STEP Conference 2016 - Brian Robinson, Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership - From In the Lab to On the Road

1. Low Carbon Vehicle PartnershipLow Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Low Emission Technologies:
From In the Lab to On the Road
1
Scottish Transport Emissions Partnership, Annual Conference
Thursday 3rd November 2016
Brian Robinson CEng CEnv MIMechE, LowCVP

2. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
LowCVP is a unique public-private membership
organisation that exists to ‘accelerate the shift to low
carbon vehicles and fuels and stimulate UK business
opportunities’
LowCVP Working GroupsGovernment &
Public Bodies
Fuel
Suppliers
Technology
Suppliers
Automotive
Manufacturers
Fleet
Operators
Environmental &
Academia
Our work also integrates improving air quality.

3. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
LowCVP role – Unique offering
Creating communities
Gathering the
stakeholders
around
common
challenges/
objectives
Building Understanding
Researching the
common barriers
or opportunities,
creating
common goals
Influencing Policy
Defining
measurement
processes, schemes,
labels, information,
incentives at
individual, local,
regional, nation
(international) level
Accelerate the market
Promotion, of
common policies,
information,
outreach to delivery
partners
LowCVP activity spectrum

4. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Contents
• Technologies & where they work
• Existing support schemes
• Work-in-progress
• Guidance docs and info sources
• Summary
• Getting involved
4

5. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Technologies and where they work
Vehicles Technology AQ GHG
Pure electric ?
Hybridisation & range extender ?
Hydrogen ?
LPG
CNG/LNG
Bio-methane/SNG
Bio-diesel
Dual fuel (diesel & gas) ?
Aerodynamic aids & low rolling resistance tyres
Exhaust after-treatment, e.g. SCR & EURO VI
And many others...light-weighting, low viscosity
lubricants, GTL, etc.
5
But don’t forget/neglect the demand side!

6. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
How did we get here?
Creation of
the Millbrook
London
Transport Bus
(MLTB) Cycle
Definition of a
‘Low Carbon
Emission Bus’
(LCEB)
Creation of a
LCEB
Accreditation
Scheme
Green Bus
Fund
BSOG LCEB
incentive
Scottish
Green Bus
Fund
Low Carbon
Bus
Technology
Roadmap
Research on
overcoming
barriers to
LCEB take-up
OLEV Low
Emission Bus
Grant Scheme
Definition of a
LEB and new
accreditation
scheme
OLEV Low
Emission Bus
Scheme
Winners
Announced
2007-08 20151996 20162009-10 2014
Key milestones in the evolution of green bus policy in the UK
20 years of collaborative development of products, performance and policy

7. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Existing support schemes
• £30m Low Emission Bus Scheme created to continue
the push to decarbonise the bus market and target reduction in air
quality emissions between 2016-2019.
• LowCVP UK Bus (LUB) test incorporates MLTB cycle with additional
rural cycle.
• Creation of Low Emission Bus definition:
• At least 15% GHG saving on a Well-to-Wheel (WTW) basis vs. a Euro V
diesel bus of equivalent passenger capacity.
• Euro VI or equivalent engine.
• Focus on short-term challenges and long-term deployment:
• Proportional funding for WTW GHG saving (greater savings = increased
funding)
• ‘Zero Emissions Capable’ range: £1,000 / km up to 30km.
• Funding available for supporting infrastructure.
7
OLEV Low Emission Bus Winners examples:
Total of 261 buses (competition closed)
• Arriva, Liverpool : 9x Biomethane, 12 x Electric,
51 x Hybrid
• Birmingham City Council: 22 x Hydrogen
• Milton Keynes Borough Council: 11 x Electric
• Nottingham City Council: e-bus charging station
• Nottingham City Transport: 53 x Biomethane
• TfL: 34 x Electric
• Reading Buses: 16 x Biomethane
Visit the
LowCVP Low Emission Bus Portal
for more information on
accredited LEBs.

8. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
HGV Retrofit Technologies Scheme
• In 2010, LowCVP, with DfT and other stakeholders identified a need for a scheme
to provide confidence to operators that after-market, low carbon/fuel efficiency
aids would deliver real savings under their real-world conditions.
• In 2012 LowCVP published a report identifying the need for an independent
accreditation scheme to unlock the potential for significant uptake of retrofit
technologies to reduce carbon in the existing fleet of HGVs.
• Over the last few years the European commission research group has been
working on methods to report and potentially ultimately legislate, CO2 from
HDV’s (focus is now on VECTO the EU simulation tool likely to form part of future
type approval process).
• In 2014, OLEV part-funding allowed LowCVP and its members to develop a
solution for the UK which aims to relate to the EU activity and strategic direction,
but “unlock” the market in the near term. Development of Long Haul, Regional
Delivery and Urban Delivery test cycles (track-based with PEMS).
• Scheme launched by Minister at LowCVP
Conference, June 2016.
• New, City-Centre Delivery cycle now also developed.
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Horiba-Mira Ltd
Technology:
Technology X
Technology Supplier:
X Truck Tyres Ltd
Test Vehicle:
Euro VI 18t rigid, loaded to 15t
Test Date(s):
Jun-16
Baseline vehicle (ifdifferent):
As above, with standard tyres
Test Date(s):
Jun-16
Greenhouse GasEmissions(Baseline condition, without technology fitted/operational)
Test Cycle
CO2 (g/km) CH4 (g/km)
N2O (g/km)
CO2e (g/km)
GWP (100 years)
1
25
298
Long Haul
763
0
Not measured
763
Regional Delivery
799
0
Not measured
799
Urban Delivery
868
0
Not measured
868
City Centre Delivery
Greenhouse GasEmissions(Test condition, with technology fitted/operational)
% CO2e savings
Test Cycle
CO2 (g/km) CH4 (g/km)
N2O (g/km)
CO2e (g/km)
Uncorrected
Control vehicle
Corrected
Long Haul
701
0
Not measured
701
8.1%
-2.3%
10%
Regional Delivery
757
0
Not measured
757
5.3%
-0.7%
6%
Urban Delivery
840
0
Not measured
840
3.2%
-1.2%
4%
City Centre Delivery
% change
Iftechnology incurs payload loss (tonnes and/or cubic metres), please quantify here, as % corrections to above figures
g/tonne-km:
0%
g/cubic metre-km:
0%
Pollutant Emissions(performance oftest vehicle relative to baseline condition)
Test Cycle
NO (g/km) NO2 (g/km)
NOx (g/km)
CO (g/km)
THC (g/km)
PM(g/km)
Long Haul
0.00
0.02
0 .0 2
0.12
-0.02
Not measured
Regional Delivery
0.00
0.02
0 .0 2
-0.09
0.00
Not measured
Urban Delivery
-0.28
-0.04
- 0 .3 2
-0.12
0.00
Not measured
City Centre Delivery
Commentson above results:
Test Cycle
Long Haul
Regional DeliveryUrban DeliveryCity Centre Delivery
Key to classifications:X%
CO2e g/km, g-tonne-km and g-cubic metre km all reduced by at least 2%, without unacceptable increases in NOx emissions
Not Certified:
CO2e g/km not reduced by at least 2%, or unacceptable increases in NOx emissions measured
Notes:
GWP (Global Warming Potential) values in line with current UK GHG reporting guidelines.
Certificate Approved by:
On behalfofLowCVP
Approved Test facility:
10%
6%
4%
Not tested
Accreditation Scheme for Aftermarket Technologies - Certificate
Not tested
Not tested
Not tested
Overall Assessment
• Other UK schemes include FORS, ECO-Stars, LCRS, LoCITY.
• Smartway scheme in North America could be useful model to build
support mechanisms around the accreditation scheme?

9. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Work-in-Progress:
Clean Vehicle Retrofit Accreditation Scheme
9
 Road transport is a key source of elevated NOx emissions in
cities, leading to breaches of the EU limit value for NO2.
 Defra published an air quality plan in to reduce NO2 levels in
cities and town in the UK to meet compliance by 2020.
 Intends to introduce ‘Clean Air Zones’ in 5 regions – charge
operators access unless compliance with NOx emissions
standards – purchase new vehicles or retrofit.
NO2 Action Plan States – ‘The Department of Transport
has commissioned the Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership to
develop a new Clean Vehicle Retrofit Accreditation Scheme.
This will ensure there is a robust system in place providing
independent evidence that any future vehicle retrofit
technology scheme will deliver significant NOx emission
reductions and air quality benefits . The scheme will cover a
range of vehicles – buses, coaches, trucks, vans, mini-buses
and taxis, and will facilitate the development of an
approved list of suppliers and technology.’

10. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Approved Test facility
Customer:
Customer Address:
Test Purpose: LEB Certification
Vehicle Manufacturer: Buses R uS Unladen weight (kg) 12000.0
Vehicle Type: Plug in Hybrid Flywheel Gross Weight (kg) 18000.0
Engine: Tdi 334 Euro VI Passenger Capacity 89 OK
Transmission: Auto Euro VI certificate Y/N
Fuel Type: Fuel Provider:
Well-to Tank Factor: (g CO2e/MJ) WTT evidence
Test Phase HC (g/km) CO (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM (g/km) CO2 (g/km) CH4 (g/km)‡ N2O (g/km)‡
Fuel
Consumption
(l/100 km)
Rural / LUB 0.00 0.08 0.08 N/A 893.36 0.00 0.030 30.000
Inner London 0.00 0.02 0.02 N/A 856.59 0.00 0.010 45.000
Outer London 0.00 0.01 0.01 N/A 877.55 0.00 0.005 50.000
MLTB Average 0.00 0.01 0.02 875.22 0.00 0.012 47.500
LUB Average 0.00 0.01 0.01 N/A 867.07 0.00 0.010 41.667
Test Phase
Rural / LUB
Inner London
Outer London
MLTB
LUB Total Average
Fuel/energy
used over
Total Fuel
Energy
(litres/km) (MJ/km)
Rural 2.89 36.00
Inner London 2.96 38.00
Outer London 2.70 35.00
MLTB 3.01 41.00
LUB Total Average 2.89 36.00
Data Generated by: Data Approved by:
On behalf of Test facility
*****
*****
***** Data to input to LEB grant fund calculator
Certificate approved by: Certificate Approved by:
On behalf of Bus manufacturer On behalf of LowCVP/DfT
*** WTW - Well-to Wheel
CO2 (g/km)
1044.12
875.22
867.07
Calculated TTW** GHG
Emissions
14.20 60.34
* WTT - Wheel-to-Tank
0.00 3.58 878.80
14.20 26.50
Test Phase
WTT* Fuel GHG
Equivalence Factor
** TTW - Tank-to-Wheel
Low Emission Bus Scheme Certificate
Emissions and Energy consumption results from approved test facility - Average 3 tests
14.2
Total Tank-to-Wheel GHG CO 2 equivalent
CH4 (g/km x 25)‡ N2O (g/km x 298)‡ TTW GHG (CO2e (g/km)
Yes - Manufacturer certified
893.36
0.00 1.49 879.04
0.00 8.94 902.30
856.59
877.55
0.00 2.98 870.05
Well-to-Wheel GHG CO 2 equivalent
0.00 2.98 859.57
Calculated WTW*** GHG
Emissions
(g CO2e/MJ) (g CO2e/MJ) (g CO2e/MJ)
14.20 57.18 984.70
1011.9
Euro V Average Diesel Equivalent (g CO2e / km) 1200.4
977.76
14.20 65.24 1040.92
14.20 52.31 1011.88
Approved as Low Emission Bus? (15% saving or more)
† compared with Euro 5
UK Diesel Fuels R us
DEFRA 2014 factors
WTW GHG saving† (g CO2e / km)
Low Emission Bus Certificate Summary
GHG Well-to-Wheel (g CO2e / km)
Zero Emission operating range (km) 0.0
188.5
16%
Yes/No
Total measured energy consumed on vehicle (kWr)
Electric energy consumption and charge efficiency
Measured grid energy during charging kWr
Distance covered km
Charging efficiency
% WTW GHG saving† (g CO2e / km)
Get Bag Data
Get Modal Data
Why LowCVP and Why Retrofit?
10
Why LowCVP?
• Experience with accreditation schemes
• Understanding of technologies / fuels
• Understanding of vehicle emissions
• Strong engagement with stakeholders
• Ensure air quality and climate change benefit
Why Retrofit?
• Fleet renewal to Euro VI/6 will take time
• Euro 6 RDE not adopted as yet
• All commercial vehicles, buses and 50% car
miles rely on diesel, so need solution
• Substantial electrification of the fleet > a
decade away
• Fuel saving technology is appealing to
operators

11. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Clean Vehicle Retrofit Accreditation Scheme Proposal
• To develop an independent certification scheme to aid vehicle operators’ decisions on which
retrofit NOx abatement technologies can achieve relevant emission performance standards. Two
tier approach recommended:
1) For potential use with Clean Air Zones - targets aligned to Euro VI/6
2) For optional clean vehicle retrofit funding schemes with less onerous targets to be
adopted in non-CAZ cities.
Overarching Objectives
• To set emission based performance criteria for retrofit technologies which can reduce NOx
emissions for Buses, Coaches, Trucks, Mini-buses, Vans and Taxis.
• To ensure no negative impacts on other air pollutants notably particulates and NH3, and
greenhouse gas emissions – CH4, N2O and CO2 – set appropriate emission standards.
• To prepare a set of vehicle emission test procedures to qualify retrofit equipment performance
against proposed emission standards
• To maximise the use of existing and established processes and tests
• To source industry feedback on proposed accreditation scheme design and implementation.
11

12. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Euro V and Euro VI Bus NOx Emissions
(LEB Scheme Pilot Vehicle Emissions Testing)
12
4.069
6.839
0.160 0.016 0.018 0.015 0.010 0.014
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
Euro V Euro V Euro VI CNG Euro VI DieselEuro VI DieselEuro VI DieselEuro VI DieselEuro VI Diesel
NOxemissiong/km
MLTB Cycle
LUB Cycle

13. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
3.4
1.9
1.4 1.4
0.8
0.5 0.4
0.1
0.64
0.46
0.01 0.01
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Project 1 Project 2 Project 3 Project 4 Project 5 Project 6 Project 7 Project 8 TfL Bus 1 TfL Bus 2 LUB Bus 1 LUB Bus 2
NOxg/km
Retrofitted Euro III - CBTF/CVTF
Euro VI TfL
In Service
Euro VI
LEB Schemes
Clean Air Zone Limit?
NOx Emissions Retrofitted & Euro VI Buses Test Data
13
Clean Up Limit?
Euro III Bus – average NOx emissions 12g/km

14. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Proposed CAZ Emission Limits & Test Procedures
for Vehicles Class Covered Under CVRAS
14
Bus Truck Coach Mini-bus and Van Taxi
AQ Emission Limits NOx - 0.5 g/km
NO2 - 0.3 g/km
PM - 20 mg/km
NH3 – 10 ppm
NOx - 0.5 g/km
NO2 - 0.3 g/km
PM - 20 mg/km
NH3 – 10 ppm
NOx – 0.5 g/km
NO2 – 0.3 g/km
PM - 20 mg/km
NH3 – 10 ppm
NOx - 0.25 g/km
NO2 - 0.1 g/km
PM - 10 mg/km
NH3 – 10 ppm
NOx - 0.25 g/km
NO2 - 0.1 g/km
PM – 10 mg/km
NH3 – 10 ppm
GHG Emission Limit No more than 1% increase in well-to-wheel primary CO2 eq emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O)
Not to Exceed NOx Limits
(Individual drive cycle
phases)
Rural– 0.4g/km
Outer London- 0.5g/km
Inner London– 0.7g/km
City - 0.7 g/km tbd
Urban – 0.6 g/km
Regional – 0.5 g/km
Long Haul– 0.4g/km
Inner London– 1.0/km
Outer London– 0.7g/km
Long Haul – 0.4 g/km
tbd tbd
Vehicle Emission Drive Cycle LowCVP UK Bus Cycle LowCVP (VECTO
based) Truck Cycles
NB new LowCVP/TfL
urban van cycle to
be added
VECTO based Coach and
UK Bus Cycles
World
Harmonised Light
Duty Test Cycle.
(option for
LowCVP/TfL truck
cycles)
PCO-CENEX
London Taxi
Cycle or
(optional WTLC)
Vehicle Testing Method Chassis Dynamometer PEMS on Track or
Chassis
Dynamometer
Chassis Dynamometer or
PEMS on Track
Chassis
Dynamometer
Chassis
Dynamometer
Test Load conditions Hot start @ 50%
seated capacity
Hot starts at 50-60%
load
Hot starts at 50% seated
capacity
WLTP Cold start
at 50% load
Van cycle hot
start at 50% load
Hot start at
driver + 1
passenger load
Final emission limits to be confirmed – CO2 eq likely to increase to 3%

15. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
In Use Verification & Enforcement
 It is important to ensure the durability of retrofit technology and effective
operation.
 Euro VI/6 has durability standards, notably OBD
Recommendations:
1. The technology supplier could be required to demonstrate methods of in use verification
- On board diagnostic to ensure correct injection of urea
- Warning light to driver to indicate poor performance of abatement system
- GPS and recording of vehicle operation in EV mode (PHEV)
- NOx sensors to demonstrate removal efficiency of after-treatment system
2. DfT/Defra could undertake spot vehicle emission testing to identify non-conformance with
and financial penalty for operators who fails to maintain retrofit equipment to certified emission
performance standards.
3. Option for new emission roadside sensors to “catch” gross polluters
15

16. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
CVRAS Summary
• Retrofit technology has important role to play in reducing road transport NOx
emissions and helping to meet NO2 limit values.
• It is essential that retrofit technologies cause no adverse impacts to air
pollution and GHG emissions.
• LowCVP has proposed CAZ emission limits for various vehicle classes and
developed a robust methodology to accredit retrofit technology suppliers.
• Collaborated with multiple stakeholder to develop our CVRAS proposals.
• Mechanisms must be in place to ensure retrofit equipment durability
combined with enforcement.
• Awaiting further notice of when and how the scheme could be adopted by
Defra/DfT.
16

17. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Other LowCVP Work in Progress
• EV Network Group.
• LowCVP and EA Technology.
• Key stakeholders from the low carbon automotive and electricity
supply sectors.
• Aim of ensuring that rapid electric vehicle uptake is not
constrained by its impacts on the UK’s power grid.
• Focal point to address both technological and infrastructural
needs, sharing research and recommending the optimal
measures to increase the number of UK electric miles by 2030.
• The Group will also introduce consumer voices, facilitating
dialogue between key stakeholders and acting as a conduit for
information to and from the UK Government.
• Joint communiqué with CAA.
• 14 Signatory organisations, incl. EIC, EPUK, Green Alliance, IES,
King’s College London, SocEnv.
• Common challenge, opportunities for UK, common assessment
methods, performance-based and appropriate policies, need for
accelerated action.
• Defining ULEVs.
• Building consensus around terminology and ensuring the benefits
are clearly communicated.
• Developing test procedures and vehicle classes covered, e.g.
RCVs.
17

18. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Guidance and info…
• Low Emission Bus Guide created to assist bus fleet operators and local authorities
procure clean and green buses.
• The LEB Guide will:
• Set out the business, environmental and operational case for using low
emission buses including OEM products and retrofit equipment.
• To provide greater depth of understanding about the availability of low
emission bus technologies and associated infrastructure, and to identify the
operational context to which they are best suited.
• To provide case studies of real world experience of operators of LEBs.
• LEB Guide launch at European Bus Expo 1-3rd November at NEC, Birmingham.
• Dissemination workshops and webinars in 2017 for local authorities and
operators.
• Good Practice Guide for Local Measures to Encourage the Uptake of Low Emission
Vehicles.
• This Good Practice Guide aims to assist local and city authorities in understanding a
broad range of policy measures and initiatives that can be utilised to encourage the
uptake of LEVs.
• Covers 12 distinct areas including planning; procurement; taxis and private hire
vehicles; parking and infrastructure provision.
• Examples of successful private public partnerships are explained in combination
with case studies of good practice in the UK and internationally.
• The Guide outlines challenges local authorities face in adopting LEV policies, and
provides recommendations for how these can be overcome.

19. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Guidance and info…
• For Vans, we have the Low Emission Van Guide , updated July
2016.
• Also web-based Van Hub and the Van Cost & Carbon
Calculator (VC3)
• For HGVs, there is more info on the accreditation scheme, test
procedures and previous research on the website,
www.lowcvp.org.uk.
• There are other existing sources of HGV info, e.g. LoCITY,
Centre for Sustainable Road Freight (SRF Optimiser tool).
• DfT will shortly be publishing various reports, including the
results of LowCVP’s gas-vehicle testing programme, the Low
Carbon Truck Trial report and their Freight Carbon Review.
• A Low Emission Taxi Guide is currently being planned, for
publication in 2017.

20. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Overall Summary
• Technology has important role to play in reducing
road transport NOx and GHG emissions but it’s
vital to join these agenda up to ensure optimal
solutions.
• Retrofit technologies have important role, too,
and can be incentivized through robust testing,
accreditation and in-use verification schemes.
• Communicating the benefits of low emission
vehicles, technologies and fuels is vital, so clear,
consistent and coherent definitions are needed.
• Lots of guidance exists, and more is being
developed.
• Engagement of stakeholders, sharing knowledge
and collaborating for mutual advantage drives
effective policy-making and support mechanisms.
20

21. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Critical elements for successful policy
• Representative measurement, recognise applications
(Dustcart solution different from Long Haul truck).
• Technology neutral – don’t pick winners or losers but
focus on outcomes (clean air, low carbon).
• Progressive approach – rewards ambition but enable
everyone to make progress and engage/support.
• Consistent long term agenda.
• Minimise testing and administrative burden.
• National common framework (same vehicles and
thresholds) with local implementation.

22. Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
15/09/2016 Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
Brian Robinson
Programme Manager (Commercial Vehicles)
brian.robinson@lowcvp.org.uk / 07863 783482
Szilvia Libor
Membership Coordinator
szilvia.libor@lowcvp.org.uk / 020 7304 6880
…Interested in joining the Partnership?
Thank you. Any questions?
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