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Concept of mental health and mental illness
1. Mental Health & Mental Illness
By
Mr. SHIV PRAKASH
PhD Research Scholar
Department of Psychiatry,
IMS, BHU, Varanasi
2. Mental Health
Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social
well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps
determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make
choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from
childhood and adolescence through adulthood.
What is Health?
World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health as
“a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
3. •Mental health is not just absence of the mental illness.
•In most cases, mental health is a state of emotional,
psychological, and social wellness evidenced by satisfying
interpersonal relationships, effective behavior and coping,
positive self-concept, and emotional stability.
According to World Health Organization (WHO) mental
health includes "subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy,
autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence, and
self-actualization of one‟s intellectual and emotional potential,
among others.”
4. The American Psychiatric Association (APA 1980) defines
mental health as “ Simultaneous success at working, loving and
creating with the capacity of mature & flexible resolution of
conflicts between instincts, conscience, important other people
& reality.”
Robinson (1983) define mental health: “A dynamic state in
which the thought, feelings, and behaviour that is age-
appropriate and congruent with the local and cultural norm is
demonstrated.”
5. According to WHO, Mental health is defined as a state of
well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own
potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution
to her or his community.
The three core components of this definition are
(1) well-being,
(2) effective functioning of an individual, and
(3) effective functioning for a community.
6. Criteria for an Optimum Mental Health
• He has his own philosophy
of life
• A proper sense of Self
Evaluation
• A positive attitude towards
self and others
• With an open mind
• Emotionally mature
• A balance Self-regarding
sentiment
• Socially adjustable
• Intellectually sound
• Bravery facing failure
• Self Judgment
• Varied interests
• Sense of personal worth
• Sense of personal security
• Sense of responsibility
• Give and accept love
• Accept the reality
• Goal oriented
• Well Organized.
8. Mental Illness or Disorder
The act defines “Mental Illness” as “a substantial disorder of
thinking, mood, perception, orientation, or memory that grossly
impairs judgment, behavior, capacity to recognize reality or
ability to meet the ordinary demands of life, mental conditions
associated with the abuse of alcohol and drugs, but does not
include mental retardation which is a condition of arrested or
incomplete development of mind of a person, especially
characterized by sub normality of intelligence.”
9. Mental illness is maladjustment in living. It produces a
disharmony in the person‟ s ability to meet human needs
comfortably or effectively & function within a culture.
Mental & behavior disorders are understood as clinically
significant conditions characterized by alterations in thinking,
mood (emotions) or behavior associated with personal distress
or impaired functioning.(WHO)
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically
significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion
regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in
the psychological, biological, or developmental processes
underlying mental functioning. (DSM-5)
10. The clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines for ICD-10
mental and behavioural disorders 3 define a mental
disorder as “a clinically recognizable set of symptoms or
behaviours associated in most cases with distress and with
interference with personal functions.
An illness with psychological or behavioral manifestation
and/or impairment in functioning, due to social, psychological,
genetic, physical or biological disturbances.”
(American Psychiatric Association)
11. Causes of Mental Illness
There are some types of factors of mental illness such as:
•Predisposing factors are those factors which might mean that a person
is vulnerable to developing a problem. (Example: genetics factor, family
history of mental illness)
•Precipitating factors are those factors which lead to the problem
occurring at the time it did. They answer the question, „Why now?
•Perpetuating factors are those which lead to a problem or circumstance
persisting. They answer the question, „Why isn‟t it going away?‟
•Protective factors are those which might act to attenuate or diminish the
overall impact of the problem. (Ex: supportive family network)
•Individual factors refer to those things that are specific to that person
and are part of that person‟s individual make‐up.
•External factors might include aspects of their current relationships,
family upbringing and current family functioning, their
occupational/school functioning, their social world, and cultural
influences.
12. Biological Causes of Metal Illness
•Heredity: Goddard (1913) had described that heredity plays an important role
in the prevalence of mental illness. Mono zygotic twins have 86.2% chance of
being affected, if one of them are mentally ill. In dizygotic (14.5%), Sibling
(14.2%) and cosines (7.1%).
•Genetic factor: Imbalance in Chromosomes (ex: Mongolism or Down Syndrome)
•Imbalance in Neurotransmitters: Such as norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin,
glutamate, and gamma aminobutyric. (Ex: Depresion, Mania, Schizophrenia, Anxiety)
•Imbalance in Hormones
•Physical Constitutions: Sheldon (1954) had classified personality in three types;
Endomorphic, Ectomorphic and Mesomorphic.
•Physical Handicaps
•Physical Deprivation (Nutritional and Sleep disturbance)
13. Psychological Causes of Mental Illness
The Psychodynamic Perspective
•Role of Conscious, Sub Conscious and Unconscious Mind
•Role of Id, Ego and Super Ego
•Stages of Psychosexual development
•Role of Ego defense mechanism
•Object-relations theory: It focus on individuals‟ interactions with real and
imagined other people (external and internal objects) and on the relationships that
people experience between their external and internal objects.
•The Psychosocial Developmental Prospective
•The Behavioral Prospective
•The Cognitive Behavioral Prospective
14. Common Psychological Factors of mental illness
Maternal Deprivation
Institutionalization and Deprivation
Deprivation in Home
Pathogenic Family Pattern
Rejection
Overprotection
Over permissiveness and Indulgence
Faulty Discipline
Faulty communication
Faulty parental model
Factor Related to the family structure
Inadequate Family
Disturbed Family
Antisocial Family
Broken Family
15. Early Psychic Trauma
Inadequate Preparation for Adolescents
Pathogenic Interpersonal Relationships
Severe Stressors
•Severe Biological Stresses
•Severe Psychological Stresses
Frustration Leading to Self Devaluation
Failure
Losses
Personal Limitations
Feelings of Guilt
Loneliness
Conflicts
Pressure
16. Social and Cultural Factors of Mental Illness
•War and Violence
•Racial Discrimination
•Pressure of Social Norms
•Unemployment
•Poverty or economical crises
•Marital Conflict
•Divorce
•Loosing of Love one
•Gender Roles
