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Ketogenic diets
1. Ketogenic Diets
A role that low-carbohydrate diets play
in weight loss and the body
BY: Rozalia Kieliszkiewicz
2. OUTLINE
Review on Metabolic Pathways
•Fed State
•Fasting State
•Starved State
Carbohydrates
•Pathways
•Food Nutrition/ Fuel
Ketogenic Diets
•Atkins Diet
•South beach diet
•Paleo
•Wonder slim
Ketosis
•Weight Loss
•Dehydration
•Lean weight Loss
•Fat loss
Potential Side Effects
6. Review: Metabolic Pathways
FASTING STATE
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Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats are all metabolized by Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA creates the energy molecule ATP in the Krebs Cycle.
Fasting begins 2-4 hours after a meal.
Blood sugar declines, insulin declines.
Glucagon is released, Liver glycogen is released through
glugenolysis.
• Triglycerides flow out the fat cells through lipolysis.
• Fatty Acids are the main fuel for overnight fast.
• Liver creates Ketone Bodies; fuel for kidneys and muscles
7. Review: Metabolic Pathways
STARVED STATE
• Liver begins the process called gluconeogenesis
• Liver breaks down Lactate, Glycerol, and Amino
Acids
• Liver creates Ketone Bodies through Ketosis.
• Muscles burns fatty acids, decrease the use of
Ketones
• Ketone bodies are oxidized as fuel
• Liver decreases rate of Gluconeogenesis
8. Metabolic Pathways: Ketogenic Diets
• Less glucose
available , liver
creates ketones.
• No hunger, and you
burn fat for fuel.
• Muscle loss is
minimal
• Blood Lipids improve
• Improvement in
triglycerides to HDL
• Triglyceride/HDL
ratio: 1.0
9. Types of Ketogenic Diets
1) SKD (Standard Ketogenic Diet)
• Atkins Diet
• South Beach.
• Ketogenic Paleo
• Wonder Slim Diet
**These diets all include the eating of “NET
CARBS” ?
10. Net Carbs?
Total # of carbohydrates - Fiber +
Sugar alcohols = Total Daily
Carbohydrates Consumed
12. Atkins Diet
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Restriction of Carbohydrates
Ketosis = Body burns its own fat for fuel
Energy from Ketones
Less hungry = Less eating
Breath odor and Constipation
Result? = Weight loss
13. Atkins Diet
Focuses on Four Phases:
PHASE 1:
• All meat, Fish, Fawl,
Shellfish and Cheese
• Vegetables: 12 to 15
grams of net carbs
• Salad dressings: 2tbsp
• Fats and Oils
• NO ALCOHOL
PHASE 2:
• Adding 5 daily net carbs per
week
• Dairy: cottage cheese, cream,
mozzarella, ricotta cheese.
• Nuts and Seeds
• Fruits
14. Atkins Diet
PHASE 3:
PHASE 4:
• Slowing down your
weight loss
• 10 daily net carbs per
week
• Starchy Vegetables
• Legumes
• Fruits and Grains.
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Life Time Maintenance
Hunger pangs
Increasing Fat Intake
Increase in weight gain.
15. Atkins Diet
Is it safe?
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Promote heart disease?
Potential loss of bone
Problems on the liver and kidneys
Body needs 150g of carbohydrates/ day
NO studies prove that Atkins is the *miracle diet*
Not Carbs, Not protein, Not fat = Weight loss
Calorie Restriction = Weight loss
16. South Beach Diet
• Friendly Version of Atkins Diet
• Carbohydrates are included...
BUT... NO potatoes, fruit, bread, cereal, rice,
pasta, beets, carrots and corn; for the first two
weeks.
• NO saturated fats, but promotes healthy fats
• No carbohydrate counting per gram
• Focuses on normal portions and snacking
throughout the day
17. South Beach Diet
BREAKFAST
Mid-Morning Snack
LUNCH
Smoked Salmon
Scramble
Nut Butter and
Celery
Scallops
Afternoon Snack
DINNER
Late Night Snack
Garbanzos Beans
Pork-Pepper Salad
Vanilla Ricotta Crème
18. South Beach Diet
Focuses on Three phases:
PHASE 1:
PHASE 2:
• Eliminate cravings, rapid • Variety of Food: Fruits,
weight loss, 14 days
whole grain, some
vegetables.
• Stabilize your blood
sugar
• Steady weight loss
• Nutrient dense food
PHASE 3:
• Eat all foods in moderation
•Maintain your Goal weight
• Keep your weight off for good.
19. South Beach Diet
Is it safe?
• Rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and
lean Protein
• Induction Phase 1: Lots of water loss.
• This can cause electrolyte in balance
• Recommended to work closely with a dietician
or doctor.
20. Paleo Diet
• The Cavemen Diet.
• Lower risk of cardiovascular disease, blood pressure, help with weight loss, reduce
acne, promote optimal health and performance.
• Foods that can be hunted.
• Meat, Fish, shellfish, eggs, tree nuts, vegetables, roots, fruits and berries
• NO dairy, grains, sugar, legumes, potatoes, processed oils
21. Paleo Diet
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Avoid Dairy Food
High in Unsaturated and Saturated Fats
High in protein
Low in Carbohydrates (varies in net carbs)
No grains or Legumes
Limit fruit intake.
Focused on Natural food
22. Paleo Diet
SAMPLE MEAL PLAN
Breakfast Scramble
3 slices bacon
1 egg
1 cup chopped kale
1/4 of an onion
1/2 avocado
2 tsp bacon grease to fry it up in
Lunch (Coconut Curry Salmon)
3 oz baked salmon
1 tsp curry paste
1/3 cup canned coconut milk
2 tbsp coconut butter/manna
melted on top
1 cup mushrooms
1 cup cabbage
Dinner (Steak and Carrots)
3 oz eye of round steak with
some fat left on it
1 large carrot sliced up, sautéed
2 tbsp beef tallow to cook it all in
and/or drizzle over
1/2 avocado
Calories: 1,570
Carbs: 13% = 49 grams (much of
which is fiber, so the net would
be lower)
Fat: 74% = 129 grams
Protein: 15% = 60 grams
23. Paleo Diet
Is it safe?
• Nutrition experts support eating whole foods
and no process foods...
BUT
• Nutrition experts still support eating Legumes, dairy
and Whole grains as a well balanced diet.
24. Wonder Slim Diet plan
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Woman Meal plan: 1000-1200 calories daily
Men Meal Plan: 1500-1700 Calories daily
Eat 7 wonder slim meals and snacks daily
Every 2-3 hours
One Lean green meal
Average weight loss: 2-4 pounds a week.
25. Wonder Slim Diet Plan
Protein Blend, Sugar,
Soy protein nuggets,
Tapioca Starch, Cocoa,
Cream, Polydextrose,
Palm Oil, Corn Syrup,
Whey protein, Maltitol
Syrup, Fructose,
Olgofructose, water,
High oleic sunflower oil,
Milk, Soy, Lecithin,
Natural Flavor, Salt,
Calcium Carbonate,
Whey butter fat,
Caramel Color,
Sucralose, Maltodextrin
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Very high in sugar
Processed Food
Low Fat
High in Dairy
High in protein
High quantities of whey
protein.
• Appetizing? ...
26. KETOGENIC DIETS
2)CKD (Cyclical Ketogenic Diet)
• Loads and Unloads carbs
• CYCLE 1: Low carb for 2-3 days; load up on
carbs for 1-2 days, Repeat
• CYCLE 2: Load up on carbs until 2pm, No carbs
the rest of the day, Repeat
27. KETOGENIC DIETS
3) TKD (Targeted Ketogenic Diet)
• Targets specific times of the
day when carbohydrates can
be consumed
• Carbohydrates are ingested in
time of exercise
• Does not spike insulin levels
• No fat storage.
28. Ketones
• If carbohydrate intake
is (50 -100g) or less,
insulin production
drops
• Decreasing
breakdown of fats
• Release of large
amounts of fatty acids
to provide energy
• Fatty acids are
oxidized = formation
of ketones
• Ketones accumulate in
the blood = Ketosis
29. KETOSIS
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Suppresses Hunger = Lower Caloric Intake
Breakdown of muscles, heart, other organs.
Protein is depleted after 50 to 70 days of fasting
Fatty acids are broken down in a process called
ketogenesis
• Initial weight loss = Water
• Headaches, bad
breath, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, dehydration, loss
of lean body mass, Electrolyte imbalances
• Coma and death
30. Weight Loss
• Healthy weight loss is one pound
per week
• Ketogenic diets weight loss is about
4 to 6 pounds in the first week
• Not due to switching the body to
burning fat stores
• Due to diet *Induced dieresis*
Three ways to reduce body weight:
1) Dehydration 2)Lean Weight loss
3)Fat Loss
31. Weight Loss
Dehydration
• Utilized by some athletes to *Make
weight*
• Should be in a good state of hydration
• Maintained for only a few hours
• Loss is 3 to 4% body weight
Restricted Carbohydrates = Dehydration
• Two metabolic Processes occur
In which reduce total body
water content:
1)Mobilization of Glycogen
2)Formation of Ketone Bodies
32. Weight Loss
Dehydration: Mobilization of Glycogen
• Stores in liver and muscle
• Each gram of glycogen is mobilized with
approximately 2 grams of water
• Liver stores up to 100 g
• Muscle stores up to 400 g
• Result: weight loss of 2.2lbs (primarily water)
33. Weight Loss
Dehydration: Formation of Ketone Bodies
• Generation of ketone bodies from catabolism
of dietary and stored fat.
• Ketone bodies are filtered by the kidney
• Increase in distal sodium and renal sodium,
which leads to water loss
34. Weight Loss
Lean Loss
• Reduction in Caloric
Intake
• Wrong proportion of
Macronutrients
• Not exercising
properly
• Breakdown of muscle
tissue, bone and
connective tissue can
also reduce in size
• Bone Reap sorption
• Decrease Risk of
Osteoporosis.
36. Weight Loss
Lean Loss
• Only article supporting ketogenic diets as
a healthy weight loss.
• Beneficial in treatment of drug resistant
childhood epilepsy, and other
neurological disorders.
• Author of the Atkins Diet.
37. Weight Loss
Fat Loss
• Preferred manner to decrease body weight
• Increase Lean Body Mass (LBM) or muscle mass
• The greater the LBM, the more efficient the
metabolism