Trends in Opto Electro & Optical Communication vol 6 issue 3

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September–December 2016
Trends in Opto
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1. Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Channel Aspect Ratio and Surface Wettability to Control the
Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Water in Straight PMMA Microchannels
Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay 1
2. Design and Analysis of a Low Loss Polarization Maintaining Waveguide for Transmission of THz Waves
Md. Anwar Hossain, Mohaiminul Islam, Fahmida Haque 13
3. Mean based Load Adaptation Algorithms (MLAA) for Energy Saving in FiWi Access Networks
Uma Rathore Bhatt, Abhilasha Chaure, Raksha Upadhyay 23
4. Optical Characteristics of Amorphous Se-Ge-Ag Thin Films
Niraj Kumar Sharma, K. K. Srivastava 33
5. Multi-variable Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Discharge Machining Process Using a
PCA-ANN Based Approach
Kaushal Pratap Singh, Brij Kishor Singh, Manoj Kumar Gaur 39
ContentsTrends in Opto Electro & Optical Communication

TOEOC (2016) 1-12 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Volume 6, Issue 3
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Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Channel
Aspect Ratio and Surface Wettability to Control the
Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Water in Straight
PMMA Microchannels
Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay*
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Arunachal
Pradesh, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, Papum Pare,
Arunachal Pradesh, India
Abstract
Total 214 individual straight polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microchannels have been
fabricated by the maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography, direct bonding technique,
and atmospheric pressure air dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma processing. The
experimental investigations on the effects of structural properties (channel aspect ratios) and
physical properties (surface wettability, capillary pressure and kinetic energy) on the surface-
driven capillary flow of dyed water in straight PMMA microchannels is a novel approach in
this research paper. Below a certain channel aspect ratio, the effect of kinetic energy is more
dominant than the effect of channel aspect ratio. The surface-driven capillary flow of dyed
water is faster on the surface of higher wettability corresponding to lower static water contact
angle. The determined diffusion coefficient is higher in the faster surface-driven capillary flow
of dyed water according to the comparison between experimental results and analytical
solutions. These experimental investigations are highly useful in bioengineering applications
to control the working liquid inside the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems for the tuned
operation time.
Keywords: Lithography, surface tension, wetting, carbon, water, PMMA, microchannel,
channel aspect ratio
INTRODUCTION
Surface-driven capillary flow is generated by
the active surface tension forces at the
interfaces between liquid and channel wall
inside any microchannel [1–3]. Surface-driven
capillary flow is commonly known as passive
capillary flow due to no requirement of any
external circuit to be attached with the
microchannel [1–3]. In any active capillary
flow, the external circuits are generally
attached with the microchannel for desired
microfluidic flow [4]. Passive method is easier
than the active methods to generate
microfluidic flow inside the microchannels.
Presently, the experimental investigations on
passive capillary flow in microchannels are
highly required for different microfluidic
applications [5–8]. Many methods are
applicable to fabricate microfluidic devices
such as maskless lithography, hot embossing
lithography, soft lithography, X-ray
lithography, injection molding, and laser
photo-ablation [9–14]. Many surface
modification techniques are available to
modify the channel surface property inside any
microchannel such as dielectric barrier
discharge (DBD) plasma processing and
plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition
(PECVD) method [15–17]. Direct bonding
techniques and indirect bonding techniques are
used to fabricate leakage-free microfluidic
devices [18]. SU-8, polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
are commonly used materials to fabricate
microfluidic devices [9, 19–21].
In this research paper, author has
experimentally investigated the effect of
channel aspect ratio on the surface-driven
microfluidic flow. Also, author has

Trends in Opto-Electro & Optical Communications
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Design and Analysis of a Low Loss Polarization
Maintaining Waveguide for Transmission of THz Waves
Md. Anwar Hossain, Mohaiminul Islam*, Fahmida Haque
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
This paper presents the design of a novel porous core kagome lattice photonic crystal fiber
(PCF) which acts as a low loss and polarization maintaining teraheartz (THz) waveguide.
Using finite element method (FEM), properties of the proposed PCF are simulated in details
including the effective material loss (EML), confinement loss, single mode propagation. Cyclic
olefin copolymer, also known as TOPAS material have been chosen for the air micro
structured inhibited coupled design of PCF which has the lowest bulk material absorption loss
of 0.2 cm-1
. Expressions are given to asses this optimization and the result are shown for the
variation of core diameter from 425 to 500 um and the porosity from 55 to 70% along with the
frequency in THz region from 0.1 to 2 THz. By varying parameters such as core porosity and
core diameter within the frequency range, the goal is to show an optimized solution consisting
of low EML and confinement loss. In addition, the proposed design also delivers the lowest
confinement loss. Findings of this work can be of great significance in biomedical imaging
and sensing system.
Keywords: Waveguide, THz, PCF, kagome, EML, TOPAS, confinement, FEM
INTRODUCTION
The terahertz, abbreviated as THz, is a unit of
electromagnetic (EM) wave frequency. The
terahertz is used as an indicator of the
frequency of infrared (IR), visible, and
ultraviolet (UV) radiation [1]. THz regime lies
between electronic and optical region in the
electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies
ranging from 0.1 to 10 THz [2]. THz are the
electromagnetic waves, and show non-ionizing
characteristics i.e. the photons of the THz
waves are not energized enough to break the
chemical bonds. The properties and behavior
of THz waves are governed by the Maxwell
equations.
However, due to their specific location on the
electromagnetic spectrum, THz waves are
much more difficult to handle than waves
adjacent to them. Currently, THz regime has
gained much importance as it finds
applications in various important fields such as
imaging [2], astronomy, communications [3],
pharmaceutical quality control, skin cancer [4]
etc. Successful implementation of the THz
systems requires a low loss and commercially
significant waveguides. So, researchers now-a-
days are faced by the challenges to confine the
high power fraction in dry air and also low
power fraction within the materials itself.
Guidance of light in photonic crystal fibers
(PCFs) is within the periodic array of
microscopic air holes that is situated all along
the entire fiber length [5]. PCFs can efficiently
overcome the limitation of conventional fiber
optics. Permitting low loss guidance of light in
hollow core makes these fibers significant in
various technological and scientific
applications. Generally, PCF is a low loss
periodic dielectric medium.
PCFs consist of a wave guiding core and a
cladding layer with spatially periodic air holes,
are currently another subject of intensive
research, because a number of unusual
properties, such as endless single mode,
tailorable dispersion, and controllable mode
area, have been demonstrated with such fibers.
PCF is also known as micro structured or
holey fiber [6]. Though, conventional fiber
and photonic crystal fiber are of same region
but have some significant difference also. In

Trends in Opto-Electro & Optical Communications
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Mean based Load Adaptation Algorithms (MLAA) for
Energy Saving in FiWi Access Networks
Uma Rathore Bhatt*, Abhilasha Chaure, Raksha Upadhyay
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
Fiber Wireless (FiWi) network has been evolving as a promising broadband access network.
It provides high data rate, flexibility and stability to the users. Exponential growth in
broadband access networks has opened many research challenges. Energy conservation is
one of them. In FiWi network, among all the components, optical network unit (ONU)
consumes most of the power of the network. Hence, to keep ONU in low power state while
ensuring required quality of service (QoS) contributes towards energy saving in FiWi
network. In this paper, we propose Mean based Load Adaptation Algorithms (MLAA) viz.
algorithm 1 and algorithm 2 for delay insensitive and delay sensitive services, respectively. It
is clear from simulation results that proposed algorithms provide energy saving while
ensuring required quality of service (QoS) in terms of delay. Proposed algorithms are low
complex and easy to implement. Beside, algorithm 2 avoid the necessity of handshaking
signals which results in further energy saving.
Keywords: Energy saving, Load adaption, FiWi, ONU, QoS
INTRODUCTION
FiWi is the most promising access network
technology due to its quality to combine
advantages of optical fiber network and
wireless network. FiWi deploys passive
optical network (PON) at back end while
wireless access network at front end or user
end. PON provides high speed, huge
bandwidth, transmission stability and
nonexistence of active nodes between central
office (CO) and ONUs. However, sometimes
it becomes difficult to deploy optical fiber
cable at geographically distant points to
provide telecommunication services to the user
ends. To deal with this problem FiWi deploys
wireless access network at user end to provide
flexible, ubiquitous and cost efficient
telecommunication services to network
users [1]. Figure 1 describes FiWi access
network architecture in which an OLT is
placed at central office. Optical fiber cables
named feeder fiber cable and distribution fiber
cables are deployed between CO and passive
splitter and ONUs and passive splitter,
respectively [1]. There are optical transceivers
placed at ONUs for conversion of optical
signal into electrical one and vice versa [2].
ONUs and user ends are communicating
through routers in wireless domain. WONU is
the combination of an ONU and a wireless
router (WR). It is an Interface between optical
and wireless networks [1]. Tremendous
growth in information and communication
technology (ICT) sector and telecom services,
has been demanding energy conservation [3].
Therefore, energy saving is becoming one of
the important issues for all type of networks.
Energy saving is the major concern for
telecommunication networks especially for
access networks that consume about 60 to 80%
of power out of the total internet power
consumption.
An ONU is the major contributor for energy
consumption in current fiber-to-the-home
(FTTH) technologies which consumes about
60% power of total power consumption. When
we calculate power consumption due to an
ONU, ONU transmitter and receiver are the
major contributors towards power
consumption in an ONU [3]. Hence, any effort
to put ONUs into low power state will help to
reduce power consumption of access
networks.

Volume 6, Issue 3
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Optical Characteristics of Amorphous
Se-Ge-Ag Thin Films
Niraj Kumar Sharma1,
*, K. K. Srivastava2
1
Department of Physics, S R Group of Institutions, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Physics, Dayanand Brajendra Swarup Post Graduate College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Abstract
Detailed studies on impurity dependence of the optical structural properties have been carried
out on Se-Ge-Ag thin film samples prepared by thermal evaporation technique. The effect of
the addition of varying amounts of silver in concentrations from 5 to 15 molar percent to Se-
Ge system were analyzed systematically under the room temperature. The optical transmission
and reflection spectra of these films were measured in the range of 300–900 nm. The
mechanism of the optical absorption follows the rule of forbidden non-direct transition. The
band gap Eg, determined from plots of both (αhν)1/2
and (//
r)versus hν, was found to increase
with the increase of the Ag contents in the sample. Real and imaginary parts of the dielectric
constant are determined and it showed apparently little change with impurity doping in the
sample. The results are discussed in terms of the structure of Se-Ge-Ag films in terms of
structure factor. From the reflectance and transmittance studies of the thin films of Se-Ge-Ag
system, it may be concluded that the refractive index η decreases, while the value of the
extinction coefficient k increases with photon energy.
Keywords: Chalcogenide glasses, amorphous semiconductor, quenching technique, optical
properties
INTRODUCTION
It is known that chalcogenide glasses, in
general, are p-type semiconductors with a
positive Seebeck coefficient describing their
thermoelectric power [1, 2]. This is attributed
to the following two reasons: (i) The number
of electrons excited above the conduction band
mobility edge is smaller than the number of
holes excited below the valence band mobility
edge; (ii) The lifetime of the free holes excited
from positive defect states is higher than the
lifetime of free electrons excited from negative
defect states. This is the case for chalcogenide
elements as well as for binary, ternary and
multi component glass-forming alloys of S, Se
and Te with elements like Ge, As, Sb, Si, Sn,
etc. Further, addition of impurities does not
alter the nature of their conductivity.
Many techniques have been developed
intensively in the last few years owing to the
interesting properties and technological
applications of chalcogenides glasses. Vitreous
Te-based alloys have recently been the
subjects of extensive work; with an emphasis
on structural changes because of new
technological applications particularly in the
field of optical data storage [3–6]. Many
studies devoted to the diversification (i.e. the
crystallization from the vitreous phase) of
binary X-Te [7–10]; or ternary X-Y-Te
vitreous alloys [11–13]. For all these systems,
the glass-forming region is often located in the
Te rich range, and during annealing most of
these glasses exhibit a double glass-transition.
Differentials scanning calorimetric (DSC)
studies have been carried out on germanium
telluride glasses containing Cu and Ag by
Ramesh et al. [14]. On the basis of the
diversification behavior of these glasses they
concluded that the network connectivity of the
parent Ge-Te matrix is not improved by the
addition of Cu. The thermal stability of some
ternary compounds of the CuxGe0.2Te0.8-x type
has been evaluated by Vazquez et al. [15].
Electrical resistivity measurements tinder
pressure at ambient and low temperature has
been carried out on bulk melt quenched

Volume 6, Issue 3
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Multi-variable Analysis and Optimization of Electrical
Discharge Machining Process Using a PCA-ANN Based
Approach
Kaushal Pratap Singh*, Brij Kishor Singh, Manoj Kumar Gaur
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
The optimum selection of process parameters has played a crucial role in electrical discharge
machining (EDM) for improving the material removal rate, reducing the tool wear rate and
radial overcut. In this paper, optimum parameters while machining 202 stainless steel using
copper electrode as a tool has been investigated. For optimization of process parameters
along with multiple quality characteristics, principal component analysis coupled with
artificial neural network method has been adopted in this work. Here artificial neural network
(ANN) is used to predict the combined objective function (COF). Comparison between
experimental COF with ANN predicted COF to find the percentage error.
Keywords: Response parameter (MMR, TWR, SR), EDM, PCA, ANN, COF
INTRODUCTION
In the world of machining and most
importantly in manufacturing of mould and die
components, machining of hardened steel is a
vital area for today’s scientific research. For
machining of hardened steel, the preferred
metal cutting process is electrical discharge
machining. This process is characterized by
good material removal rate, better dimensional
accuracy and up to the mark surface finish. In
practice, optimization of every machining
process parameter is usually is a challenging
task, because it requires simultaneously both,
machining operation experience and
knowledge of mathematical algorithms. The
problem of optimization in EDM is very
complex in nature and number of constraints
has to be considered at a time. Considering
this fact, process parameter optimization in
electrical discharge machining becomes a
multi-objective problem. This paper deals with
influential parameters for EDM, thirty two
experiments have been carried out based on
full factorial design (25
) in order to have
representative data. Application of principal
components analysis (PCA) coupled with
artificial neural network to effect of process
parameters simultaneously on the performance
characteristics during EDM of 202 stainless
steel, and also to predict the combined
objective function using artificial neural
network which is used to calculate the
percentage error. The experimental analysis
using the proposed approach gave the
optimized and profitable result.
FRAMEWORK FOR LITERATURE
REVIEW
The framework for literature review is
presented in Table 1.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Electro discharge machining (EDM) is a
thermoelectric process that removes material
from the work piece by a series of discrete
sparks between a work and tool electrode
immersed in a liquid dielectric medium
(Figure 1).

Trends in Opto Electro & Optical Communication vol 6 issue 3

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Trends in Opto Electro & Optical Communication vol 6 issue 3