3. Kalman Filter Applications
•The Kalman filter has been used as an optimal solution to
many tracking and data prediction applications.
4. Kalman Filter (KF)
•Prof. Rudolf Kalman
(Born 1930 in Hungary)
•Developed filter in 1960/61
•The purpose of a Kalman filter is to estimate the state of
a system by processing all available measurements,
regardless of their precision.
•It works optimally for linear models and Gaussian
distributions.
6. Kalman Filter
t
The state transition matrix which applies the effect of each system
state parameter at time t-1 on the system state at time t without
controls or noise.
tA
The control input matrix which applies the effect of each control
input parameter in the vector ut on the state vector xt .tB
The transformation matrix that maps the state vector xt
parameters into the measurement domain zt .tC
t
Random variables representing the process and measurement
noise that are assumed to be independent and normally
distributed with covariance Rt and Qt respectively.
The state vector containing the terms of interest for the system
(e.g., position, velocity, heading) at time t
The vector containing any control inputs (steering angle, braking
force).
The vector of measurements.
tx
tu
tz
14. Kalman Filter
•The non-linear functions lead to non-Gaussian
distributions.
•Kalman filter is not applicable anymore!
Solution?
Local Linearization
15. Prediction:
Correction:
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)
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t
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ttttt
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h
hxh
Linearization using Taylor Series Expansion
Linear functions
(Jacobian matrices)
23. Unscented Kalman Filter
ni
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Sigma points Weights
29. References
1. S. Thrun, W. Burgard,“Probabilistic Robotics”, Chapter 3.
2. Julier and Uhlmann,“A New Extension of the Kalman Filter
to Nonlinear Systems”, 1995.
3. Ramsey Faragher, “Understanding the Basis of the
Kalman Filter Via a Simple and Intuitive Derivation”, IEEE
SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE, Sept.2012.
4. Cyrill Stachniss, “Robot Mapping lectures”, Uni. Freiburg,
WS 2013/14 .