamie
County. “Originally,
started with 4.”
Ultimate goal is to
Improve soil health
(Reduce tillage and
Cover Crops).
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3.
Why would a producer want to grow a
cover crop or even consider no till?
4.
Cover crops supply sugars, and exudates (signaling
compounds) to the soils biology. The rhizosphere (around
the roots), adjusts accordingly. These processes create the
glue of the soil, without them soils collapse!
5.
Seems like a delicate system, but it functions wonderful if we leave it alone!
Cover Crops provide the food needed to keep the Soil Web going
6.
Looks like a nice structure!
Natures solar panels, storing energy into
the soil “battery” Nov 5th 2016
Ultimately this is what we do to our delicate
systems. “Traditional agricultural practices.”
These practices destroy the structure and the
battery of our soils. Nature doesn’t till the soil,
can we mimic nature? This is where the Demo
Farms come in.
7.
The effect of tillage is very visible in the Lower Fox River Watershed
Fall tillage Brown County, WI 4-14 2013 with no‐cover crop. Look
at the water!
8.
Radish and Barley planted fall of 2012 (Look at the water appearance!)
We are starting to recreate soil structure.
Picture 4‐14‐2013
9.
Pictures taken 4‐14‐2014
The tale of two different practices
Culvert from adjacent field
10.
Paired Watershed
approach at New
Horizens Dairy
Here each sub basin is
approx. 5 acres each.
Corn had been planted
with conventional
practices for past 3
years.
Location Brown County
Funding through EPA
Installed by USGS
4.9 acres North
5.1 acres South
11.
First moderate rain event after installation =
0.4 inches of rain on 6-12-2015. Last significant event was 5-31-2015 (almost 2 weeks)
Has the tillage helped us here? How do we over come the lack of infiltration?
6‐12‐2015 6‐12‐2015
12.
So lets start the soil improvement Journey!
What options might be on the table?
10‐21‐15
Example
9 way mix with 10,000 gls manure
applied fall of 2015. Application
was done with Bazooka from
Outagamie County LWCD.
Brickstead Dairy starting fall of
2015.
How do we improve low
infiltration and poor structure
issues?
Planting into a green cover
crop and will it work?
13.
Many might think “This is never going to work in
Northeastern Wisconsin; you’ve lost your mind!!”
Plot with no starter or nitrogen vs Starter (9‐18‐9)
plus additional nitrogen 30#’s.
Pictures taken 5‐7‐2016
14.
Notice how much
cover crop
remains after fall
harvest. Biology
has consumed
and supplied
nutrients to corn
crop. Infiltration
fantastic!
Also notice lack
of ruts in the field
15.
Brickstead Dairy Sept 19th 2016
Fall of 2015 ‐ Alfalfa with 9 way cover crop mix.
No tilled to Corn Spring of 2016
No Starter or Nitrogen at planting
Plot is 24 rows and 1041 ft long = 1.43 acres
Total = 46.95 wet ton / 2 = 23.48 ton
Dry Matter basis Avg. =
11.8 ton/ac 0% moisture
___________________________________________________________________________
Starter and 11 gls of 32% at planting
Plot is 24 rows and 1025 ft long = 1.41 acres
Total = 39. 76 wet ton / = 19.88 ton
Dry Matter basis Avg. =
10.16 ton/ac 0% moisture
Overall field average 363.8 ton of dry matter.
34.4 acres = 10.58 Dry Matter ton/ ac
Alfalfa was sprayed off after 3rd cut,
harvested and 9 way mix planted in 2015
Here are results.
16.
5‐22‐2017
Planting green 2nd year into a living
cover crop.
Second year of corn we need to stay
on top of nitrogen
recommendations!
Old agronomy concepts still apply
yet!
Now is not the time to let down
your guard, we are still in humus
building stages. “We are still in
Infancy stages yet!”
17.
Soil health test say mineralizable nitrogen at 107 #’s of Nitrogen, but the nitrate test says
11.9 ppm nitrogen. Which means we are short by 128 pounds of Nitrogen early in the
season. The corn is yellow at this point which can indicate a 10‐15 % yield reduction down
the road, even if corrected now. The picture shows nitrogen deficiency.
18.
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Nitrogen deficient corn, at
11.9 ppm nitrate level in soil.
Take note of the cover crop which
is almost non existent.
6‐28‐2017
19.
Soil health test say Mineralizable nitrogen at 109 #’s of Nitrogen, but the nitrate
test says 19.2 ppm nitrogen. Which means we are short by 38 pounds of
Nitrogen early in the season. This is the same field different area.
20.
Greg Nettekoven
Triticale, berseem
clover and radishʹs
planted in the Fall of
2014. This cover
crop mixture follows
winter wheat. This
was the beginning of
no till with cover
crops as part of the
farm demo network.
The learning has
begun in 2014, but
the grasping of the
carbon to nitrogen
ratio is one of the
main hurdles looking
back from today July
2017.
9‐29‐14
21.
Here is the following Spring. Greg had a real nice stand of triticale, the
berseem clover didn’t take very well for some reason. Glyphosate applied at
16” tall. You can see the difference with the check strip.
Picture 5‐14‐2015
22.
Greg no till planting soybeans 5‐26‐15. This
is almost two weeks after the Glyphosate
application.
Great seed closer and depth! Greg had to
make additions to his current 8 row planter
the make this system work. Greg had over
$22,000 in additions to make this work.
23.
Soybean progression throughout the year. Nice color through out the year!
7‐7‐2015 8‐14‐2015
24.
Two pictures taken 7‐20‐2015 “Same exact location”. No‐till soybeans planted into
Triticale at Nettekoven Farms (Demo Farm). The triticale is being broken down by
Bacteria, Fungi, Arthropods (Shredders) and Protozoa. The earthworm eats the Bacteria,
Fungi, and Protozoa.
Without the food source (Decaying triticale and wheat straw), earthworms are not around
to create infiltration pathways, stabilize soil or increase the natural glues (glomulin) in the
soil. This is the same spot I just moved the midden (picture top left), to expose the
earthworm hole (picture top right).
I know real exciting stuff!! This is what happens when we leave the soil alone and feed
the biology; hence dramatically increasing infiltration, decrease soil and nutrient runoff.
When I look back on these photo’s from 2015. I realize that the organic
matter is the old winter wheat straw from 2014 (probably with a Carbon
to nitrogen ratio of 70:1 or 80 :1. The triticale has already been consumed
because of it’s lower carbon to nitrogen ratio. Probably near the soils 24:1
ratio.
Can we plant corn into Triticale or Cereal Rye without the nitrogen hit?
Probably, as long as we shut down the rye at 16 inches or less. With
triticale in the vegetative state, we are near the 24:1 ratio that the soil
wants to be at. Maybe, even less for as fast as the triticale stover
disappeared.
25.
10‐1‐2015
Nearing harvest
Greg ended up with a
yield of 57 bu here.
If you look close
hardly any of the
original existing
residue is left over
from the initial
triticale, berseem
clover and radish
cover crop.
If you look even closer
you can see the
soybean leaf midden
piles created by the
earthworms again! So,
the biological cycle
continues!
26.
5‐16‐2017
Pat Kane (Kane Farms non demo farm). This is some
of the timing we need to be looking at, when
transitioning from a grass (winter rye to a grass
(corn). We need to keep the carbon to nitrogen ratio
below 24:1 ratio to minimize nitrogen tie up. The rye
was sprayed at 12‐14” tall. So at 12‐14” tall even
cereal rye grass “pictured below” is at or below the
24:1 ratio
27.
7‐27‐20177‐19‐2017
Notice how much Cereal Rye is left! The Rye has been consumed and
released to the corn crop, because of termination at 24:1 or less.
29.
5‐19‐2016Corn was no tilled
the same day it was
harvested.
Dawn closing
wheels used here.
(See Below)
Continues to be a
Favorite of mine on
heavier soils for a
number of reasons
30.
5‐20‐2016
After corn was
planted 10,000 gls of
dairy liquid manure
was surface applied
with dribble bar
manure applicator on
all Triticale to corn
fields.
Manure movement
was almost non‐
existent with dry
conditions and great
infiltration of cover
crop no till soil.
Infiltration complete
within 15‐20 seconds.
Conditioned soil
critical with dribble
bar.
31.
Harvest on Corn silage following
Triticale. Picture of plot harvest
on Sept 16th 2016.
32.
3‐15‐2016
Brickstead field : Winter rye planted (with drill) after corn silage harvest in fall
of 2015. Dan had applied 10,000 gals low disturbance manure incorporated fall
of 2015. The following picture are of the winter rye in spring of 2016. The
winter rye roots are very well established in picture lower right. The rebuilding
of this soil has begun.
33.
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Winter Rye waiting for harvest at Brickstead
34.
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6‐28‐16
5‐31‐2016
No till emergence fantastic into rye with
surface manure. Glyphosate applied
soon after emergence.
35.
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7‐26‐2016
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62 bu/ac soybeans. This is
above average for region.
Plus 3.1 ton of Ryegrass
and the movement of
10,000 gls of manure in the
Spring.
36.
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Greg Nettekoven ‐ Larsen Coop airflow
broadcast then shallow incorporation with
Lemkin vertical till.
Oats, Radish, Soybeans, and Volunteer
Wheat,
37.
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The advantage of this system, is
speed! You can plant very fast
plus put down potential
nutrients if need be.
38.
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3‐16‐16
Greg Nettekovens: Here water is very clear. Oats, radish, and Berseem Clover. Also,
significant volunteer wheat. Does living cover create glue to hold fine soil particles? This
following 3.5 inches of rain in Dec 2015. This is the same Lemkin as previous slides.
39.
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Annual cover crops to no till corn: Weise Brothers Farms Fall 2015 to Spring 2016
Barley, Radish, Rapeseed, and Crimson Clover planted in August 2015 following
winter wheat and 15000 gals of liquid manure vertical tilled in.
12‐13‐2015
3‐9‐16
Aug ‐ 2015
None Demo Farm (Weise Brothers)
40.
Live rape plants
4‐18‐2016
Weise Brothers : Rapeseed escaped winter kill. Glyphosate application made
before corn planting. Mother nature always has a different plan! Be prepared for
options!
Nice and smooth
Good soil aggregation
1st time no–till soil
41.
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1/3 of the 150 acre
field was vertical tilled
in spring. Can you
tell which side was
worked?
Divide line between
no till vs vertical till.
Which side has been
worked?!
Early April 2016
If the field looks ready
to no‐till give it a day
or two. This will help
closure. Remember
you don’t have to work
it!
Conventional No Till
42.
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Weise Brothers noted no yield hit with tilled vs no tilled!
27.2 ton at 65% moisture field
average. Dec 2016
43.
Weise Bothers built there own vertical till unit, similar to unit below.
Very fast economical way to establish cover crops fast after silage etc.
44.
Weise Brothers planted around
1200 acres of cover crops fall of
2016 most with this type of unit.
This is the same field from previous
picture of silage harvest. Manure
application started same day as
harvest.
August 30 2016
Oct 12th 2016
45.
Oct 12‐2016
August 23‐2016
Think about getting cover crop planted then applying manure, its that important!
46.
Low disturbance manure application: The
two units the demo farms have looked at:
The Bazooka (lower left) and the Soil
Warrior (Upper right). The hope was to be
able to no till the following spring after
these unit have made applications.
Picture to left is
after Bazooka
(10,000 gl/ac) into
living fall cover
crop. 8 way mix.
Soil Warrior dig out
by hand after pass.
(Picture left)
47.
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Manure application
on living cover
crops with Bazooka
applicator.
Application made
same day.
Above conventional
planted triticale with
bazooka manure
application, it really
tore apart the soil
profile. Artificial
structure didn’t work
here initially.
Above Diverse cover
crop mix no tilled into
old alfalfa. Application
with Bazooka into
living cover crop, held
up very well during
and after application.
We have soil structure
here.
Oct 13th 2015 Nov 10th 2015
48.
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Dec 14th 2015 Oct 13th 2015
Recovery of triticale after Bazooka applicator. Best estimate 60‐70% recovery of
triticale.
Initial observation: No till cover still the best way to go with these types of low
disturbance manure applications.
49.
Soil Warrior:
Max rate 15,000
gl/ac. Has more
fracturing
below ground,
but more
disturbance
overall.
Farmstar
(Bazooka):
Max rate
12,000 gls/ac.
Less soil
disturbance
than Warrior.
Lower $$ than
Warrior
50.
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Aug‐14‐2015
Lucas Criswell’s farm near Lock Haven, Pennsylvania has taken the steps to roll cover down
with these types of units on a 12 row Kinze planter. This planter was used to plant soybeans
and corn on Criswell’s Farm. Many possibilities here.
51.
No till soybeans into Cereal Rye: 3 options
1st option mowing
Brickstead Dairy
5‐23‐2017
53.
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5‐31‐2017 Here is a picture of the previous field
Following the mowing. The first time I
saw this, I thought we messed up. I
know Dan would tell you the same
thing.
Dan called me and wanted to replant
this field and at first I agreed with him.
Without the protections of the Farm
Demo Project, there was a good chance
we would have replanted all three
fields!!
6‐13‐2017
To our amazement the soybean
crop at all 3 sites emerged way
better than originally expected.
We have some work to do but
the results have been very
promising!
54.
Adjustments needed to this system. Observation here: no soil to
seed contact. The planter wasn’t able to cut through 9‐12 stems, (of winter
rye) laying over potential seeding row site. We had this problem with both
planters.
Consideration for next year is to back seeding rate down winter rye seeding
rate, also make sure we have equal down pressure on each row
7‐24‐2017
55.
The 2nd site was planted with the same no till
planter as below. The difference was the rye was
rolled after planting. The crimper in the picture is
similar to what was used.
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Amazing emergence through 4‐6” of Rye
56.
Observation we had the best emergence
with this practice overall.
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7‐24‐17
57.
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5‐27‐2017
Option 3: ZRX roller crimper planter from “Plum Creek/Kinkapot project”
Brickstead Dairy
58.
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5‐27‐2017
The picture shows the earthworm population seconds after ZRX planter pass. We have
6 in this picture alone.
59.
Here is a picture 5 days following ZRX
planting. This doesn’t look like the same
field we planted. We had some high winds
and the rye was goose necking (coming back
to life).
5‐31‐2017 7‐24‐2017
Same picture location almost 2 months later
60.
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5‐24‐2017
All three have significant soil
coverage. We have nice
Insulation barrier, temperature
regulation, food source, and
weed barrier.
We have added a large supply of
Carbon, “new oil” to the
system. Fuel for the microbes.
Once this material is turned to
humus, we will then have stabile
carbon capture!
61.
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The picture to the right is
the same location, with a
earthworm channel. See
the cottage cheese
appearance of the soil.
This is a healthy stabile
soil! We are on the right
track.
62.
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Greg Nettekoven frost seeded red clover into his (fall of 2014) winter wheat in the first part of March 2015. The
red clover was seed broadcast (commercial applicator) at 10 lbs/ac with urea and ammonium sulfate. The lower
left two pictures show establishment of winter wheat and red clover. The winter wheat and red clover looked great
all season. The following pictures show the progression throughout the season. Moxy 2e was used for broadleaf
control.
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Pictures taken on 5‐14‐15 Picture taken 7‐21‐15
Frost Seeding into Winter Wheat
63.
Below left, it shows the red clover establishment. The establishment of the stand was real
good on 95% + of the field by the end of the season (lows were hurt a little which can be
expected). The final winter wheat yield was 95 bu/ac. Greg didn’t seem to think that the red
clover hurt the wheat yields and I tend to agree with him. This field looked strong all year.
Picture taken 7‐21‐15 Picture taken 8‐4‐15
64.
Roundup and 2‐4D application
with 20‐22”s of growth.
Picture taken 10‐1‐15
Picture taken
12‐7‐15
The following pictures show progression of the Red Clover throughout the season. So, what kind
of nitrogen credit did we gain for the 2016 corn crop. Book estimates would say anywhere from
80 to 120 lbs of stable nitrogen plus any intangibles (biologic activity, slow release, infiltration
etc.). The plan is no till corn in 2016.
65.
5‐25‐2017
5‐25‐2017
2 years later same results so far!
66.
7‐27‐2017 7‐27‐2017
Greg Nettekoven 2 years later, this is looking like a nice
practice. The winter wheat overall in this field was
yielding 79 bu at this point. The pictures are in a poor
part of the wheat field. So, the red clover has a better
jump. This may be more challenge for combing, but
great for the clover. Greg did plant 3 fields like this,
and the red clover established nicely in all 3 fields.
67.
You may have to deal with red
clover in the straw if wheat
stand is poor in areas. The
straw may be a little more
challenging to dry out.
68.
• Greg’s initial thoughts for 2018 is to let this
clover keep growing and terminate after the
corn is planted, but ultimately mother
nature may dictate his management.
• We will have a low carbon to nitrogen ratio,
so wheat stubble should disappear quickly
• My thoughts: The question will be weather
we want to terminate or keep as a living
mulch.
• Banding dicamba 8” over the corn row may
be an option to look at. We can keep the
living mulch then.
• Dr. Nick Hill University of Georgia has some
real good information on living Red Clover
in corn.
• What other options may we have with inter
seeding?
70.
New Water (Green Bay Metropolitan) and Brown County LWCD have received a grant
from (The Fund of Lake Michigan) to purchase a unit similar to this. This unit is available
in 2017. This is a 6 row unit that can be converted to a 15 ft no till grain drill for fall
cover crop seeding. This unit will have the ability to apply 28% side dress
71.
Inter seeding
Herbicides:
With inter seeding you need to pay
attention to herbicide inter action
in corn.
Sharpen and Resolve herbicides
have shown faster half life’s vs
other herbicides in Penn St. trials.
Will cover crops grow with other
herbicides maybe; maybe not?!
Red Clover with
inter seeder on
left
June 22nd 2015
Red Clover, Radish
and Barley on right.
(Broadcast same day
as inter seeding;
with urea)
March 28th 2016
72.
9‐22‐2015
Tinedale farms: Very nice looking stands with the 2 row inter seeder, but the time needed
to plant can be a factor. This is a great choice if you are applying 28% nitrogen side dress
because you can kill two birds with one stone. Larger equipment very helpful if you are
going to inter seed this way.
Barley, radish
and red clover
Broadcast
Barley, radish
and red clover
Penn St. seeder Red clover with Penn St. Inter seeder
73.
Same Tindale
field
March 2016
What about
2nd year corn
into this living
cover crop.
Potential with
this inter
seeding with
Red Clover!
Work still
needs to be
done.
Discovered by
accident after
seeing the
potential.
74.
May‐16‐16
Tinedale Farms living cover: Red Clover
sprayed with full rate of roundup and half rate
of roundup. Trying to keep a living cover on
part of it. Trying to kill other portion. This is
where Dr. Nick Hill University of Georgia work may
fit in nicely.
May‐16‐16
75.
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Great nodulation on Red Clover Spring
of 2016. Should get nice nitrogen
credit, question is when?
76.
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6‐7‐2016
77.
5‐16‐16
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6‐8‐2016
Full rate Glyphosate
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½ rate Glyphosate
Even at full rate; Glyphosate has hard time with Red Clover
6‐20‐16
78.
Inter seeding conclusions for 2016!!
• Sunlight is a must early! May even want to think about planting at 3rd to 4th leaf
already in Northeast Wisconsin until comfort level rises. Mother nature beat us
to the punch in Spring of 2016 (Warm temps with plenty of Moisture = Great
growth early!).
• Good management fields should consider planting earlier (3‐4 leaves).
• Herbicide must be chosen CAREFULLY! Some pre emerge herbicides VERY
affective in taking out inter seeding.
• Select proven shade tolerant cover crops. (Must be able to withstand
low light and low moisture. Favorites still include Red Clover and Annual Rye
Best fit may be in corn for grain:
In corn on corn = keep low carbon plants (Red Clover) or Early termination An. Rye
If soybeans follow corn then higher carbon cover plants okay = Annual Rye
79.
VanderWetering Brothers
Annual Rye, Crimson Clover and Red
Clover. Corn crop poorer here in this
case, lots of light!
Inter seeding with 2 row inter seeder.
Nick Pelteir and Andrew Kiefer
“Plum/Kinkapot Creek”, Lower Fox
River Basin
Nov 17th 2016.
Grazing is now on the table through the
late Fall and Winter months with a practice
like this!
80.
VandeWettering Brothers the newest of the farm
demo network.
Currently, they have 35 acres established for
managed grazing. They are currently grazing at the
main farm site.
The picture to the right are fields that have
recently been inter seeded. The goal is to pasture
these acres after harvest.
VandeWettering
Brothers will be working
with U.S. Wildlife to
establish a refuge for
migrating birds in spring
and fall. Work to begin
this fall.
Between migration this
location will be grazed
out of season.
81.
Roundup and 2‐4D application
with 20‐22”s of growth.
Picture taken 10‐1‐15
Picture taken
12‐7‐15
Remember I talked about Greg’s Nettekoven’s choice to kill Red Clover in Fall of 2015.
82.
Remember without living cover in Spring there is limited options to remove excess moisture in soil.
We can have closing seed trench issues with soils that are to wet. Be ready to make changes
83.
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Dawn Curvtine Yetter 2 disk + wheelMartin + Smooth New Horizons Dairy
(No‐till following winter Rye).
Planting rate: 36,000 pp
Stand Counts 7 locations each :
Taken July 5 2016.
1. Dawn Curvtine
34,000 pp
2. Martin + Smooth
33,857 pp
3. Yetter 2 Disk + Wheel
33,857 pp
4. Yetter Spike + Smooth
33,285 pp
5. Pro‐Stitch
33,142 pp
6. Posi (Schlagel Mfg.)
33,142 pp
7. Posi + Yetter Spike
33,142 pp
8. Martin + Cast Iron
32,857 pp
9. Extapa’s
32,571 pp
10. Yetter Spikes
32,000 pp
4. 5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
84.
Diverse Cover crops are great way
to get the neighbors to love YOU!
Appearance and Wildlife!
Plus the added advantages to hold
nutrients and improve crop
production.
85.
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Brickstead Dairy
November 3rd 2016:
Diverse cover crop mix
following winter
wheat: Fall of 2016
Barley, Common Vetch,
Sunflowers Peas,
Sorghum Sudan grass,
Volunteer Wheat,
Radish, Crimson Clover
+ a few others.
Will probably need to
spray in Spring, so we
can stop Volunteer
Winter Wheat and
Clover.
A GREAT way to release
nutrients back to
system over time!!
86.
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87.
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Pictures showing soil life minutes
after low disturbance manure
application. Great option following
Winter Wheat, can turn a field
around in a hurry!
No till plant corn spring of 2017 is
the plan.
88.
Traditional manure applications and biology.
(Can Cover Crops Work?)
We need to work on timing, and work load for applicators
Biological Activity
Month
Jan July Dec
B. Activity
Manure App
89.
Bazooka Farmstar 12,000 gls/ac
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LMS Dribble Bar
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Honey Warrior
18,000 gls/ac
What types of Low disturbance applicators are available in area and into
future.
90.
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Potential for side dress manure on corn or high grass systems .
“Veenhuis Rotomax.” Hampton Shores Ontario, Canada. This unit is from the
Netherlands.
Carey VanDerLoop (VanderLoop Equipment) is currently working on this option.
Picture below with different toolbar.
This tool bar is made for
grass application with a
Max of 7,000 gls acre with,
“this tool bar.”
Potential for other toolbars
with different rates.
91.
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This unit can real manure hose up as it
goes. Different tool bars can be used or
developed. Carey is currently working
on this.
92.
7‐6‐2017
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7‐6‐2017
Vanwychen farms side dress manure application with applicator from
Dvorachek industries. Wheels paid for with funds from Plum/Kinkapot
project. The above application was 8000 gals across 54 acres, or the movement
of 430,000 gals into a living crop. Red clover was already planted at this site.
Pictures next page. Yields to be taken this fall, with side by sides.
93.
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VanWychen Farms.
This soybean field had a manure
application of 7,000 gals per acre on
approx. 5 acres to see what would
happen. So far so good. I would expect
nice results here but time will tell. Yield
to be measure this fall on side by side.
94.
VanWychen Farms did over 500 acres of inter
seeding with red clover into corn.
Nick and Matt made modifications to the 12
row inter seeder and it seems to be paying off
this year. Also, we made changes to there
herbicide program so we didn’t kill the cover
crop. Two separate fields below. With all the
moisture this should do very well in 2017.
June 28th 2017
95.
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Pictures same 2 separate fields 7‐27‐17
96.
VanWychens 12 row inter seeder/28% applicator with changes in 2017
Two 13 wave coulters per row with
drag chain (2017)Lilliston units 2016
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