1. Chapter 8:Employment, Labor, and Wages

2. 8-1: The Labor Movement Early Union Development First attempt to organize labor in America was in 1778, by printers in New York City Small fraction of workers belonged to unions Comprised of skilled workers and possessed strong bargaining power In early 1800’s, large scale immigration provided a supply of cheap, unskilled labor Public opinion against the unions and labor organizers were viewed as troublemakers

3. Civil War to the 1930s Manufacturing expanded Hourly workers made up about ¼ of working population Working conditions were difficult and often dangerous Attitudes toward labor unions began to ease Two main types of unions: Trade or craft union – association of skilled workers who perform the same kind of work Industrial union – association of all workers in the same industry, regardless of the job

5. Strike - refuse to work until demands were met

6. Picket – demonstrate or march before a place of business to protest a company’s actions

8. Hire all new workers

9. Set up company unions, organized, supported or run by employers

11. Most of the significant labor laws in effect today were passed in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s,

12. Great Depression (1929 – 1939) video

13. Stock market crash October, 1929

14. High unemployment

15. Average hourly wage dropped from 55 cents to 5 cents

16. Pro-union legislation

17. The Wagner Act of 1935 established the right of unions to collective bargaining and created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to police unfair labor practices

20. Closed Shop - arrangement under which workers must join a union before they are hired, which allows the union to determine who is hired

21. Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 made the closed shop illegal for all companies engaged in interstate commerce

22. Union Shop – workers do not have to belong to the union to be hired, but must join afterward

23. Modified Union Shop – workers have the option to join a union after being hired

25. 8-2: Wages and Labor Disputes Wage Determination – different occupations and levels of training are rewarded with different wages 1. Unskilled labor – workers not trained to operate specialized machines and equipment 2. Semiskilled labor – workers who operate machines that require a minimum amount of training 3. Skilled labor – workers who are trained to operate complex equipment and require little supervision 4. Professional labor – workers with a high level of training, education and management skills

28. Mediation – process if resolving a dispute by bringing in a neutral third party

29. Arbitration – agreement to place a dispute before a third party for a binding settlement

30. Fact-finding – agreement to have a neutral third party collect facts about a dispute and present nonbinding recommendations

31. Injunction – court order issued to prevent a company or union from taking action during a labor protest

32. Seizure – temporary government takeover of a company to keep it running during a labor-management dispute