1. Stereotactic Body Radiation Vs Surgery Therapy
for Early stage NSCLC
DR RUCHIR BHANDARI
Dept of Radiation Oncology
B.R.A.I.R.C.H, AIIMS
MODERATOR
Dr KP Haresh
2. SBRT definition
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a novel
treatment modality in radiation oncology that delivers a very
high dose of radiation to the tumor target with high
precision using single or a small number of fractions
(typically 5 or less)
Critical Reviews in Oncology/ Hematology (2012)
Regardless of the treatment delivery unit used, one feature
in common is the image-guided therapy capability that
enables verification of the location of the tumor or
target volume before treatment delivery
3. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
• High ablative dose
– SRS= single Fx SBRT= 2-5 Fx
– BED important? (>100)
• Short time (1-5 treatments)
• Tight targets and rapid dose fall-off
– Damages everything in high dose area
– Overwhelms repair/repopulation mechanisms
– It is Critical to limit toxicity
– Need target tracking or gating system
20Gy x 3 = 180Gy
12Gy x 5 = 132Gy
12Gy x 4 = 106Gy
16Gy x 3 = 125Gy
18Gy x 3 = 151Gy
XRT BED
60 Gy/30 fr = 72 Gy
70 Gy/35 fr = 84 Gy
4. The Radiobiology of SBRT
The 4 R’s of Radiobiology do not apply to SRS & SBRT.
Interphase death , caused by vascular damage,
Negligible repopulation
tumours with low a/b greatest benefit
SBRT could be eliminating stem cells (in the perivascular
niche) Superior local control
5. Several recent studies have
demonstrated comparable recurrence
and survival rates for lobectomy and
sublobar resection, even in good-risk
patients with stage I lung cancer
1. Christopher Cao et al.Meta-analysis of intentional sublobar resections
versus lobectomy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer : CORE group
STUDY, Ann cardiothoracic surgery, 2014
2. Amgad El-Sherif,Outcomes of Sublobar Resection Versus Lobectomy
for Stage I Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: A 13-Year
Analysis, Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82:408 –16
3.Okada M et al. Radical sublobar resection for small-sized NSCLC: a
multicenter study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;132:769-75
4. Watanabe A et al. Feasibility of VATS segmentectomy for selected
peripheral lung carcinomas. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009;35:775-80
6. SBRT can accomplish more than conventional
XRT…
Historical control
SBRT 54 Gy in 3 #, 98% (local), (RTOG 0236)
EBRT 60-66 Gy / 30-33 #, ~50% (Qiao, Lung Cancer 2003)
Beaumont experience (Lanni, Am J Clin Oncol 2011)
3y LC, 88% vs. 66% (p=0.10) in favor of SBRT
Meta-analysis (Grutters, Radiother Oncol 2010)
SBRT (n=895) vs. EBRT (n=1326)
– 2-year OS, 70% vs. 53% (p=<0.001)
– 2-year DFS, 83.4% vs. 67.4% (p=0.006)
The poor outcome achievable with Conventional Radiotherapy is
reflected in the SEER study, showing a poor global CSS @ 5-yr --> 15%.
7. Conventional Radiation vs. SBRT
Conventional Radiotherapy SBRT
Entire course of Rx in 1-2 wks; 20-60 min/treatment, 1-5 Rxs; no sedation
or anesthesia, outpatient Rx; immediate return to activities
9. Medically inoperable – PFT ( FEV1 or DLCO < 40%),
DM/CAD, cerebral disease, Pul. HTN
Patient choice to avoid surgery
PS 0-2
Stage T1-2, N0 following PET-CT
Max tumour size < 5cm
Not adjacent to major vessels, heart, esophagus etc
Able to lie flat for at least one hour
Patient selection criteria for SBRT in early stage
NSCLC
10. The work flow
SBRT selected as a preferred treatment by a
multidisciplinary team
Lung SBRT protocol at PMH, JTO, 2008
Pre-SBRT work up
Simulation (+/- 4DCT )
Tumor & OAR contouring
Plan analysis & acceptance
Trial setup & off line CBCT
Treatment delivery & review
Follow up & data collection
13. Challenge #2: Target Motion
Solution: Respiratory Gating
- 4DCT ; MIP
- Multislice CT & dynamic scans
- Abdominal compression
- evaluation of the target
position during maximum
inspiration and expiration.
4DCT with
bellows
14. OR ROUTINE CT WITH
ACTIVE BREATHING CONTROL (ABC)
• Temporarily immobilizes patient’s breathing
• The inspiration and expiration paths of airflow are closed at a
predetermined flow direction
15. • MIP images for Target
volume contouring
• GTV= CTV=ITV (MIP)
• Contouring on lung
windows
• Image fusion to
confidently identify
target margin
• PTV= ITV+ 3-5 mm
• GTV= Gross tumor volume, CTV= Clinical
target volume, PTV= planning target
volume
Contouring
16. Stephans et al. l SBRT for Central Lung Tumors l 10/4/11 l 16
Beam placements
17. Compact intermediate dose
This accounts for toxicity.
All of this dose is in normal tissues
Very large low dose volume
A little dose to a lot of normal tissue is
better than a lot of dose to a little normal
tissue
18. Stereotactic Radiation for Stage I NSCLC
• Lung SBRT is gaining a track record of efficacy, now
reaching the intermediate term, in more robust
patients.
– Long term Japanese, IU and VUmc data
– Multi-institutional RTOG 0236 , JCOG 0406
– Many single institutional series
– Japanese, VUmc data for operable patients
– Need larger, cooperative databases
- started at the Swedish Karolinska University hospital in 1991 with tumors in the liver
and lungs . Simultaneously in Japan and clinically introduced in 1994 for lung tumors.
- During the last 5 years of the 1990s, SBRT started in Europe and the US
19. 14 Institutions ; Japan , 1993 - 2003
3yr OS 69% when BED > 100 Gy
3yr OS 81% when BED > 100 Gy ( for
operable pts.)
20. Vrije university, Amsterdam
676 Patients, (stage 1 & 2 ) single
institution , all pet staged
• DOSE= 60GY/ 3 – 8 # ( risk adapted )
• Median f/u = 33 months
• 124 ( 18% ) RECURRENCES
82 (66%) -distant
42(34%) – locoregional
• LR( 10%), LRR( 12.7%) DR (20%)
• Median survival: 41 months
5 year CSS > 60%
5yrs LC – 90%
21. Multicenter Phase II Trials Medically Inoperable
• Dutch Investigators
- 206 patients with Stage I
- Risk adapted approach well tolerated
- Primary tumor recurrence 3%, regional failure 9%, 2 year OS 64%
• JCOG 0403
- Peripheral T1a, N0, M0, inoperable
- 100 patients ,15 centres
- 3yr OS (60%), 3yr LRFS(53%)
- S/E = Gr4(1%), Gr3 (9% Dyspnoea)
• Nordic Study Group
- peripheral T1-T2, N0, M0
- completed accrual of 57 patients in 2005
- Primary tumor recurrence 7%, 2 year OS 65%
27. • SBRT has become a standard of care for medically inoperable
patients
No randomized trial deemed necessary
Up to 10,000 patients treated per year in US
• Successful clinical model using hypofractionated radiotherapy:
Rigorously conducted, highly scrutinized
Multicenter QA
Rapid and widespread acceptance
A recent survey in the USA reported that 64% of RO are currently practicing
SBRT lung (89.3%), liver (54.5%) ,spine (67.5%).
Pan H, Simpson DR et al. A survey of stereotactic body radiotherapy use in the United States. Cancer 2011;117(19):4566e4572.
28. CAUTION
• 6 possibly treatment related deaths
- 4 bacterial pneumonia
- 1 pericardial effusion
- 1 hemoptysis*
(ascribed to carinal recurrence)
Using risk-adapted treatment schedules
(60 Gy / 7.5 Gy #), excellent control rates also
in central tumours with comparable toxicity
profiles. *
* Haasbeek CJ et al J Thorac Oncol 2011;6:2036–43.21.
* Milano MT et al Radiother Oncol 2009;91:301–6.
29. 1. GTV < 13 cc
2. Stage 1A
* Radiation pneumonitis-
1. total lung V5 of >37% and c/L lung V5 > 26%
2. higher V40 -- > faster RP
3. MLD
** Chest wall toxicity-
1. Chest wall dosimetry : V30 < 30 mm3
V60 < 3 mm3
2. Tumors > 1 - 2 cm from the chest wall
and 5 cm from the posterior skin -- > low risk
PREDICTORS FOR TOXICITY
GOOD PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
- Umberto Ricardi et al , LUNG CANCER 2014
*Dutch study
*Michael strauder, Green journal 2012
** Kevin I Stephans, Red Journal 2012
30. Cancer, 2010
Median age = 79 years
80% medically inoperable, and 20% refused surgery.
Severe COPD in 25% of patients.
Risk-adapted SRT schemes were used.
The actuarial LC @ 3 years 89%.
Acute toxicity was uncommon, and late Gr 3 toxicity seen in <10% of
patients.
20 Gy x 3 # ( T1 tumors )
12 Gy x 5 # ( T1 tumors with broad
contact with chest wall ; T2 tumors)
7.5 Gy x 8 # ( tumors adjacent to heart,
large vessels, hilus, brachial plx,
mediastinum).
31. 16 % absolute increased use of SABR in aged >75years from 26% (1999–
2001) to 42% (2005–2007) resulting in significant increase in OS rate ( 16
m 21 m )
36. 2013
45 reports ( 2006 - 2012) containing 3771 patients, stage 1 NSCLC
SABR 2yr LC 91% , OS 70% ( 95% CI : 67-72)
Surgery 68% (95% CI: 66–70)
No survival or local PFS difference with different radiotherapy technologies used for
SABR.
patients with early stage NSCLC treated with SBRT had similar DFS, CSS, LC and
DC as patients treated with surgery but worse 3-year OS ( ?? Better patient profile)
Phase 3 randomised direct comparison highly recommended
37. Frank J. Lagerwaard, Neil K. Aaronson, Chad M. Gundy, Cornelis J.A. Haasbeek, Ben J. Slotman and Suresh
Senan
SABR is a highly effective treatment for stage I NSCLC, with limited toxicity.
In contrast to surgery, SABR does not lead to significant worsening of QOL in the
first year after treatment
2012
Quality of life was maintained, and emotional functioning improved significantly
after SBRT for stage I NSCLC, while
survival was acceptable, local tumor control was high, and toxicity was low.
2010Noelle C Van der Voort et al.
38. 2014
“ In conclusion, probably surgery has a potential rival in early
stage NSCLC, and in the future SABR might be more usedin one
patients’ subgroup “
At the same time, quality assurance procedures and
standardisation of stereotactic treatments ( dose prescription,
delivery techniques ) are warranted.
39. Cost-Effectiveness of SBRT vs. Surgery
Mean cost (USA) Mean cost (INDIA)
SBRT (MO) $42,094 2 – 2.5 lacs
SBRT (CO) $40,107 2 – 2.5 lacs
Wedge resection $51,487 3 – 3.5 Lacs
Lobectomy $49,093 3 – 3.5 Lacs
Shah, Cancer 2013: 119: 3123-32
Clearly operable SBRT is most effective
Lobectomy is more cost effective than wedge resection
40. Future Directions
Randomized comparison of Surgery vs SABR for
operable patients ( stage 1)
ROSEL STUDY (Vumc & Dutch study group)
- lobectomy Vs SBRT
ACOSOG Z4099/RTOG 1021
- Wedge vs SABR
*STARS Trial Lobectomy vs SABR
*MAYO Trial sublobar Sx Vs SABR
*ACCURAY Trial
41. Relapse Patterns from all RT series
Study Local Nodal Distant
CALGB 39904 8% 5% 18% (T2: 30%)
Grills 8% -- 26%
VU 4% 9% 23% @ 2 yrs
Japan 3% 8% 20%
RTOG 0236 3% 5% 22% @ 3 yrs (T2: 47%)
Can adjuvant systemic therapy improve outcomes for
early stage inoperable patients?
CALGB/RTOG – SABR +/- chemo for 2-5cm T1 tumors
43. - Palma; JCO November 2010
Time Trend Analysis: Use of SBRT vs. Observation
vs. Surgery
• 875 pts , Stage I NSCLC: SBRT introduction was associated with 16% increase
in the use of RT and increase in OS (16 Vs 21 mo, HR= 0.70 ).
44. Conclusions
• Multidisciplinary management the Gold-standard Rx approach
• Stage I: Extent of surgery and surgical expertise matters
– Good pulmonary function: Lobectomy is standard of care
• SBRT is a competitive and less morbid option than limited resection for an
Elderly, Borderline operable who can only tolerate limited lung resection
(particularly wedge) or in medically inoperable cases
• At present SBRT not a rival to Surgery….it gives chance of cure for more
localized lung cancers who were otherwise ignored
• But BEWARE about FUTURE…
• SBRT going to be a challenge to Surgery in fit operable patients
• Randomized trails are needed…But will the Surgeons allow us to do
this????
47. A Matched Pair Analysis of Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Treated With Lobectomy, Stereotactic Radiation Therapy
(SBRT), or Wedge Resection
• 286 pts: L (89), W (69), or SBRT (128): 39 pts in each of 3 well-matched groups. 90
day mortality “0” in all groups
ASTRO 2013, Int J of Rad Onc Bio Phy Vol. 87 (2), S10