11. Natural:forest fires, pollen, dust storm
Unnatural: man-made; coal, wood and other
fuels used in cars, homes, and factories for
energy
when only short-term economic gains are
made at the cost of the long-term ecological
benefits for humanity. No natural
phenomenon has led to greater ecological
changes than have been made by mankind.
During the last few decades we have
contaminated our air, water and land
on which life itself depends with a variety of
waste products.
12. Pollutants include solid, liquid or gaseous substances
present in greater than natural abundance produced due to
human activity, which have a detrimental effect on our
environment.
The nature and concentration of a pollutant determines
the severity of detrimental effects on human health. An
average human requires about 12 kg of air each day, which
is nearly 12 to15 times greater than the amount of food we
eat. Thus even a small concentration of pollutants in the
air becomes more significant in comparison to the similar
levels present in food. Pollutants that enter water have the
ability to spread to distant places especially in the marine
ecosystem.
13. Ecological point of view Pollutants may be
classified as
Degradable or non-persistent pollutants:
These can be rapidly broken down by natural
processes.
Eg: domestic sewage, discarded vegetables, etc.
15. Ecological point of view Pollutants may be
classified as
Non-degradable pollutants:
These cannot be degraded by natural
processes. Once they are released into the
environment they are difficult to eradicate and
continue to accumulate.
Eg:toxic elements like lead or mercury.
25. Sulfur Dioxide
âąproduced when coal and fuel oil are
burned
âąpresent in power plant exhaust
âąnarrows the airway, causing wheezing and
shortness of breath, especially in those with
asthma
26. Nitrogen Dioxide
âąreddish, brown gas
âąproduced when nitric oxide
combines with oxygen in the
atmosphere
âąpresent in car exhaust and power
plants
âąaffects lungs and causes wheezing;
increases chance of respiratory
infection
27. Particulate Matter
âąparticles of different sizes and structures that are
released into the atmosphere
âąpresent in many sources including fossil fuels,
dust, smoke, fog, etc.
âącan build up in respiratory system
âąaggravates heart and lung disease; increases risk
of respiratory infection
28. Ground Level Ozone
âąat upper level, ozone shields Earth from sunâs harmful
UV rays
âąat ground level, ozone is harmful pollutants
âąformed from car, power and chemical plant exhaust
âąirritate respiratory system and asthma; reduces lung
function by inflaming and damaging lining of lungs
29.
30.
31. âąCombination of gases with water vapor and dust
âąCombination of words smoke and fog
âąForms when heat and sunlight react gases
(photochemical smog)
âąOccurs often with heavy traffic, high
temperatures, and calm winds
36. âą1st smog related deaths were in London in 1873; death
toll 500 people; can you imagine how much worse the
atmosphere is now?!
âąLimits visibility
âąDecreases UV radiation
âąYellow/black color over cities
âąCauses respiratory problems and bronchial related
deaths
66. âąRide your bike
âąTell your friends and family about pollution
âąMake sure your parents get pollution checks on their cars
âąRide the school bus
67. âąLearn more; stay up to date
âąJoin a group to stop pollution
âąEncourage your parents to carpool to work
âąSwitch off lights, fan, heat, etc. when you leave the
room
68. ï Encourage your family to
walk more
ï Take the school bus
ï Reduce the amount of
spray bottles
ï Do not burn leaves in
your yard- put them in a
compost
ï Keep your family cars in
tune
ï Put catalytic converters
on cars
ï Share your room with
others when the air
conditioner is on
ï Take care of your trees
68
Air Pollution
Solutions
72. Effects of Air Pollution
ï Health problems
ï Damage to the environment
ï Damage to property
ï Thinning of the protective
ozone layer of the atmosphere
which is leading to climate changes
72
74. What is air pollution?
ï contamination of the
air by noxious gases
and minute particles of
solid and liquid matter
(particulates) in
concentrations that
endanger health
ï Air pollution only
occurs outdoors
75. Sources of Outside Air Pollution
ï Combustion of gasoline and
other hydrocarbon fuels in cars,
trucks, and airplanes
ï Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal,
and dinosaur bones)
ï Insecticides
ï Herbicides
ï Everyday radioactive fallouts
ï Dust from fertilizers
ï Mining operations
ï Livestock feedlots
76. ï A major form of air pollution is emissions given
off by vehicles.
ï The number of cars in EU has doubled between
1970 and 1994 â 3% per year
77. Whatâs in smog
ï particulates (especially
lead)
ï nitrous oxides
ï potassium
ï Carbon monoxide
ï Other toxic chemicals
78. Sources of Indoor pollution
ï Efficient insulation
ï Bacteria
ï Molds and mildews
ï Viruses
ï animal dander and cat saliva
ï plants
ï house dust
ï Mites
ï Cockroaches
ï pollen
79. Effects on the environment
ï Acid rain
ï Ozone depletion
ï Global warming
ï In human population-
respiratory problems,
allergies, strengthens
lugs, and a risk for
cancer
80. Acid rain
ï contains high levels of sulfuric
or nitric acids
ï contaminate drinking water and
vegetation
ï damage aquatic life
ï erode buildings
ï Alters the chemical equilibrium
of some soils
81.
82. Strategiesï Air Quality Management Plan
ï Development of new
technology- electric cars,
cleaner fuels, low nitrogen
oxide boilers and water
healers, zero polluting
paints, less polluting BBQ
lighter fluids
ï Use of natural gas
ï Carpooling
ï Follow the laws enacted
83. Urban Emissions
âąThere are small emissions of NOx from industrial
processes
âąThe main emissions are from combustion.
âąThere is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels
so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the
air.
âąSulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in
most fuels.
âąParticulate matter describes matter below 10ÎŒm
aerodynamic diameter.
84. Role of Engines and Fuel
ï Different engines and fuel combinations give out
different emissions in different quantities.
ï Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove
part of the harmful gases.
85. Catalytic Converters and
Particle Traps
ï Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx
emissions.
CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2
Platinum Honeycomb
ï Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the
effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle
burns has a high sulphur content.
ï The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel.
86.
87. STRATEGIE
The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach:
ï Based on scientific knowledge
ï Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data
ï With close involvement of stakeholders:
1. Project future emissions and air quality resulting from
full implementation of current EU legislation
2. Explore scope and costs for further measures
3. Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios
4. Estimate benefits of policy scenarios
88. Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution
- Traffic emissions including diesel engines
- Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood
- Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC
89. Ground level ozone
- VOC control to reduce ozone in cities
- N0x reduction from traffic
- Control of N0x emissions from ships
- Methane reduction