2. • In order to avoid or reduce road accidents this
module can be placed in automobile vehicles.
• Sensors acts as a Neuron for the detection
of an obstacle.
• The NN is the multilayer feed-forward network
with back propagation training algorithm.
• Uses Tangent-sigmoid function.
3. What is
• An Embedded system is an applied computer system.
• “Embedded system", it constantly evolves with advances in technology
and dramatic decreases in the cost of implementing various hardware and
software components.
• Embedded systems have become very important today as they control
many of the common devices we use.
• An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and
software, either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically
designed for a particular kind of application device.
4. APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM:
• We are surrounded with many embedded products and your daily life largely
depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets.
• Apart from all these, many controllers embedded in a car it take care of car
operations between the bumpers and most of the times you tend to ignore all
these controllers.
• Consumer applications: Office automation:
5. Industrial automation:
Today a lot of industries are using embedded systems for
process control.
Computer networking:
Embedded systems are used as bridges routers etc..
8. Block diagram
IR SENSOR1
IR SENSOR2
LCD
IR SENSOR3
MICRO IR SENSOR4
MICRO
CONTROLLER
CONTROLLER
IR SENSOR5
REGULATED
REGULATED
POWER
POWER
SUPPLY
SUPPLY IR SENSOR6
DRIVER
DRIVER
IC
IC
DC DC
MOTOR MOTOR
10. Rps
• Here we can use Ac as well as Dc
• For Ac we use a circuit in order convert it to DC
through
We Basically use a SMF (sealed maintenance free) battery, it's a type of
lead acid battery, which are rechargeable with specifications
12v,1.3AH and 0.58 kgs
11. Micro controller
• The microcontroller used in this project is Atmel AT89S52
AT89S52:
•8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
•4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
•256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
•32 Programmable I/O Lines
•Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
•Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
•Fast Programming Time
•Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
•Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option
•Auto Erase before writing and Auto Verify after writing
12. IR sensors
• An electronic device that emits and/or detects infrared
radiation in order to sense some aspect of its surroundings
• Infrared sensors can measure the heat of an object, as well
as detect motion.
An infrared emitter is an LED made from
gallium arsenide, which emits near-
infrared energy at about 880nm.
13. IR transmitter
Infra red transmitter emits IR rays in planar
wave front manner
It propagates along straight line in
forward direction.
IR rays have the characteristics of producing secondary wavelets
when it collides with any obstacles in its path.
This property of IR is used here.
IR Transmitter Diode
14. IR receiver
Infrared photo receiver is a two terminal PN junction
device, which operates in a reverse bias.
15. Working of Infrared communication
• The transmitter section consists of a 555 timer IC functioning in astable
mode. The output from astable mode is fed to an IR LED via resistor
which limits its operating current.
• Infrared LED in the transmitter section emits IR radiation which is
focused by a plastic lens (optics) into a narrow beam.
• The device works best when well shielded from abient light,
and when the distance between the sensor and the reflective surface is
small(less than 5mm).
16. LCD DISPLAY
• A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual
display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid
crystals.
17. • •Display construction……16 Characters * 2 Lines
• •Display type………Positive Transflective
• •Operating temperature………Indoor
• •Driving voltage………………Single power
• •Type……………………COB (Chip On Board)
• •Number of data line……8-bit parallel
• •Connector……………Pin
19. DRIVER IC
L293D Dual H-Bridge Motor Driver
Here with one IC we can interface two DC
motors which can be controlled in both clock
wise and anti clock wise directions
L293D has an output current of 600mA and
peak output current of 1.2A per channel.
The output supply has a wide range from
4.5 V to 36V, which has made L293D as the
best choice for DC motor Driver.
20. Some other Hardware components Used:
Wheels: Two Free wheels are used at back side they are High quality
Plastic Tracked Wheel for motors with 6 mm diameter.
And one free moving wheel is placed in the front of the body ( Mettalic
Cache Body)
Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling
device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or Piezoelectric.
21. AND Gate IC(DM74LS2IN) Preset
Here we used an open style
preset to set the frequency or
the sensitivity of light .
23. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• Obstacle can be easily notified with IR sensors so
that we can avoid accidents
• These are the cheapest sensors when compared to
the remaining sensors
•Most infrared sensors must be lined up or they will not
work.
•It needs a direct line of sight between the transmitter and
receiver. For example, it doesn't work through walls or doors.
24. • In future By using Ultrasonic sensors works on a principle
similar to radar or sonar, Ultrasonic sensors generate high
frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is
received back by the sensor. So we can overcome the
disadvantages seen here .
25. • By constructing this module inside a car we
can have a safe journey under driver
guidance, and most of the vehicle accidents
can be avoided
