Different waste management techniques for cereal crop residue.

1. Presented By:
Ruchika Zalpouri
PAU
Waste Management of
Cereal Crops

2. Cereals Wheat
Rice
Maize
Barley
Oats
Rye
• Grasses cultivated for their
edible seeds.
• Wheat and rice are the most
important crops worldwide as
they account for over 50% of the
world’s cereal production.

3. Crop Residues (CR) as Source of Plant Nutrients
Amount of macronutrients (kg) per 1 t of residue
Rice
straw
Wheat
straw
Barley
straw
Oats
straw
Rye
straw
Nitrogen 5-8 6.9 4.6 5.9 10.1
Phosphorus 0.7-1.2 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.95
Potassium 12-17 13.5 14.3 23.3 13.8
Sulphur 0.5-1 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.35
Magnesium 1-3 0.8 0.8 0.5 1.16
CRs are good sources of plant nutrients, are the primary source of organic matter added to the
soil, and are important components for the stability of agricultural ecosystems.

4. Waste Management Techniques
On Farm Management
Off Farm Management

5. Straw Mulching
Composting
Production of Biogas
OnFarmManagement

6. • CRs retained on the soil surface provide soil and
water conservation benefits, and increase
subsequent crop yield.
• Mulching system, soil is irrigated to approximately
80% of water-holding capacity.
• The residue management in no-till systems
(surface retention) provides multiple benefits:
 soil moisture conservation
 suppression of weeds
 improvement in soil quality
 reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
Straw Mulching

7. Phases of composting
Composting
Rice straw compost
Mesophilicphase
An initial phase,
in which the
decomposition is
carried out under
moderate
temperatures by
mesophilic
microorganisms.
Thermophilicphase
As the
temperature rises,
decomposition is
carried out by
various
thermophilic
bacteria under
high
temperatures.
Maturationphase
As the supply of
high-energy
compounds
decreases, the
temperature starts
to decrease, and
the mesophiles
once again
predominate in
the maturation
phase.

8. >Improved soil structure,
increased water-holding
capacity, improved root and
plant growth and reduced
wind and water erosion.
>Improvement of Compost
properties for organic
farming.
>Nitrogen considered a
limiting factor for microbial
growth and activity during
the decomposition of plant
residues.
>Time-consuming process.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Composting

9. Production of Biogas
Bio-waste is
crushed and
slurrified to
prepare for the
anaerobic
digestion
process.
Microbes like
methanogens &
sulfate-reducing
bacteria need
warm conditions,
so the bio-waste
is heated to
around 37 °C.
The actual
biogas
production takes
place through
anaerobic
digestion in large
tanks for about
three weeks.
In the final stage,
the gas is
purified
(upgraded) by
removing
impurities and
carbon dioxide

10. > Biogas is about 20%
lighter than air.
> Odorless and
colorless gas
> Biogas ignition
temperature in the range of
650–750°C
Advantages
Disadvantages
Biogas

11. Pelletization
Pyrolysis
Production of Bioethanol
Production of paper and cardboard
Removal of heavy metals
Gasification
Combustion
OffFarmManagement

12. Pelletization
• Pelletizing is the process of compressing or
molding a material into the shape of a pellet.
• Size of pellets of animal feeds:
Shrimp feeds 1.2 mm (0.047 in)
Poultry feeds 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in)
Stock feeds 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in)

13. Thermal decomposition of organic
materials in an inert atmosphere or
with insufficient oxygen to cause
partial oxidation
Endothermic process
Involves the change of chemical
composition
Irreversible process
Pyrolysis

14. • Simple, inexpensive
technology and
environment friendly
• Reduce the country’s
dependence on
imported energy
resources by
generating energy
from domestic
resources
Advantages
• Ineffective in
destroying and
physical separating
inorganic compound
from contaminated
medium.
• Requires proper
treatment, storage and
disposal of hazardous
wastes.
Disadvantages
Pyrolysis

15. Production of Bioethanol

16. Production of Bioethanol

17. Removal of heavy metals
Rabia Baby et al (2019) Palm Kernel Shell as an
effective adsorbent for the treatment of heavy metal
contaminated water.

18. • The gasification process breaks down the hydrocarbons
left into a syngas using a controlled amount of oxygen at
elevated temperatures 700°C.
• The gasification process occurs as the char reacts with
carbon dioxide and steam to produce carbon monoxide
and hydrogen.
• Syngas may be burnt directly for heating and/or
electricity production or may be further converted to act
as a substitute for almost any fossil fuel.
Gasification

19. Gasification
• Gasification in
conjunction with gas
engines obtains
higher conversion
efficiency than
conventional fossil-
fuel energy
generation.
Advantages
• High temperatures
required to break
down any waste
containing carbon.
• Not economically
attractive.
Disadvantages

20. Combustion
Refers to the rapid oxidation of fuel accompanied by the production of heat, or
heat and light
Rate of combustion depends on
(i) Nature of the fuel
(ii) Temperature
(iii) Concentration of the fuel and air or oxygen

21. >Combustion in
premixed gaseous
mixtures often
produces
interesting structure
>High temperature
required high cost
>Incomplete
combustion
produces carbon
monoxide and
harmful gases.
Advantage
Disadvantage
Combustion

22. Potential Uses of Cereal Wastes

23. Crop residue Method Product Reference
Rice straw Rice Straw Mulching Sidhu et al 2007
Composting Compost Sidhu and Beri 2005
Production of paper and
cardboard
Paper and cardboard
Rice straw
Rice husk
Pyrolysis Biochar and Bio-oil Haefele et al 2011
Islam et al 2004
Rice Husk Gasifier Syngas Lin et al 1998
Rice bran Removal of heavy
metals
Retaining up to 102
mg/g of the nickel
binding capacity at pH
6.
Zafar et al 2006
Rice

24. Pyrolysis of rice husk (adapted from Islam et al., 2004)

25. Material and energy balances of the rice husk gasification
process (adapted form Lin et al., 1998)

26. Crop residue Method Product Reference
Wheat straw Composting Compost McLanaghan 2002
Wheat Straw
Mulching
Sidhu et al 2007
Production of paper
and cardboard
Paper and
cardboard
Pyrolysis Biochar and Bio-oil Haefele et al 2011
Gasifier Syngas Illerup and Rathman
1997
Combustion Flue gas Blander and Pelton
1997
Wheat

27. Schematic diagram of the composting
process (adapted from McLanaghan, 2002)

28. Crop residue Method Product Reference
Corn stover Composting Compost McLanaghan, 2002
Corn stover Production of
Bioethanol
Bioethanol Öhdren et al 2006
Corn stover Combustion Flue gas Pordesimo et al 2005
Corn cobs
Corn stalk
Pyrolysis Bio-oil Shuangninga et al
2005
Corn oil Production of
biodiesel
Alternative fuels Kalligeros et al 2003
Maize
Corn Stover: leaves, stalks, and cobs of maize plants left
in a field after harvest

29. System boundaries in the various cropping and alternative production systems
(adapted from Seungdo et al., 2005)

30. Crop residue Method Product Reference
Barley straw Composting Compost Vuorinen 2000
Barley straw Straw Mulching
Barley straw Production of biogas Methane
production
Neves et al 2006
Barley straw Production of paper
and cardboard
Paper and
cardboard
Barley straw Pyrolysis Bio-oil Shuangninga et al
2005
Barley husks Adsorption Removal of
heavy metals
Robinson et al 2002
Barley

31. Diagram of the production of biogas process

32. Crop residue Method Product Reference
Oat straw Composting Compost Vuorinen 2000
Oat straw Pyrolysis Chloride rich
fertilizer
Bio-oil
Davidsson et al
2002
Dieckow et al 2006
Oat straw Production of
biogas
Methane rich biogas Neves et al 2006
Oats

33. Crop residue Method Product Reference
Rye straw Rye Straw Mulching Ducamp et al 2012
Rye straw Composting Compost Vuorinen 2000
Rye straw Pyrolysis Chloride rich
fertilizer
Bio-oil
Davidsson et al
2002
Dieckow et al 2006
Rye straw Production of
biogas
Methane rich biogas Neves et al 2006
Rye

34. From multiple biomass resources to a variety of fuels and energy products
(adapted from Chum and Overend, 2001)

35. References
• Asai H, Samson B K, Haefele M S, Songyikhangsuthor K, Homma K,
Kiyono Y, Inoue Y, Shiraiwa T and Horie T (2009) Biochar amendment
techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos 1. Soil
physical properties, leaf SPAD and grain yield. Field Crops Res 111:
81-84
• Bijay-Singh, Yadvinder-Singh, Imas P and Xie Jian-Chang (2004)
Potassium nutrition of rice-wheat cropping system Adv Agron 81:
203-259
• Dobermann A and Fairhurst T H (2002) Rice straw management.
Better crops. Intern 16: 7-9.

36. Thank You