PEMS is a powerful emissions measurement tool that can be used for certification tests and development research. SGS presented three case studies using PEMS to: 1) Benchmark a Final Tier 4 Excavator by classifying modal emissions, 2) Develop in-use routes to compare route selection and altitude effects on light-duty vehicles, and 3) Validate a predictive analytics platform for on-road fuel consumption and emissions.

1. PEMS IN THE UNITED STATES:
AND A BROAD LOOK AT ITS APPLICATIONS
Prepared by: Brent Schuchmann, Ph.D.
Senior Research Engineer
SGS North America, Inc
October 16-18, 2017
IQPC Conference – Real Driving Emissions

2. 2
OVERVIEW
 SGS AT A GLANCE
 PEMS TESTING IN THE LAST YEAR
▪ THE ROLE OF TESTING SERVICES WITH PEMS
 MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR
 ROAD-TO-LAB PEMS CORRELATION
 PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
 PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS USING MACHINE LEARNING
▪ TRANSPORTATION ANALYTICS PLATFORM (TAPSM)

3. 3
Nº1
WORLD LEADER
90 000
EMPLOYEES
2 000
OFFICES AND
LABORATORIES
11
GLOBAL
INDUSTRIES
GLOBAL
SERVICE
LOCAL
EXPERTISE
AT A GLANCE

4. 4
CHEMICAL CONSUMERGOODSANDRETAIL
MINING OIL AND GAS PUBLIC SECTORLIFE SCIENCES
TRANSPORTATIONAGRICULTURE AND FOOD
ENERGY
INDUSTRIALMANUFACTURING
CONSTRUCTION

5. 5
US TRANSPORTATION TESTING SERVICES
▪ ISO Certified
• 9001, 17025, 14001
▪ Servicing Multiple Market
Segments:
• Automotive
• Aerospace
• Rail
• Marine
• Off-road
• Non Road
• Power Sports
• Industry Groups
• Government and Regulatory
Agencies
▪ On-Premise Customer Lab
Environments
▪ Growth, Expansion and
Investment
8 Commercial Labs
150 Employees
2 2
4
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6. 6
AURORA, CO
▪ High Feature Test Cells with Extreme Environmental Conditions
▪ Variable Altitude Engine and Chassis Dynamometer Testing
• Diesel and Spark Ignited Engines
• AWD/FWD/RWD Vehicles
• Motorcycle and ATV Chassis Dynamometer
• EPA and CARB Compliant Cells
▪ Particulate Matter Characterization
▪ PEMS & RDE Real Driving Emissions Testing
▪ Variable Temperature SHEDs for Evaporative Emissions
▪ Ideal for catalyst conversion efficiency determination,
light-off, drive cycle effects, complete system performance
▪ On-Road program design, consulting and data analytics
▪ 7 Eddy Current absorbing, Single 40” Roll, FWD/AWD, rapid non-road
Mileage Accumulation Dynamometers in a modern, secure facility.
Research, Development and Emissions Certification Testing
Mileage Accumulation Facility in Jackson, MI

7. 7
ROCKY MTN. TEST CENTER - EMPIRE, CO
▪ Newly Commissioned User Facility - 8900’ (2710m) above sea level
▪ Centrally located near popular vehicle development venues including
Berthoud Pass, Hoosier Pass, Vail Pass, Loveland Pass, Dillon, and
Mount Evans
▪ Four large 50’ x 20’ bays (3 cold bays and 1 workshop with lift/hoist)
• Independently controlled refrigeration -22°F (-30°C)
• Large 12’ wide x 14’ high doors
• Vehicle exhaust ventilation
• Onsite fuel storage
• Accommodates multiple customer applications from individual components,
lawn equipment and power sports to light duty vehicles, Class 8 trucks and
construction equipment
▪ Secure Access
• Each bay individually keyed and features 24/7 video surveillance, guest Wi-Fi,
office areas and private restrooms
▪ Cost-effective short and long-term rental solutions
▪ Local engineering and calibration services available
Modern & Accessible, 4,800 sq. ft. High Altitude Cold Testing Facility

8. 8
IN-USE REQUIREMENTS AND PEMS
 40CFR1065 Subpart J
▪ Field Testing and Portable Emission Measurement Systems
• On-road Heavy-Duty vehicles
• Needs 3 hours of non-idle collection time
• Processes data for valid NTE events
 40CFR1039 Subpart E and F
▪ In-use Non-Road Engines
• Does not require PEMS but references 40CFR1065 for testing procedures
 40CFR86 Subpart S
▪ In-Use Vehicle Program
• On-road vehicles ≤14,000 lbs GVWR
• Does not require PEMS

9. 9
PEMS TESTING IN THE LAST YEAR
 NON-ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
▪ IN-USE, MODAL, ALTITUDE, COLD-START EMISSIONS
 ON-ROAD HEAVY-DUTY DEVELOPMENT
 ON-TRACK HEAVY-DUTY DEVELOPMENT
 LIGHT-DUTY CORRELATION CVS TO PEMS
 LIGHT-DUTY RDE DEVELOPMENT
 LIGHT-DUTY IN-USE VERIFICATION
 LIGHT-DUTY ROAD TO LAB

10. 10
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
 Available Non-road Excavator
▪ MY 2015, Final Tier 4 engine
▪ 124kW rated engine
▪ Emission Control Technologies:
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Turbocharger, Charge Air Cooler, Direct Fuel Injection,
SCR-U, AMOX
▪ PM standard: 0.02 g/kWhr (0.015 g/hphr)
▪ NOx standard: 0.4 g/kWhr (0.3 g/hphr)
 Series of modal operations were performed mimicking in-use applications
▪ Several ambient conditions (ambient temperature and elevations)
▪ Data were analyzed for cold starts, warmups, crawls, operation, shutdowns
and the whole test

11. 11
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS

12. 12
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
 AVL 493 GAS PEMS
▪ CO/CO2, NO/NO2, THC
 AVL 494 PM PEMS
▪ Real-time soot concentration (black carbon)
▪ Gravimetric collection of total PM
 40CFR1065 compliant
494 PM PEMS 493 GAS PEMS

13. 13
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Brake-Specific g/kWh
< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m
 13 days of testing:
▪ 300m (MI)
• 1400 ft
▪ 1980-2650m (CO)
• 6500 – 8700 ft
▪ -10C to 35C
• 14 - 95F
 Data processed with
no exclusions
comparing similar
“modal operations”
▪ Warmups, crawls,
operations
Outside NTE Zone
~ 20x NOx
emissions
at 2650 m

14. 14
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m
 13 days of testing:
▪ 300m (MI)
• 1400 ft
▪ 1980-2650m (CO)
• 6500 – 8700 ft
▪ -10C to 35C
• 14 - 95F
 Data processed with
no exclusions
comparing similar
“modal operations”
▪ Warmups, crawls,
operations
Fuel-Specific g/kg
~ 20x NOx
emissions
at 2650 m

15. 15
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
< -1 °C 1670 m 2650 m
 NOx emission
reduction strategies
can be observed in
real-time with PEMS
streaming data
 It is easy to observe
when EGR and urea
dosing are shut off or
reduced when above
the altitude
requirements for NTE

16. 16
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C > 1670 m > 1670 m
 NOx emissions during
“operations” are
similar to the overall
result for each testing
day
 An “operation”
represents the work
performed for a
specific job (i.e.
excavation, trenching)
Fuel-Specific g/kg

17. 17
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C
 Average NOx g/mi during
a “crawl” event are
nearly 2x during cold
temperatures excluded
from the NTE Zone at
the same elevation
 A “crawl” event
represents the machine
traveling to or from job
site, refueling, or
maintenance
 The “crawls” shown to
the right represent a
distance of 0.6 - 1 km
▪ 2000 – 3000 ft

18. 18
MODAL EMISSIONS OF NON-ROAD EXCAVATOR USING
PEMS
Outside NTE Zone
< -1 °C
 Average NOx
emissions during a
“Warmup” event are
37g/kg for multiple
conditions outside of
the NTE Zone
 A “Warmup” event
represents first
stationary 10-15
minutes after engine
start. In most cases
the ECU controlled the
RPM until the coolant
reached a certain
temperature
> 1670 m > 1670 m > 1670 m
< -1 °C

19. 19
ROAD TO LAB CORRELATION
Highway
FTP and City
Real World Cycle
LA92
Downhill
Uphill
SRC
US06
Accels
 NOx vs CO2 (g/mi) for
a variety of drive
cycles for on-road and
on-dyno
 2013 Jeep Wrangler
▪ 3.6L V6
▪ T2B4: 0.04g/mi NOx
 Similar emissions are
measured within the
standards for both on-
road and on-dyno
cycles
 Simulated road-grade
for on-dyno cycles

20. 20
ROAD TO LAB CORRELATION
12mg/mi Average
(±3mg/mi St.Dev)
18.2mpg Average
(±0.5mpg St.Dev)
50mg/mi Average
(±6mg/mi St.Dev)
21mpg Average
(±0.4mpg St.Dev)

21. 21
ROAD TO LAB CORRELATION
 Discrepancy in CO
emissions between
on-road and on-dyno
 10x greater emissions
on-dyno
 PEMS also captures
the excess CO
emissions on-dyno
On-road
On-dyno

22. 22
ROAD TO LAB CORRELATION
 Significant high-
throttle events on-
dyno produce excess
CO emissions not
present on-road
Excess CO emissions
Significant high-throttle events

23. 23
PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
American
WLTP
Duration
Stop
Duration
Distance p_stop v_max
v_ave w/o
stops
v_ave w/
stops
a_min a_max
s s miles mi/h mi/h mi/h m/s² m/s²
Low 589 156 1.9 26.50% 35.1 16.0 11.7 -1.47 1.47
Middle 433 48 3.0 11.10% 47.6 27.7 24.5 -1.49 1.57
High 455 31 4.4 6.80% 60.5 37.8 35.2 -1.49 1.58
Extra-High 323 7 5.1 2.20% 81.6 58.4 57.2 -1.21 1.03
Total 1800 242 14.5 81.6 28.9
Phase
PEMS route
IUVP
Duration
Stop
Duration
Distance p_stop v_max
v_ave w/o
stops
v_ave w/
stops
a_min a_max
s s miles mi/h mi/h mi/h m/s² m/s²
Low 471 - 1.8 - 25.5 - 7.3 -2.361 2.0809
Middle 259 - 2.1 - 41.0 - 15.3 -1.944 2.3611
High 591 - 5.2 - 63.4 - 21.9 -2.639 3.1944
Extra-High 738 - 7.5 - 70.2 - 35.5 -2.5 2.6389
Total 2059 16.6 70.2 29.3
Phase
Urban Rural Motorway
% % %
Low 100 0 0
Middle 58.9 41.1 0
High 23 55.5 21.5
Extra-High 14.4 18.1 67.5
Whole Trip 32.4 30.6 37
Phase

24. 24
PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
Low
Middle
HighExtra
High

25. 25
PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
 On-road NOx
emissions for gasoline
vehicles were at or
below their respective
standard.
 On-road NOx
emissions for the
diesel vehicle were 4-
5x greater than its
respective standard
(200 mg/mi)

26. 26
PSEUDO IN-USE PEMS ROUTES FOR RDE
 NOx emissions from
gasoline combustion were
more sensitive to higher
altitude conditions when
compared to route selection
▪ 2 tests were repeated in
reverse order for the F150
with minimal change in
NOx emissions.
▪ 4 different routes with
different trip shares were
driven for the Wrangler with
no significant change in
NOx emissions
 On-road NOx emissions
from diesel combustion
were much higher relative to
the emission standard
regardless of route selection
Different Routes Reverse Order RWC & BreakdownRDE

27. 27
CASE STUDY:
PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS FOR LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE
PERFORMANCE
Chassis Dyno Testing
On-Road Testing
 PEMS provides laboratory-grade fuel consumption and emissions
data but may not be practical for testing all fleet vehicles over long
duration test campaigns
 SGS has used “machine learning” to determine if vehicle
performance can be learned in the chassis dyno lab and then used
to predict on-road fuel consumption and emissions
 MY 2013 Jeep Wrangler, 3.6L V6, PFI, EPA T2B4, no MAF
• On Dyno: 122 micro trips, 3.1 hours of operation
• On Road: 93 micro trips, 3.8 hours of operation
 Predictions were compared to measurements from AVL 493
MOVES

28. 28
LDV FUEL ECONOMY PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
The range of engine operation on-dyno was similar
to on-road tests
Micro Trip R2 = 0.972
Good fuel economy predictions were achieved,
and were more accurate than “OBD dongle”
estimates (not shown)

29. 29
LDV EMISSIONS PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING
 Vehicle Specific Power bins were used to compare overall emissions rates
 The predictions showed potential to faithfully represent the real-world emissions rate
distribution by Vehicle Specific Power operating mode
 More explanatory data would improve predictions at the highest power conditions