By Ms. Kostiuk from Microbiology department

1. Microbiology Introduction. Morphology and structure of microorganisms

11. Antony van Leeuwenhoek Leeuwenhoek was a tailor in Delft, Holland. As a draper, he used magnifying glasses to examine fabrics. He made simple microscopes with which he magnified objects too small to be seen with the naked eye. Leeuwenhoek`s investigations included observations of tiny organisms he called animalcules (little animals), blood, and other human tissues (including his own tooth scrapings), insects, other. Leeuwenhoek transmitted his findings in a series of letters, from 1674 to 1723, to the Royal Society in London, though which his observations were dissemenated. The first microorganisms were observed at 1676 by Antony van Leeuwenhoek Antony van Leeuwenhoek is known as the father of bacteriology and protozoology.

12. A brass replica of a Leeuwenhoek`s microscope Leeuwenhoek constructed more than 250 small, powerful microscopes that could magnify up to 300 times. Lens Specimen holder Focus screw Handle

13. Using of Leeuwenhoek`s microscope If you can get the lighting just right, it works

14. Examples of bacteria drawn by Leeuwenhoek Leeuwenhoek`s letters, which he transmitted to the Royal Society, contained detailed drawings, some of which clearly show microorganisms. “ I discovered living creatures in rain water which had stood but a few days in a new earthen pot. This invited me to view this water with great attention, especially those little animals appearing to me ten thousand times less than those which may be perceived in the water with the naked eye”. This is probably the first observation of bacteria.

17. Branches of microbiology The microflora of the seas, rivers and others Oceanic microbiology The role of microorganisms in agriculture. It deals with maintenance of soil fertility, the role of microorganisms in causing plant disease Agricultural microbiology The pathogenic microorganisms causing infectious diseases in animals. Veterinary microbiology Interrelationships between microbes and the environ-ment; the role of microorganisms in the nutrient cycles of soil, water, and other natural communities Microbial ecology Microbial function (metabolism) at the cellular and molecular levels Microbial physiology Studies the detailed structure of microorganisms Microbial morphology Area of study Science

19. Branches of medical microbiology Microflora of ground, water, air, environment object, food stuffs and other objects for the hygienic characteristic and their estimation as probable sources of pathogenic microorganisms transfer. Sanitary microbiology The fungi, a grope of organisms that includes microscopic forms molds and yeasts Mycology Area of study Science Study immune response of human to microorganisms. An understanding of the causative agents of diseases and the body’s defenses against infectious agents has led to preventive and treatment methods that have reduced morbidity and mortality arising from many infectious diseases Immunology The protozoa – animal-like and mostly single-celled organisms Protozoology Rickettsiae – the celled procariotic organisms which are obligate intracellular parasite Rickettsiology Viruses – minute, noncellular particles that are obligate intracellular genetic parasite living only in cells of host Virology The bacteria – the smallest, simplest single-celled procariotic organisms Bacteriology

21. Morphology and structure of microorganisms

22. The size of microorganisms

23. Bacterial shapes and arrangements

31. Rod-shaped bacteria

34. Structure of procariotic and eucariotic cells

35. Bacterial structure

36. Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Yes No Mitotic division Yes No Golgi apparatus Yes No Endoplasmic reticulum Yes No Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes) No Yes Cell wall containing of peptidoglican 80S 70S Ribosomes More then 1 1 Chromosome number Histone proteins Polyamines DNA associated with Yes No Nucleus containing a nuclear membrane surrounding DNA Yes Yes Cytoplasmic membrane EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC FEATURES OF CELLS

37. Essential structures of bacteria Contain many hydrolytic enzymes Periplasm Participates in cell division and secretion Mesosome Contain genetic material Nucleoid Protein synthesis Ribosome Motionless colloid system bounding all structures Cytoplasm Site of oxidative and transport enzymes Cytoplasmic membrane Gives rigid support, protect against osmotic pressure Cell wall with peptidoglycan

41. Gram-positive bacterial cell wall

42. Gram-negative bacterial cell wall

45. Nonessential structures of bacteria Contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, toxins Plasmid Storage sites of food Granule Provides resistance to unfavourable conditions Spore Motility Flagellum Common pilus - attachment to cell surfaces sex pilus – attachment of two bacteria during conjugation Pilus or fimbria Protects against phagocytosis Capsule

47. Arrangements of flagella on surface of bacterial cell

48. Colorized electron micrograph of Vibrios’s monotrichous (polar) flagellum

49. Colorized electron micrograph of Salmonella’s peretrichous flagella

50. Structure of bacterial flagellum

52. Flagellum and pili of E.coli

57. Spore structure

58. Formation of a bacterial spore

60. Gram stained bacilli