Presentaion is on how sheets metal are used in manufacturing process. You get to know about how many types of steels are there and what are there types. More than than it contains information about metals used in metallurgy.

1. Sheet metal used

2. INTRODUCTION
 Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. Sheet metal is one of the fundamental forms used in
metalworking and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday objects are fabricated from sheet metal.
Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin sheets are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are
considered plate steel or "structural steel."
 Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by running a continuous sheet of metal through a
roll slitter.
 In most of the world, sheet metal thickness is consistently specified in millimeters. In the US, the thickness of sheet metal is
commonly specified by a traditional, non-linear measure known as its gauge. The larger the gauge number, the thinner the
metal. Commonly used steel sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 7 gauge. Gauge differs between ferrous (iron based)
metals and nonferrous metals such as aluminum or copper. Copper thickness, for example, is measured in ounces; representing
the weight of copper contained in an area of one square foot. Parts manufactured from sheet metal must maintain a uniform
thickness for ideal results.
 There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such as aluminum, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel and
titanium. For decorative uses, some important sheet metals include silver, gold, and platinum (platinum sheet metal is also
utilized as a catalyst.
 Sheet metal is used in automobile and truck (lorry) bodies, airplane fuselages and wings, medical tables, roofs for buildings
(architecture) and many other applications. Sheet metal of iron and other materials with high magnetic permeability, also
known as laminated steel cores, has applications in transformers and electric machines. Historically, an important use of sheet
metal was in plate armor worn by cavalry, and sheet metal continues to have many decorative uses, including in horse tack.
Sheet metal workers are also known as "tin bashers" (or "tin knockers"), a name derived from the hammering of panel seams
when installing tin roofs.

3. TYPES OF METAL USED
1.STEEL
2.ALUMINUM
3. COPPER
4.BRONZE AND BRASS
5.TIN
6.NICKEL

4. STEEL

5.  Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, it is a
major component used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and
weapons.

6. INGREDIENTS USED IN STEELS
 Steel is made up of a lot of ingredients, in fact, more than you can probably guess.
 Carbon:
This is a vital ingredient for making steel and it’s used in order to harden the steel. Too much of it though
can reduce the hardness of steel. Low carbon levels are within point three percent or less, medium carbon
levels are between point four to point seven percent and high carbon levels are between point eight percent
and above.
 Chromium:
The use of chromium in making steel is for combating corrosion. In general, about twelve percent chromium
is used when making steel and that’s because it can greatly increase the strength of a knife. More than 12%
chromium though will have the opposite effect on steel.
 Cobalt:
Makes the blade stronger.
 Copper:
Prevents corrosion.
 Manganese:
Makes the blade harder, but too much of it makes the blade brittle.
 Molybdenum:
Allows steel to maintain its strength at higher temperatures.
 Nickel:
Adds a lot of toughness to the steel.

7.  Phosphorus:
Makes the steel stronger.
 Silicon:
Improves steel strength, but also removes O2 from the metal when it’s formed.
 Sulfur:
Reduces toughness, yet improves machinability.
 Tungsten:
Improves resistance to wear.
 Vanadium:
Makes the blade harder and improves wear resistance.

8. METALS / NON-METALS
FERROUS NON-FERROUS
High
Alloy Steel
Steel Pig Iron
Low Carbon Steel
Medium Carbon Steel
High Carbon Steel
Low
Alloy Steel
Stainless Steel
Tool Steel
Wrought Iron
Cast Iron
Grey Cast Iron
White Cast Iron

9. TYPES OF STEEL
STEEL TYPE CARBON PERCENTAGE OTHER METALS PERCENTAGE
Mild steel 0.05%-0.25% 0.4% manganese and rest is Iron
Medium Carbon Steel 0.29%-0.54% 0.60%-1.65% manganese
High Carbon Steel 0.55%-0.95% 0.30%-0.90% manganese
Very high Carbon steel 0.96%-2.1% ---

10. PROPERTIES OF STEELS
great formability
Great durability
Good tensile yield strength
Good thermal conductivity
Resistance to corrosion.

11. ALUMINIUM

12.  Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
 It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass,
aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after
oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the
mantle below. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.
 Aluminium alloys are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The
typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc.

13. PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM
 Light Weight
 Corrosion Resistance
 Electrical and Thermal Conductivity
 Reflectivity
 Ductility
 Impermeable and Odourless

14. COPPER

15.  Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft,
malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed
of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color.
 Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They have high
against corrosion. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition,
and brass, using zinc instead

17. BRONZE
• Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin
and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese,
nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic,
phosphorus or silicon.
• Composition:- Composition and alloys. There are many different bronze alloys,
but typically modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin. Alpha bronze consists
of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4–5% tin are
used to make coins, springs, turbines and blades.

18. BRASS
• Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, in proportions which can be varied to achieve
varying mechanical and electrical properties.
• It is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within
the same crystal structure.
• COMPOSITION:- 14–16% zinc, a minimum 0.05% iron and minimum 0.07% lead
content, and the remainder copper. It may also refer to ounce metal, another copper-
zinc-tin alloy.

19. PROPERTIES OF COPPER
• Excellent heat conductivity.
• Excellent electrical conductivity.
• Good corrosion resistance.
• Good biofouling resistance.
• Good machinability.
• Retention of mechanical and electrical properties at cryogenic temperatures.
• Non-magnetic.

20. NICKEL
 Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white
lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge
 . Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel, powdered to
maximize the reactive surface area, shows a significant chemical activity, but larger pieces are
slow to react with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface
and prevents further corrosion (passivation).
 Pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks, and
in the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside
Earth's atmosphere.

21. TIN
 Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from Latin: stannum) and atomic number 50. It is a post-
transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements.
 It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO2.
 Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two
main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4.
 Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable
isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons.
 It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is β-tin, a silvery-white,
malleable metal, but at low temperatures it transforms into the less dense grey α-tin, which has the
diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air.

22. THE END