The document discusses the external infrastructure in the business environment. It defines infrastructure as the basic structures and equipment needed for an organization or region to function properly. It then describes the different components of the ecological system that make up the external infrastructure, including the physical environment (geosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere), natural resources, forces of nature, and ecological conditions. It notes that while the environment was created for humans, humans also have a responsibility to maintain a balanced ecology.
2. Infrastructure
the basic equipment and structures (such as
roads and bridges) that are needed for a
country, region, or organization to function
properly.
The underlying foundation or basic framework
(as of a system or organization)
3. The External Infrastructure
in the Business
Environment
Also referred to as the ecological system.
Is considered as consisting of the tangible
and physically observable coponents of the
environment . The reason why it is called as
infrastructure because they are below or on
the level of man, or are phyically observable
to man.
5. Ecological System
Is a community of living organisms in
conjunction with the nonliving components of
their environment (things like air, water and
mineral soil), interacting as a system.
6.
7.
8. The Natural Ecosphere
This is the ecological dimension which
includes the (a) physical ecosphere
consisting of the geosphere, biosphere, the
atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere and
(b) the contingency ecosphere consisting of
the forces of nature and the environment
conditions.
9. The Geosphere
Is the geographical environment it is all about
the geographical characteristics of a land or
country, such as the land mass or area, the
geographical locations, the topography or
terrain, including the land solidarity, i.e.,
wheter the land is whole or fragmented, and
the like.
10. The Geosphere
Are static elements of the environment which
determine, to a great extent, market
accessibility, transportation and
communication efficiency, and other similar
factors conditions necessary for a sustained
profitability of economic conditions necessary
for a sustained profitability of economic
undertakings.
11. The Biosphere
Is the domain of all living things on earth, from
the smallest of the microorganisms to the
largest in the kingdom of the animates.
They are referred as flora and fauna.
Man, as a living creature, properly belongs to
this sphere, but his dominion over the
environment extends to the other components
of the ecosphere and beyond.
12. The Atmosphere
is the domain of air with its surrounding
envelop of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.
It is from this subsphere that men and other
animals draw the air they breathe to provide
them with oxygen, where likewise plants draw
their their carbon dioxide and other gases
needed for plant growth and development.
13. The Hydrosphere
Is the domain of water which is found in
oceans, seas, rivers and other natural and
man-made bodies of water.
The value of water in sustaining life on earth
is immeasurable.
Man Himself is about 70 percent water in his
physical constitution, and so are most of
plants and other animals.
14. The Lithosphere
Is the domain of rocks and soils, and of
minerals and fossils. It is the outermost shell
of the earth, about 80 kilometers thick, solid
and rigid, but divided or chunked into small
and large pieces called tectonic plates. Some
of these are large and wide enough to contain
continents
15. The Athenoshpere
the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below
the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low
resistance to plastic flow and convection is
thought to occur.
16.
17. The Contingency Ecosphere
It is found the various forces of nature and the
different conditions in the environment which
are contingent or dependent on the other
components of the environment.
18. The Forces of Nature
Meteorology has to do with the weather,
climate and the atmospheric distubances.
This disturbances come in various intensities
and are accordingly called by diferent names.
Severe cyclonic disturbances in low latitudes
are known as tropical storms.
19. The Forces of Nature
Seismological Forces are manifested in the
form of earthquakes which are daily
occurrences on earth. An earthquake is a
feeble to violentshaking of the ground. The
sudden movements or jostling of tectonic
plates or displacement of rocks below the
surface of the earth, or along faults and
fissures in the solid and rigid layer of the earth
generate tectonic earthquakes.
20. The Forces of Nature
Volcano is a vent, hill or mountain from which
molten or hot rock and / or gaseous materials
are ejected. It also applies to craters, hills or
mountains formed by the removal or
preexisting materials or by accumulation of
ejected materials.
21. The Ecological Conditions
In terms of ecology, the ecological conditions
of cleanliness or pollution are the products of
man’s management – or mismanagement – or
wastes. Improperly managed, these wastes
will serve as environmental pollutants, found
in solid, liquid and gaseous forms.
22. Solid pollutants may come from human and
animal wastes, domestic and institutional garbage
and natural wastes from the organic decay of
plants and animals, dust and dirt.
Liquid pollutants may come also from human
and domestic sources, institutional by products, or
manufacturing wastes, e.g., chemical wastes.
Gaseous pollutants, come as carbon monoxide
from engine exhausts, chemical or gas leakages,
gaseous emissions from garbage piles and
dumps, and the like.
23. Natural Resources
The geographical resources which are found in
their most natural form untouched by man, in a
sense that they have not undergone
development by man are called natural
resouces. They are considered gifts of nature to
man and consist of:
(a) air resources
(b) land resources
(c) water or aquatic resources
24. Man-made Ecosphere
Man-made infrastructures are those things that
man builds for his use.
On land, they consist of roads and bridges,
buildings, and improvements on land like
agricultural and recreational development.
Inland fishponds and aquaculture projects also
belong to this category
Improvements on water, like beach resorts and
platforms over soils drillling at sea.
25. Two Basic Challenges:
1. Do we truly understand what we need, what
the environment needs and how these two
needs match?
2. Are we in control of the environment or are
we at its mercy?
26. The Ecological Imperatives
1. Environment and Ecology are Prescription of
Nature – These presciption are ordained in
terms of existense and in terms of
operations.
The existence of environment and ecology is at
the very nature of creation, and it is in the
nature of nature itself htat it be so. Therefore,
environment and ecology are prescriptions of
mandates or intrinsic imperatives of nature.
27. The Ecological Imperatives
2. Environment is an array, ecology is a
relationship – Environment consists of
everything that surrounds an organism,
influencing or affecting its existence and
operation.
This is the array of physical or abiotic (nonlife)
components, namely, land, air and water and their
respective elements; and the biotic or living
componentswith its flora and fauna (plants and
animals). They arel all vital to the sustenance of men
and other living organisms in the environment.
28. The Ecological Imperatives
3. Environment is superimposed by nature, ecology
is superimposed by man – The environment is a
necessary consequence of creation by virtue of
the creative existensce of the physical universe.
Life was created with a nature that is dependent on
the surrounding supports to sustain it and keep in
sustained. It is to support life that nature maintains
balance in the environment.
29. The Ecological Imperatives
Man superimposes an ecology in three ways:
a) By adapting to his environment, using its resources
as provided by nature (air, sunlight, fruits of the trees,
and other gifts of nature)
b) By hastening the process of nature in order to make
the environment more productive to his advantage
(agriculture, horticulture, husbandry)
c) By redirecting the forces of nature in order to create a
new environment (infrastructure, technologies of
transportation, communications, cyberspace, etc.)
30. The Ecological Imperatives
4. A malfucntion of man in the environment
triggers a dysfunction in the ecology – This
implies that man is not under the absolute
control of the environment nor of nature itself.
Man has a free will which he exercieses in the
choosing between one good and the other, and in
deciding what to do with anything under any
circumstance. But due to certain weaknesse in him
and in his environment, his decisions are not always
in accord with the needs of the circumstances.
31. The Ecological Imperatives
5. The environment reacts according to the laws
of nature – Everything that happensin the
environment follows the laws of nature.
Landslides happen because of erosion and the
force of gravity.
Trees sway in the path of storm because of the
force of the wind against the trees. If the wind is
too strong for the tree, the tree succombs to the
greater force and consequently breaks or falls.
Water the sea flows inland becasue water seek its
own level, and may flow back out into the for the
same reason.
32. The Ecological Imperatives
6. Nature reacts by repositioning the elements
of the environment to create an ecology –
While the environment reacts according to
the laws of nature, nature on its part reacts
by repositioning the elements of the
environment and in the process modifies an
existing ecology.
33. The Ecological Imperatives
When there is a slope downwards as in the case of a
mountain, a hill or a mound, water at the top will be
repositioned down through gravity because of the
slope.
When a piece of wood is burned, the carbon content
of the wood is taken up in smoke and repositioned
away from the wood which it was part.
When animal dies, its carcss decomposes and its
composition is repositioned into its elemental
components by the action of bacteria.
34. The Ecological Imperatives
7. Environment is a right, ecology is an obligation
– Environment is a right becasue it was
created for man. It is his nature that he stands
out in his environment. What man does with his
environment determines his ecology.
As mentioned earlier, the environment is
superimposed by nature, but ecology is
superimposed by man.
He develops it, he directs and redirects it.
Keeping the ecology upright and the environment
healthy is his obligation both to himself, to society
and to the environment
35. The Ecological Imperatives
8. The environment was made for man, and not
man for the environment – It is true that man
lives in the environment and by the
environment.
Prescisely the environment exists for man, to support
him for his survival.
Genesis, 1:28-29 “dominion over all the fishes in the
sea, birds in the air and all other living things that
move on eath”
36. Environmental Dilemmas
Man’s struggles for progress and quality of life are confronted by
many intricacies and delimmas. On one hand, there is a need for
action towards attaining his exitential perfection; on the other,
there are conditions in the environment that have to be violeted in
the process.
Technology information has closed the gap of distance among
men in terms of communication, but does not contribute to the
development of human interaction and socialization in the work
area.
Technology of process as used in the manufacturing is intended
to provide society with products necessary for the satisfaction of
human needs but at the same time is producing toxic wastes
that have polluted the seas
Non-degradable plastics that clog waterways and created
mountains of garbage
Chlorofloucarbon that is destroying the ozone layer
37. Techno-Postscript
Man is the center of ecology and its resources
are intended for his well being and
development. He has been elevated above his
environment, and everything in it is within his
dominion. There is, in this relationship between
man and his environment, an underlying
philosophy of mutual dependency in existence
and perfection.
38. Techno-Postscript
Man perfects his environment, and the
environment perfects man. On the other hand, as
the environment can destroy man, man can
likewise destroy the environment.
The wonders and accomplishment of technology
are not all gains.
Nature in which man lives and operates has its
laws, forces and resources. Natural law govern
everything that exist within the realm of creation.
Nothing happens which is not in line wiht a law or
laws and forces of nature.
39. Ethical Environment
Is the expression of the people’s behavior in
the various aspects of their national life.
