This document provides an overview of psychological disorders. It begins with definitions of psychological disorders and discusses different theories about their causes, including supernatural, biological, and psychological theories. Throughout history, views have shifted from supernatural to recognizing biological and psychological factors. Modern perspectives integrate both biological and psychological influences. The document also outlines several specific disorders addressed in the DSM-5, such as neurodevelopmental disorders, bipolar and related disorders, depression, and anxiety disorders. It provides examples of famous individuals who suffered from these conditions.
4. Aim
The Aim of this presentations is to
apprise you about the the
psychological disorders and the
effects of those on human life
5. Sequence
Definition of psychological
disorders.
Concept of Theories
Different types of psychological
disorders
Behaviour Reflections
Intervention process
6. Sarah, the “Crazy Lady,”
Sarah, the “Crazy Lady,” was a familiar sight,
roaming the streets any time of day or night.
Her foul body odor announced her presence,
as she paraded around in her filthy, smelly garments.
Walking barefoot regardless of the weather,
in her state of mind, she couldn’t do better.
Children teased and made fun of Sarah,
reciting ridiculing ditties, adding to the drama.
Behind her a lively entourage would follow,
taunting and calling her names creating a sideshow.
They howled with childish laughter,
as Sarah hurled angry profanities after.
An avid collector of all kinds of trash,
8. Abraham Lincoln
• Abraham Lincoln suffered from profound
sadness and even suicidal thoughts known as
"melancholy." America's 16th president was
actually battling clinical depression.
• The condition, coupled with anxiety attacks, ran
in his family and plagued him from a very young
age, when he was still simply a young lawyer in
Illinois. As his law partner, William Henderson,
once said, "His melancholy dripped from him as
he walked."
10. Adolf Hitler
Dozens of physicians and writers who either
knew Hitler personally or studied him
posthumously have advanced possible
diagnoses of everything from schizophrenia to
narcissistic personality disorder to sadistic
personality disorder to antisocial personality
disorder to Asperger's syndrome.
12. Vladimir Putin
A secret 2008 Pentagon study claimed that
Russian leader Vladimir Putin may have autism,
specifically Asperger's syndrome.
A team of doctors studied Putin's movement
patterns and defensive behavior in large social
settings to ultimately conclude that his
"neurological development was significantly
interrupted in infancy" by some tragic event and
that he now "carries a neurological abnormality."
16. Michael Jackson
Michael Jackson was a deeply troubled
person, who was also extremely famous and
very wealthy. Unfortunately, despite that fame
and wealth he never seems to have received
intensive psychological counseling and care
that he so obviously needed.
18. Donald Trump
• Numerous public figures, media sources, and mental
health professionals have speculated that Donald
Trump may have mental health challenges, ranging
from narcissistic personality disorderto some form
of dementia.
• Trump and his supporters have denied these claims,
and have contested the authority and motives of
persons making such claims.
• Additionally, both the American Psychiatric Association
and Alzheimer's Society have requested that people
don't armchair diagnose Trump, or diagnose him with
any disorder without being his doctor
19.
20. 20
Psychological Disorder
Who in the rainbow can
draw the line where the
violet tint ends and the
orange tint begins? So with
sanity and insanity
22. Psychological Disorder
• A psychological disorder, causes
significant distress or impairment of personal
functioning.
• Such features may be persistent, relapsing and
remitting, or occur as a single episode.
23. Psychological Disorder
• As the term psychological disorder is defined by
the mental health community today, 18 to 20
percent of all persons in the world are considered
to exhibit actions, thoughts, or feelings that are
harmful enough to be considered to be abnormal
(Narrow, Rae, Robins, & Regier, 2002).
• Thus, the term abnormal behviour does not refer
only to rare and strange problems but also to the
problems in negotiating life that are experienced
by many people.
24. Cultural Expectations &
Psychological Disorder
• Behviour varies from one culture to another, what
may be expected and considered appropriate in one
culture may not be viewed as such in other cultures.
• For example, returning a stranger’s smile is
expected in the United States because a pervasive
social norm dictates that we reciprocate friendly
gestures.
• Cultural expectations in Japan involve showing
reserve, restraint, and a concern for maintaining
privacy around strangers. Japanese people are
generally unresponsive to smiles from strangers
(Patterson et al. 2007).
25. Cultural Expectations &
Psychological Disorder
• In the United States and Europe, eye contact with
others typically signifies honesty and attention.
• However, most Latin American ,Asian ,and African
cultures interpret direct eye contact as rude,
confrontational, and aggressive (Pazain, 2010).
• Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not
physically present) in Western societies is a violation
of cultural expectations, and a person who reports
such inner experiences is readily labeled as
psychologically disordered.
• In other cultures, visions that, for example, pertain to
future events may be regarded as normal experiences
that are positively valued (Bourguignon, 1970).
33. Supernatural Theories
• The oldest writings about behviour, including those of
Plato, the Bible and the tablets of Babylonian King
Hammurabi (1750 B.C.), indicate that, in our earliest
belief, abnormal behviour was thought to be caused by
evil spirits.
• Treatment mostly took the form of prayer, with the
most unpleasant treatment being purgatives – foul
liquids that were supposed to help the person vomit
out the evil spirit.
• During the Middle Ages (500-1500), however, these
supernatural beliefs were translated into far more
harmful forms of “treatment”.
34. Supernatural Theories
• In medieval Europe, People who could not stop acting in deviant
ways after exorcism(driving out of evil sprit) were considered to be
witches or warlocks (male witches)
• It was believed that the only way to save their souls was to destroy
their bodies to drive out Satan. As a result, half a million so-called
witches, mostly women, were put to death in Europe alone (Loftus,
1993)
• Even as late as 1692, 20 individuals were put to death as witches in
Salem, Massachusetts. Nineteen were hanged for “witchcraft”,
whereas the twentieth victim died as a result of heavy rocks being
placed on him in an effort to force him to confess (Phillips, 1933)
35. Biological Theories
• Fifth-century B.C. Greek physician Hippocrates
believed that biological disorders of the body
caused abnormal behviour.
• According to Hippocrates’ view, the body contains
four important fluids, or humors: blood, phlegm,
black bile and yellow bile. If these fluids get out
of balance, illness and abnormal behviour is the
result.
• An excess of black bile, for example, leads to
depression; an excess of yellow bile causes
irritability.
36. Biological Theories
• Hippocrates’ theory was inaccurate, of course, and so
he was not able to punch much of a hole in the
supernatural approach.
• But he set the stage for later developments by
suggesting that abnormal behviour might have natural
rather than supernatural causes.
• During the 2,000 years after Hippocrates, a number of
scientists who had been influenced by Hippocrates’
idea searched in vain for a biological cause of abnormal
behviour.
• Finally, in the 1800s, medical researchers such as
German physician Richard von Krafft—Ebing made
discoveries that led to a resurgence of biological theory
and the eventual birth of psychiatry as a discipline.
37. Psychological Theories.
• Pythagoras, who also gave its geometry, was
very active in the treatment of psychological
problems. He held the then-radical belief that
psychological problems are caused by
psychological factors such as stress.
• He placed individuals with problems ill
“temples,” where they received rest, exercise,
a good diet, an understanding person to talk
to and practical advice on how to straighten
out their lives.
38. Psychological Theories
• Sigmund Freud published his influential views
that psychological theory was able to
compete with the supernatural and biological
approaches.
• Although Freud’s model of unconscious
conflicts was quite different from the ideas of
Pythagoras
• Until recent times Freud was the leading
champion of the view that psychological
problems had psychological causes.
39. Contemporary Views
of Abnormal Behviour
• As research evidence has accumulated, it has become
increasingly clear that both biological and psychological
factors are involved in the origins of many psychological
disorders
• Some disorders are solely biological in origin (such as those
caused by brain injuries) and some are solely psychological in
origin (such as acute grief reactions to the death of a loved
one in normal individuals)
• But many other disorders appear to involve both kinds of
causes. Inherited predispositions to certain kinds of problems,
abnormal amounts of specific neurotransmitter substances in
the brain and tendencies to react automatically to stress in an
abnormal way are some of the biological factors believed to
be partially responsible for a variety of psychological disorders
40. Contemporary Views
of Abnormal Behviour
The psychological factors involved in these
same disorders include stress, abnormal social
learning histories, ineffective coping strategies
and inadequate social support
Apparently, biological and psychological
factors work together to determine whether a
person will experience psychological problems
42. 42
Kinds of Abnormal Behavior
• S M 4(Diagnostic and statistical manual
Of mental disorder).
• A classificatory system for identifying
(diagnosing) a wide range of psychological
disorders.
43. Diagnosis Procedure of
Psychological Disorder
• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is the 2013 update
to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders the taxonomic and diagnostic tool
published by the American Psychiatric
Association (APA).
• In the United States, the DSM serves as the principal
authority for psychiatric diagnoses. Treatment
recommendations, as well as payment by health care
providers are often determined by DSM
classifications
46. Neurodevelopment Disorders
Intellectual Disability
• Intellectual Developmental Disorder was formerly
referred to as mental retardation.
• This type of developmental disorder originates
prior to the age of 18 and is characterized by
limitations in both intellectual functioning and
adaptive behviours.
• Limitations to intellectual functioning are often
identified through the use of IQ tests, with an IQ
score between 70 and 75 often indicating the
presence of a limitation.
• Adaptive behviours are those that involve
practical, everyday skills such as self-care, social
interaction, and living skills.
47. Neurodevelopment Disorders
Global Developmental Delay
• is a diagnosis for developmental disabilities in
children who are under the age of five. Such
delays relate to cognition, social functioning,
speech, language, and motor skills
• It is generally seen as a temporary diagnosis
applying to kids who are still too young to take
standardized IQ tests.
48. Neurodevelopment Disorders
Communication Disorders
• Impact the ability to use, understand, or
detect language and speech
• The DSM-5 identifies four different subtypes
of communication disorders: language
disorder, speech sound disorder, childhood
onset fluency disorder (stuttering), and social
(pragmatic) communication disorder
49. Neurodevelopment Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder
• characterized by persistent deficits in social
interaction and communication in multiple life
areas as well as restricted and repetitive patterns
of behviours
• The DSM specifies that symptoms of autism
spectrum disorder must be present during the
early developmental period and that these
symptoms must cause significant impairment in
important areas of life including social and
occupational functioning
51. Bipolar and Related Disorders
Biopolar Disorders
experiencing shifts between elevated moods
and periods of depression. Such elevated
moods can be pronounced and are referred to
either as mania or hypo mania.
Biopolar Disorder is characterized by shifts in
mood as well as changes in activity and energy
levels. The disorder often involves
52. Bipolar and Related Disorders
Mania
is characterized by feeling overly excited and
even hyper. Periods of mania are sometimes
marked by feelings of distraction, irritability,
and excessive confidence.
People experiencing mania are also more
prone to engage in activities that might have
negative long-term consequences such as
gambling and shopping sprees.
53. Bipolar and Related Disorders
Depressive episodes
characterized by feelings of intense sadness,
guilt, fatigue, and irritability
During a depressive period, people with
bipolar disorder may lose interest in activities
that they previously enjoyed, experience
sleeping difficulties, and even have thoughts
of suicide.
56. 56
Depression
A psychological disorder involving
disturbances in emotion (excessive
sadness), behavior (apathy and loss of
interest in usual activities), cognition
(distorted thoughts of hopelessness and
low self esteem), and body function
(fatigue, loss of appetite).
59. Robin Willams
• It is sad that the actor that brought smile to so
many homes around the world couldn’t bring a
smile to his own face
• The brilliant actor took his own life in 2014 by
hanging himself in his home in California
• After the death, medical reports confirmed that
he was battling Parkinson’s disease and
dementia. But multiple sources and close friends
also confirmed the actor was depressed
61. Marilyn Monroe
• Marilyn left this world way too soon.
• She was the poster child for beauty
magazines and campaigns, and a people’s idol.
• Her affair with JFK, and everything that the
fame and affair brought to her life was too
much for the famous actress to withstand.
• In the end, she took high dose of barbiturates
and put an end to the suffering
62. Jim Carrey
• Despite being one of
Hollywood’s funniest
actors, Jim Carrey has
suffered from
depression for many
years. The star was
even prescribed prozac
to help with the illness
when he was at his
worst
66. J. K. Rowling
Not everyone knows that this author
suffered from depression after her
first marriage broke down.
J. K. Rowling has said that writing
the first Harry Potter story helped
her overcome the illness.
68. Earnest Hemingway
• With books as “The old man and the sea”, and
“For whom the bell tolls”, Hemingway touched
people from age 7 to age 77.
• Despite all the fame and success, Hemingway
suffered from a severe form of depression.
• He tried to cure his depression with alcohol
• In the end, he decided to end the suffering
and committed suicide by shooting himself.
70. Virginia Wolf
• Another popular novelist and author, Wolf also
suffered from mental health problems.
• She has battled mental health problems several times
in her life.
• she had no strength to go through the process again.
• Her suicide note describes her feelings the best “I feel
certain that I’m going mad again. I feel we can’t go
through another of those terrible times. And I shan’t
recover this time. I begin to hear voices”.She filled her
pockets with stones, and walked into the river where
she drowned herself
77. Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety disorders are those that are
characterized by excessive and
persistent fear, worry, anxiety and related
behvioural disturbances.
• Fear involves an emotional response to a
threat, whether that threat is real or
perceived.
• Anxiety involves the anticipation that a future
threat may arise.
Types of anxiety disorders include:
78. Types of anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder
which is marked by excessive worry about everyday events. While
some stress and worry are a normal and even common part of life,
GAD involves worry that is so excessive that it interferes with a
person's well-being and functioning.
Agoraphobia
is characterized by a pronounced fear a wide range of public places.
People who experience this disorder often fear that they will suffer
a panic attackin a setting where escape might be difficult. Because of
this fear, those with agoraphobia often avoid situations that might
trigger an anxiety attack. In some cases, this avoidance behviour can
reach a point where the individual is unable to even leave their own
home.
79. Types of anxiety disorders
Social anxiety disorder
is a fairly common psychological disorder that involves an irrational
fear of being watched or judged. The anxiety caused by this disorder
can have a major impact on an individual's life and make it difficult to
function at school, work, and other social settings
Specific phobias
involve an extreme fear of a specific object or situation in the
environment. Some examples of common specific phobias include
the fear of spiders, fear of heights, or fear of snakes. The four main
types of specific phobias involve natural events (thunder, lightening,
tornadoes), medical (medical procedures, dental procedures,
medical equipment), animals (dogs, snakes, bugs), and situational
(small spaces, leaving home, driving). When confronted by a phobic
object or situation, people may experience nausea, trembling, rapid
heart rate, and even a fear of dying
85. Types of anxiety disorders
Panic disorder
is a psychiatric disorder characterized by panic attacks that often seem to
strike out of the blue and for no reason at all. Because of this, people with
panic disorder often experience anxiety and preoccupation over the
possibility of having another panic attack.
People may begin to avoid situations and settings where attacks have
occurred in the past or where they might occur in the future. This can create
significant impairments in many areas of everyday life and make it difficult to
carry out normal routines.
Separation anxiety disorder
is a type of anxiety disorder involving an excessive amount of fear oranxiety
related to being separated from attachment figures. People are often
familiar with the idea of separation anxiety as it relates to young children's
fear of being apart from their parents, but older children and adults can
experience it as well. When symptoms become so severe that they interfere
with normal functioning, the individual may be diagnosed with separation
anxiety disorder. Symptoms involve an extreme fear of being away from the
caregiver or attachment figure. The person suffering these symptoms may
avoid moving away from home, going to school, or getting married in order
to remain in close proximity to the attachment figure.
87. Winona Rider
• The iconic 90’s actress has also led a
troubled life
• Not only did severe anxiety when she
was a child, she was also admitted to a
psychiatric clinic when she 19 due to
severe depression
• She’s quoted as saying that she feels she
is too sensitive for this world
88. Trauma and Stressor-Related
Disorders
• Trauma- and stressor-related disorders involve
the exposure to a stressful or traumatic event.
These were previously grouped with the
anxiety disorders but are now considered a
distinct category of disorders.
• Disorders included in this category include:
89. Trauma and Stressor-Related
Disorders
Acute stress disorder
which is characterized by the emergence of severe anxiety within a
one month period after exposure to a traumatic event such as
natural disasters, war, accidents, and witnessing a death. As a
result, the individual may experience dissociative symptoms such as
a sense of altered reality, an inability to remember important aspects
of the event, and vivid flashbacks as if the event were reoccurring.
Other symptoms can include reduced emotional responsiveness,
distressing memories of the trauma, and difficulty experiencing
positive emotions
Adjustment disorders
can occur as a response to a sudden change such as divorce, job
loss, end of a close relationship, a move, or some other loss or
disappointment. This type of psychological disorder can affect both
children and adults and is characterized by symptoms such as
anxiety, irritability, depressed mood, worry, anger, hopelessness,
and feelings of isolation.
90. Trauma and Stressor-Related
Disorders
Post-traumatic stress disorder
can develop after an individual has experienced a stressful life
event. Symptoms of PTSD include episodes of reliving or re-
experiencing the event, avoiding things that remind the individual
about the event, feeling on edge, and having negative thoughts.
Nightmares, flashbacks, bursts of anger, difficulty concentrating,
exaggerated startle response, and difficulty remembering
aspects of the event are just a few possible symptoms that
people with PTSD might experience.
Reactive attachment disorder
can result when children do not form normal healthy
relationships and attachments with adult caregivers during the
first few years of childhood. Symptoms of the disorder include
being withdrawn from adult caregivers and social and emotional
disturbances that result from patterns of insufficient care and
neglect.
94. Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative disorders are psychological
disorders that involve a dissociation or
interruption in aspects of consciousness
including identity and memory
• Dissociative disorders include:
95. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative identity disorder
Formerly known as multiple personality
disorder, involves the presence of two or
more different identities or personalities.
Each of these personalities has its own
way of perceiving and interacting with the
environment.
People with this disorder experience
changes in behviour, memory, perception,
emotional response, and consciousness.
96. Dissociative Disorders
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
Characterized by experiencing a sense of
being outside of one's own body
(depersonalization) and being disconnected
from reality (derealization).
People who have this disorder often feel a
sense of unreality and an involuntary
disconnect from their own memories, feelings,
and consciousness.
97. Dissociative Disorders
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
Characterized by experiencing a sense of
being outside of one's own body
(depersonalization) and being disconnected
from reality (derealization).
People who have this disorder often feel a
sense of unreality and an involuntary
disconnect from their own memories, feelings,
and consciousness.
100. Somatic Symptom and
Related Disorders
Somatic symptom disorders are a class of
psychological disorders that involve prominent
physical symptoms that may not have a
diagnosable physical cause.
103. Somatic Symptom and
Related Disorders
Illness anxiety disorder
• Characterized by excessive concern about having an
undiagnosed medical condition.
• Those who experience this psychological disorder
worry excessively about body functions and
sensations are convinced that they have or will get a
serious disease, and are not reassured when medical
tests come back negative.
• This preoccupation with illness causes significant
anxiety and distress.
• It also leads to changes in behviour such as seeking
medical testing/treatments and avoiding situations that
might pose a health risk.
104. Conversion Disorder
• involves experiencing motor or sensory symptoms that
lack a compatible neurological or medical explanation. In
many cases, the disorder follows a real physical injury or
stressful even which then results in a psychological and
emotional response.
Factitious disorder
which used to have its own category, is now included
under the somatic symptom and related disorders
category of the DSM-5. A factitious disorder is when an
individual intentionally creates, fakes, or exaggerates
symptoms of illness. Munchausen syndrome, in which
people feign an illness to attract attention, is one severe
form of factitious disorder.
105. Mass Hysteria
• "They danced together, ceaselessly, for hours or
days, and in wild delirium, the dancers collapsed
and fell to the ground exhausted, groaning and
sighing as if in the agonies of death. When
recuperated, they resumed their convulsive
movements."
• This is a description of the epidemic of "dancing
plague" or "dancing mania" as given by Benjamin
Lee Gordon in Medieval and Renaissance
Medicine.
106. Mass Hysteria
• These events were spontaneous outbursts of
uncontrollable dancing motions that gripped
people in communities across Europe in the
Middle Ages.
• Those affected would often reportedly be unable
to stop dancing until they were so worn out and
exhausted that they died. These events are
typically cited as some of the first known
instances of what would come to be referred to
as "mass hysteria."
107. Mass Hysteria
During the springtime of 1939, one school in Louisiana
experienced a massive case of twitching among its
female students. The epidemic began after one girl
experienced uncontrollable twitching in her right leg,
during the school’s annual homecoming dance. The
girl’s twitching attacks worsened considerably over the
coming weeks; less than a month later, her female
friends and classmates also began to have twitching
episodes. The arrival of frantic parents, who took their
children away, only fueled student fears of the
twitching disease and caused a massive stampede
shortly thereafter. It took a full week for things to
finally calm down.
108. Mass Hysteria
• A similar case also gripped a convent in Germany,
when a nun began biting her companions.
Subsequently, it triggered a biting epidemic that
spread to other convents and nunneries and
reached as far as Rome. The nuns’ bizarre
behavior could be attributed to the period’s
intense belief in the supernatural. The nuns—
with their cloistered lives and rigid religious
expectations—were the ones most vulnerable to
episodes of hysteria.
109. Mass Hysteria
• Specialists who have taken an interest in this
phenomenon say that it is a type of "psychogenic illness"
— that is, a condition that begins in the mind, rather than
in the body. Physiological symptoms, however, are often
not illusory but very much real
• Mass hysteria is also described as a "conversion
disorder” in which a person has physiological symptoms
affecting the nervous system in the absence of a
physical cause of illness, and which may appear in
reaction to psychological distress
112. 27 Club Phenomenon
27 Club phenomenon is well known among music
business professionals and popular music.
Fans of club of 27 (famous people dying at 27
years old). The club includes Jimmy Hendrix,
Brian Jones, Janis Joplin, Jim Morison, and
recently, Amy Whitehouse.
113. 27 Club Phenomenon
• The most famous members of this group all died
within a two year period, from 1969-1971. These
musicians consisted of:
• Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones. Age: 27. Died
on 3 July 1969.
• Jimi Hendrix of the Jimi Hendrix Experience/Band
of Gypsies. Age: 27. Died on 18 September 1970
• Janis Joplin of Big Brother and the Holding
Company. Age: 27. Died on 4 October 1970
• Jim Morrison of the Doors. Age: 27. Died on 3
July 1971.
115. Feeding and Eating Disorders
Eating disorders are characterized by
obsessive concerns with weight and disruptive
eating patterns that negatively impact physical
and mental health.
Types of eating disorders include:
116. Feeding and Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Characterized by restricted food consumption
that leads to weight loss and a very low body
weight. Those who experience this disorder
also have a preoccupation and fear of gaining
weight as well as a distorted view of their own
appearance and behviour.
120. Anorexia Nervosa
• Isabelle Caro, French actress/model
• Her image helped rivet global attention on the
problem of anorexia in the fashion world and
beyond.
• She died at the age of 28.
121. Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia is an eating disorder characterized by
binge eating followed by purging. Binge eating
refers to eating a large amount of food in a
short amount of time.
Purging refers to attempts to get rid of the
food consumed. This may be done by vomiting
or taking laxatives.
122. Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia is an eating disorder characterized by
binge eating followed by purging. Binge eating
refers to eating a large amount of food in a
short amount of time.
Purging refers to attempts to get rid of the
food consumed. This may be done by vomiting
or taking laxatives.
125. Princess Diana
• Princess Diana under the magnificently
poised image she presented to the world, she
struggled with bulimia self-injury and lingering
feelings of worthlessness.
• In 1992, Andrew Morton published Diana:
Her True Story (based on secret recordings
Diana had an intermediary make for the
author), which revealed that the princess was
living with the eating disorder.
126. Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is
a mental disorder where people feel the
need to check things repeatedly,
perform certain routines repeatedly
(called "rituals"), or have certain
thoughts repeatedly. People are unable
to control either the thoughts or the
activities.
126
129. Sleep - Wake Disorders
Sleep disorders involve an interruption in sleep patterns that lead to
distress and affects daytime functioning. Examples of sleep disorders:
Narcolepsy
is a condition in which people experience an irrepressible need to
sleep. People with narcolepsy may experience a sudden loss of muscle
tone.
Insomnia disorder
involves being unable to get enough sleep to feel rested. While all people
experience sleeping difficulties and interruptions at some point, insomnia
is considered a disorder when it is accompanied by significant distress or
impairment over time.
Hyper somnolence
disorder is characterized by excessive sleep during the day or prolonged
nighttime sleep. People with this condition may fall asleep during the day
at inappropriate times such as at work and school. In addition to this
excessive
130. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and
Conduct Disorders
Impulse-control disorders are those that
involve an inability to control emotions and
behviours, resulting in harm to oneself or
others. These problems with emotional and
behvioural regulation are characterized by
actions that violate the rights of others such
as destroying property or physical aggression
and/or those that conflict with societal norms,
authority figures, and laws. Types of impulse-
control disorders:
131. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and
Conduct Disorders
• Kleptomania
Involves an inability to control the impulse to steal. People who have
kleptomania will often steal things that they do not really need or that
have no real monetary value. Those with this condition experience
escalating tension prior to committing a theft and feel relief and
gratification afterwards.
• Pyromania
Involves a fascination with fire that results in acts of fire-starting that
endanger the self and others.
• Intermittent explosive disorder
is characterized by brief outbursts of anger and violence that are
out of proportion for the situation. People with this disorder may
erupt into angry outbursts or violent actions in response to everyday
annoyances or disappointments.
132. Substance-Related and
Addictive Disorders
Substance-related disorders are those that
involve the use and abuse of different
substances such as cocaine,
methamphetamine, opiates, and alcohol.
These disorders may include substance-
induced conditions that can result in many
associated diagnoses including intoxication,
withdrawal, the emergence of psychosis,
anxiety, and delirium. Examples of substance-
related disorders:
133. Substance-Related and
Addictive Disorders
Alcohol-related disorders
Involve the consumption of alcohol, the most widely used
(and frequently overused) drug in the United States.
Cannabis-related disorders
Include symptoms such as using more than originally
intended, feeling unable to stop using the drug, and
continuing to use despite adverse effects in one's life.
Inhalant-use disorder
Involves inhaling fumes from things such as paints or
solvents. As with other substance-related disorders, people
with this condition experience cravings for the substance
and find it difficult to control or stop engaging in the
behviour.
134. Personality Disorders
• Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a long-standing
disregard for rules, social norms, and the rights of others. People with this
disorder typically begin displaying symptoms during childhood, have
difficulty feeling empathy for others, and lack remorse for their destructive
behviours.
• Avoidant personality disorder involves severe social inhibition and
sensitivity to rejection. Such feelings of insecurity lead to significant
problems with the individual's daily life and functioning.
• Borderline personality disorder is associated with symptoms including
emotional instability, unstable and intense interpersonal
relationships, unstable self-image, and impulsive behviours.
• Dependent personality disorder involves a chronic pattern of fearing
separation and an excessive need to be taken care of. People with this
disorder will often engage in behviours that are designed to produce care-
giving actions in others.
• Histrionic personality disorder is associated with patterns of extreme
emotionality and attention-seeking behviours. People with this condition feel
uncomfortable in settings where they are not the center of attention, have
rapidly changing emotions, and may engage in socially inappropriate
behviours designed to attract attention from others.
135. Personality Disorders
• Narcissistic personality disorder is associated with a lasting pattern of
exaggerated self-image, self-centeredness, and low empathy. People with this
condition tend to be more interested in themselves than with others.
• Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of
preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, inflexibility, and mental and
interpersonal control. This is a different condition than obsessive compulsive disorder
(OCD).
• Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a distrust of others, even family,
friends, and romantic partners. People with this disorder perceive others intentions as
malevolent, even without any evidence or justification.
• Schizoid personality disorder involves symptoms that include being detached from
social relationships. People with this disorder are directed toward their inner lives and
are often indifferent to relationships. They generally display a lack of emotional
expression and can appear cold and aloof.
• Schizotypal personality disorder features eccentricities in speech, behviours,
appearance, and thought. People with this condition may experience odd beliefs or
"magical thinking" and difficulty forming relationships.
143. 143
Schizophrenia
A group of serious psychological disorders
characterized by severe distortions in thought
and language, perception, and emotion.
145. Schizophrenia
Delusions and hallucinations.
The central feature of schizophrenia is distortions of cognition that put the individual
“out of touch with reality.” Persons with schizophrenia often hold strange false beliefs
(delusions) and have distorted and bizarre false perceptual experiences
(hallucinations). We will discuss these distortions of cognition in greater detail in
discussing the subtypes of schizophrenia.
Disorganized thinking, emotions and behviour.
As is clear in the preceding example, persons with schizophrenia often think in
fragmented and disorganized ways. Their emotions and behviour are similarly
disorganized and illogical at times. A person with schizophrenia might laugh when told
sad news or shift rapidly from happiness to sadness and back again for no apparent
reason. As a result, most of us find it very difficult to have conversations with persons
with schizophrenia.
Reduced enjoyment and interests.
Persons with schizophrenia often show what is called “blunted affect.” They find less
pleasure in life than most persons and have fewer interests and goals that are
important to them. Although their emotions change in unpredictable ways, both their
positive and their negative emotions lack normal intensity. In many ways, they just do
not care about things as much as other people. Often, this includes not being as
interested in having close friendships.
•
151. Vincent van Gogh
• As the American Journal of Psychiatry writes,
Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh "had an
eccentric personality and unstable moods,
suffered from recurrent psychotic episodes
during the last 2 years of his extraordinary life,
and committed suicide at the age of 37.
• According to the journal, Depression, Bipolar
Disorder, Epilepsy, but also Schizophrenia,
which may have run in his family.
152. Antisocial Personality Disorder
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder have a
personality disorder quite different from the schizoid
group
They frequently violate social titles and laws, take
advantage of others, and feel little guilt about it. These
individuals often have smooth social skills: They are
sweet—talking con artists who are very likable at first
But they experience great difficulties in maintaining
close personal relationship. They enter into marriages
and other intimate relationships easily, but they tend
to break up quickly.
156. Antisocial Personality
Disorder
• People with antisocial personalities have a low
tolerance for frustration. They act on impulse,
lose their tempers quickly, and lie easily and
skillfully. They are often hardened criminals. In
childhood, they are often bullies who fight, lie,
cheat, steal, and are truant from school. They
blame others for their misdeeds, feel picked
on by their parents and teachers and never
seem to learn from their mistakes.
180. 180
Bio - Psycho - Social Model
• Antipsychotic drugs/antidepressant drugs.
• Psychosurgery.
• Electroconvulsive therapy.
• cognitive treatment.
• Group therapy.
• Family therapy.
• Social rehabilitation.
181. Bio - Psycho - Social Model
• Transference-focused therapy (TFP).
• Mentalization-based therapy (MBT).
• Cognitive-behvioural therapy (CBT).
• Dialectical behviour therapy (DBT).
• Schema therapy.
