The document summarizes key aspects of water resources and the hydrologic cycle. It describes the hydrologic cycle as the continuous movement of water on, above and below the Earth's surface, changing forms between liquid, solid and vapor. It also outlines the major processes involved like evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration and runoff. It provides details on different water reservoirs like oceans, glaciers, groundwater, lakes and rivers. It explains the distribution and movement of water within the hydrologic cycle and between various reservoirs on Earth.

1. CHAPTER 4.1
WATER RESOURCES
REPORTERS:
IMPERIAL PRINCESS JASMINEROSH T.
BANAL MELANIE T.

2. WATER RESOURCES
• WATER RESOURCESWATER RESOURCES ARE NATURAL
RESOURCES OF WATER THAT ARE POTENTIALLY USEFUL.
USES OF WATER INCLUDE AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL,
HOUSEHOLD, RECREATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ACTIVITIES. ALL LIVING THINGS REQUIRE WATER TO
GROW AND REPRODUCE.

3. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
• THE WATER CYCLE, ALSO KNOWN AS THE HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE OR THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE, DESCRIBES THE
CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT OF WATER ON, ABOVE AND
BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.

4. CONCEPT OF WATER
CYCLE • THE WATER MOVES FROM ONE
RESERVOIR TO ANOTHER, SUCH AS
FROM RIVER TO OCEAN, OR FROM
THE OCEAN TO THE ATMOSPHERE,
BY THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF
EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION,
PRECIPITATION, INFILTRATION,
SURFACE RUNOFF, AND
SUBSURFACE FLOW. IN DOING SO,
THE WATER GOES THROUGH
DIFFERENT FORMS: LIQUID, SOLID
(ICE) AND VAPOR.

7. PROCESSES INVOLVE IN HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• EVAPORATION - IS A TYPE OF VAPORIZATION THAT
OCCURS ON THE SURFACE OF A LIQUID AS IT CHANGES
INTO THE GAS PHASE.
• TRANSPIRATION - IS THE PROCESS OF WATER MOVEMENT
THROUGH A PLANT AND ITS EVAPORATION FROM AERIAL
PARTS, SUCH AS LEAVES, STEMS AND FLOWERS.

8. • SUBLIMATION - IS THE TRANSITION OF A SUBSTANCE DIRECTLY
FROM THE SOLID TO THE GAS PHASE, WITHOUT PASSING
THROUGH THE INTERMEDIATE LIQUID PHASE.
• CONDENSATION - IS THE CHANGE OF WATER FROM ITS GASEOUS
FORM (WATER VAPOR) INTO LIQUID WATER. CONDENSATION
GENERALLY OCCURS IN THE ATMOSPHERE WHEN WARM AIR RISES,
COOLS AND LOOSES ITS CAPACITY TO HOLD WATER VAPOR. AS A
RESULT, EXCESS WATER VAPOR CONDENSES TO FORM CLOUD
DROPLETS.

9. • PRECIPITATION - IN METEOROLOGY, PRECIPITATION IS ANY
PRODUCT OF THE CONDENSATION OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER
VAPOUR THAT FALLS UNDER GRAVITY. THE MAIN FORMS OF
PRECIPITATION INCLUDE DRIZZLE, RAIN, SLEET, SNOW,
GRAUPEL AND HAIL.
• INFILTRATION - IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH PRECIPITATION OR
WATER SOAKS INTO SUBSURFACE SOILS AND MOVES INTO
ROCKS THROUGH CRACKS AND PORE SPACES. AS WE
MENTIONED BEFORE, THE BULK OF RAINWATER AND MELTED
SNOW END UP INFILTRATED.

10. CHAPTER 4.2
EARTHS WATER

11. • THE EARTH IS A WATERY PLACE. BUT JUST HOW MUCH
WATER EXISTS ON, IN, AND ABOVE OUR PLANET? ABOUT
71 PERCENT OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE IS WATER-
COVERED, AND THE OCEANS HOLD ABOUT 96.5 PERCENT
OF ALL EARTH'S WATER. WATER ALSO EXISTS IN THE AIR
AS WATER VAPOR, IN RIVERS AND LAKES, IN ICECAPS
AND GLACIERS, IN THE GROUND AS SOIL MOISTURE AND
IN AQUIFERS, AND EVEN IN YOU AND YOUR DOG.

12. • 5. THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004 ALSO PROVIDED A
COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
• ASIDE FROM THESE VARIOUS LAWS, LOCAL CITY AND MUNICIPAL
ORDINANCES ARE ALSO CREATED FOR THE SPECIFIC WATER
RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION. THE FULL
IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE LAWS BY CONCERNED AUTHORITIES IS
CRUCIAL IN THE PROPER MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF
THE DWINDLING WATER RESOURCES.

13. THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD WATER DEVELOPMENT OF 2005
CHARACTERIZED THE AMOUNT OF WATER IN EVERY RESERVOIRS
OCEAN
• IS THE LARGEST RESERVOIR
THAT CONTAINS (97.5%) OF
EARTHS TOTAL WATER WHICH
IS MOSTLY SALINE WATER
FRESHWATER
• HUMAN DEPENDS ON FRESHWATER
FOR DRINKING, AGRICULTURE, AND
INDUSTRIAL USE BUT EARTHS TOTAL
WATER CONTAINS ONLY (2.5%) OF
FFESHWATER WHICH COULD ONLY BE
FOUND IN GLACIER(68.7%)
GROUNDWATER (30.1%) PERMAFOST
(0.8%) SURFACE WATER AND
ATMOSPHERIC WATER.

14. • THE SURFACE WATERS ON RIVERS, LAKES,
SWAMPS, SOIL MOISTURE, LIVING THINGS,
ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPORS, GROUND ICE AND
PERMAFROST CONSTITUTE ONLY ABOUT 0.4% OF
THE TOTAL FRESHWATER SUPPLY OR LESS THAN
0.02% OF THE TOTAL WATER ON EARTH.

15. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF WORL WATER

16. RESIDENCE TIME
• AVERAGE LENGTH OF TIME SPENT BY WATER
MOLECULE IN THE RESERVOIR. IN LARGE
RESERVOIR THE RESIDENCE TIME IS LONGER.

17. RESIDENCE TIME FOR SPECIFIC RESERVOIR
• OCEAN AND ICE SHEETS
• GROUNDWATER
• STREAM AND RIVER
• ATMOSPHERE
• ORGANISMS
• THOUSAND OF YEARS
• TEN TO HUNDREDS OF YEARS
• FEW WEEKS
• FEW DAYS
• FEW HOURS

18. SALTWATER RESERVOIR
• AN OCEAN IS A VAST BODY OF SALINE WATER. THERE IS ONLY ONE GLOBAL OR
WORLD OCEAN AND IT COVERS 71% OF EARTH. HISTORICALLY, THE FOUR
RECOGNIZED OCEANS ARE THE ATLANTIC OCEAN, PACIFIC OCEAN, INDIAN
OCEAN, AND ARCTIC OCEAN. BUT IN 2000, THE INTERNATIONAL
HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION PROPOSED THE SOUTHERN OCEAN THAT
SURROUNDS THE ANTARCTICA AND IS CONNECTED TO THE PACIFIC, ATLANTIC
AND INDIAN OCEANS. THE TOTAL VOLUME OF WATER IN THE WORLDS OCEANS
IS ABOUT 1340 MILLION KM^3.

19. • SALINITY- THE SALTINES OF WATERS. THE SALINITY OF WATERS
VARIES FROM 33 TO 37 PARTS PER THOUSANDS. WHEN IT
EVAPORATED, THE QUARTERS DISSOLVED MATERIALS IS
COMPRISED OF NACL- SODIUM CHLORIDE-( COMMON SALT)
• SODIUM AND CHLORINE IONS- ARE THE MAJOR CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS PRESENT IN SEAWATER

20. • WEATHERING AND VOLCANIC ERUPTION- ARE THE PRINCIPAL
SOURCES OF THE ELEMENTS DISSOLVED IN THE SEAWATERS
• WEATHERING- (IN SITU) DISINTEGRATION OF GEOLOGICAL
MATERIALS, RELEASES SOLUBLE MATERIALS SUCH AS SODIUM,
POTASSIUM, AND SULFUR. THIS MATERIALS ARE CARRIED BY THE
STREAMS INTO THE SEA.
• VOLCANIC ERUPTION- ERUPTION ON BOTH LAND AND
SUBMARINES CONTRIBUTES COMPOUNDS THROUGH VOLCANIC
GASES AND HOT SPRINGS

21. THREE MAJOR ZONES IN THE OCEAN
SURFACE LAYERS
IT IS CONSIST OF RELATIVELY WARM, LOW-DENSITY WATER, THAT
EXTENDS TO THE OCEAN SURFACE TO A DEPTH OF 100 METER.
THIS LAYER CONTAINS ONLY ABOUT 2% OF WATER IN THE OCEAN
BUT IT IS THE HOME OF MOST MARINE PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

22. THERMOCLINE
IN THIS LAYER THE TEMPERATURE OF WATER DECREASES RAPIDLY
WITH DEPTH. AT HIGH LATITUDE, THIS LAYER REACHES THE
SURFACE AND EXTENDS UP TO 1500 METER.
DEEP ZONE
THIS LAYER IS BELOW THERMOCLINE, WHERE THE TEMPERATURE IS
UNIFORMLY LOW. DEEP ZONE IS THE LAYER WHICH CONTAINS 80%
OF THE OCEAN.

23. IN THE DEEP ZONE, THERE IS A THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION
DRIVEN BY DENSITY DIFFERENCES, WHICH IS CONTROLLED BY
TEMPERATURE ( THERMO ) AND SALINITY ( HALINE )
THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION
THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION (THC) IS A PART OF THE LARGE-
SCALE OCEAN CIRCULATION THAT IS DRIVEN BY GLOBAL DENSITY
GRADIENTS CREATED BY SURFACE HEAT AND
FRESHWATER FLUXES.

25. FRESHWATER RESERVOIR
MOST OF THE FRESHWATER ON EARTH IS STORED IN
GLACIERS SITUATED IN INACCESSIBLE AREAS LIKE POLAR
REGIONS AND HIGH MOUNTAINS. THE READILY AVAILABLE
FRESHWATER SOURCES ARE THE SURFACE WATER
RESERVOIRS AND GROUNDWATER RESERVOIRS.

26. GLACIERS AND ICE SHEETS
GLACIERS
IS A PERMANENT BODY OF ICE WHICH CONSISTS LARGELY OF RECRYSTALLIZED
SNOW
ICE SHEETS
IS A MASS OF GLACIAL LANDS EXTENDING MORE THAN 50,000 KM^2

27. THE FRESH WATERS STORED IN GLACIERS ARE ICE SHEETS ARE
ESTIMATED TO EXCEED 24 MILLION KM^3. ALMOST 90% IS
CONCENTRATED IN ANTARCTICA WHILE THE REST IS FOUND IN
GREENLAND AND IN MOUNTAIN GLACIERS.
GLACIERS AND ICE SHEETS INFLUENCE GLOBAL CLIMATE AND THE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE. DURING GLACIATION, LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER
BECOMES LOCKED UP AS SNOW, RESULTS TO A DECREASED IN THE
VOLUME OF RUNOFF, AND LOWER SEA LEVEL OCCUR. BUT WHEN
DEGLACIATION OCCURS, THE REVERSE HAPPENS- RIVER FLOW
INCREASES AND ALSO THE VOLUME OF THE WORLD OCEAN THAT

28. PERMAFROST
IS A SOIL, ROCK OR SEDIMENTS THAT IS FROZEN FOR MORE THAN
TWO CONSECUTIVE YEARS. THE TOTAL WATER STORED AS
UNDERGROUND ICE IN A PERMAFROST IS ESTIMATED TO BE 300,000
KM^3. IT COMPRISES ABOUT 0.8% OF THE TOTAL FRESHWATER
RESOURCES.

29. SURFACE WATER RESERVOIR
THIS REPRESENTS 0.3% OF EARTH’S TOTAL WATER RESOURCES. SURFACE
WATERS INCLUDE THE STREAMS, LAKES AND WETLANDS WHERE WATER FROM
RAINFALL, MELTING SNOW AND ICE, AND GROUNDWATER FLOWS.
THIS RESOURCE IS HARNESSED FOR IRRIGATION, RECREATION, TRANSPORT,
FISHING, DRINKING, AND HYDROPOWER.
STREAM
IS A MOVING BODY OF SURFACE WATER THAT FLOWS DOWNSLOPE TOWARDS SEA
LEVEL BECAUSE OF GRAVITY
CHANNEL
IT IS A CLEARLY-DEFINED PASSAGEWAYS WHERE PARTICLES AND DISSOLVED
SUBSTANCES ARE TRANSPORTED
RIVER
IS A STREAM WITH CONSIDERABLE VOLUME AND WELL- DEFINED CHANNEL

30. DRAINAGE BASIN AND WATERSHED
THE LAND AREA IN WHICH THE WATER FLOW INTO A PARTICULAR STREAM
DRAINAGE DIVIDE
THE LINE THAT SEPARATES INDIVIDUAL DRAINAGE
INTERFLUVE
THE NARROW ELONGATED LANDFORM SEPARATING INDIVIDUALS STREAMS WITH
A BASIN
OVERFLOW
A PROCESS WHERE WATER MOVES DOWNHILL DURING A HEAVY RAIN
STREAM FLOWS
WHERE THE WATERS ENTERS THE CHANNEL
- OVER LAND FLOW AND STREAM FLOWS CONTRIBUTES THE SURFACE RUNOFF.
THESE PROCESS INITIATES THE TRANSPORTS OF SEDIMENTS ALONG THEIR
COURSES, CARVING COMPLEX PATTERNS IN THE LANDSCAPES

31. THE TOTAL VOLUME OF WATER STORED IN STREAMS IS ESTIMATED TO BE
ABOUT 2120 KM^3. THE DRAINAGE AREA OF THE WORLDS TWENTY LONGEST
RIVER BASIN RANGE BETWEEN 1 AND 6 MILLION KM^2. CAGAYAN RIVER BASIN
WHICH COMPRISES A TOTAL AREA OF 27,280 KM^2 IS A LARGEST DRAINAGE
BASIN IN THE PHILIPPINES.
LAKES
ARE THE LARGE INLANDS BODIES OF FRESH AND SALINE WATER.IT’S UPPER
SURFACE IS EXPOSED TO THE ATMOSPHERE AND ESSENTIALLY FLAT.
POND
ARE THE SMALL AND SHALLOW LAKES
DAMS
ARE BARRIERS CONSTRUCTED ALONG STREAMS TO CONTAIN THE FLOW OF
WATER
WATERS IN LAKES COMES FROM STREAMS, OVERLAND FLOWS,AND
GROUNDWATER. WATER EXIST FROM LAKES THROUGH OUTLET STREAMS OR BY
EVAPORATION AND INFILTRATION INTO THE GROUND. GEOLOGICAL PROCESS

32. WETLANDS
ARE LAND AREAS WHWRE WATER COVER THE SURFACE FOR SIGNIFICANT
PERIODS. WETLANDS ARE BIOLOGICALLY DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTS FILLED WITH
SPECIES THAT RELY ON BOTH THE LAND WATER FOR SURVIVAL. WETLANDS
CONSTITUTE ABOUT 8.15% OF THE TOTAL LAND SURFACE AND ATMOSPHERIC
WATER. LIGAWASAN MARCH IN THE PROVINCE OF MINDANAO, NORTH
COTABATO, AND SULTAN KUDARAT IS THE LARGEST WETLAND IN THE PHILIPPINES
THAT COVERS AN AREA OF 2200 KM^2.
TYPES OF WETLANDS
MARSH- A SHALLOW WETLAND AROUND LAKES, STREAMS, AND OCEANS WHERE
GRASSES AND REEDS ARE THE DOMINANT VEGETATION.
SWAMP- WETLAND WITH LUSH TREES AND VEGETATION FOUND IN LOW-LYING
AREAS BESIDE SLOW-MOVING RIVERS. THIS OXYGEN CONTAIN IS VER LOW.
ESTUARY- PARTLY ENCLOSED COASTAL BODY OF WATER WHERE FRESHWATER
FROM STREAM MEETS THE SALT WATER FROM THE SEA. IT IS HOME TO MANY
ORGANISMY THAT CAN TOLERATE THE SHARP CHANGES IN SALINITY DUE TO THE

33. FLOODS
A NATURAL EVENT WHERE IN AN AREA THAT IS USUALLY DRY IS SUBMERGED
UNDER WATER.
FLUVIAL OR REVERINE FLOOD- OCCURS WHEN STREAM DISCHARGE IS GREATER
THAN THE CAPACITY OF THE CHANNEL, CAUSING THE STREAM TO OVERFLOW.
FLASH FLOODS- CHARACTERIZED BY INTENSE, HIGH-VELOCITY TORRENT OF
WATER THAT OCCURS IN AN EXISTING RIVER CHANNEL WITH LITTLE TO NO
NOTICE.
COASTAL FLOODING- OCCURS WHEN WATER OVERWHELMS IN LOW-LYING AREAS
ALING THE COAST, USUALLY DUE TO SEVERE WEATHER CONDITIONS.
PLUVIAL OR SURFACE WATER FLOODS- OCCURS WHEN HEAVILY RAIN FALL
CREATES A FLOOD EVENT INDEPENDENT OF AN OVERFLOWING STREAM.
VEGETATION AND PLANTS ALSO DECREASED THE AMOUNT OF SEDIMENTS THAT
COULD BE ERODED BY SURFACE RUNOFF.

34. GROUNDWATER
IS A FRESHWATER FOUND IN THE ROCK AND SOIL LAYERS BENEATH THE
SURFACE. IT IS THE LARGEST RESERVOIR OF LIQUID FRESHWATER ON EARTH. IT IS
THE LARGEST RESERVOIR OF LIQUID FRESHWATER ON THE PLANET.
AQUIFERS- A WATER-BEARING ROCK LAYERS THAT ARE AKIN TO A “SPONGE”
WHICH HOLDS GROUNDWATER IN TINY CRACKS, CAVITIES AND PORES BETWEEN
MINERAL GRAINS.
POROSITY- IS THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF EMPTY PORES SPACES IN THE ROCK. IT
DETERMINES THE AMOUNT OF WATER THAT A QUANTIFERS CAN HOLD.
SAND AND GRAVEL- HIGH POROSITY
BASALT AND DIORITES- LOW POROSITY
THE MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATERS WITHIN THE EQUIFER IS ALSO CONTROLLED
BY THE PERMIABILITY OF THW MATERIALS.
PERMIABILITY- THE ABILITY OF THE ROCKS OR SEDIMENTS TO ALLOW WATER TO
PASS THROUGH IT

35. GROUND WATER PROFILE
ZONE OF AERATION OR UNSATURATED ZONE- A ZONE BENEATH THE MOIST SOIL
LAYER ON THE SURFACE WHICH THE SPACE BETWEEN THE PARTICLES ARE FILLED
MAINLY WITH AIR.
ZONE OF SATURATION- THE LAYER BENEATH THE ZONE OF AERATION WHERE THE
SAPCE BETWEEN THE PARTICLES ARE FILLED WITH WATER.
WATER TABLE- THE BAOUNDARY BETWEEN THE ZONE OF AERATION AND THE
ZONE OF SATURATION.
CAPILLARY FRINGE- THE LAYER DIRECTLY ABOVE THE WATER TABLE WHERE IN
GROUNDWATER SEEP UP TO FILL THE PORE SPACES IN THE ZONE OF AERATION VIA
CAPILLARY ACTION
DURING THE WET SEASON, THE WATER TABLE IS FOUND AT SHALLOW DEPTHS. IT
MIGRATES DEEPER BELOW THE GROUND DURING THE DRY SEASON, RESULTING TO
THE DRYING SHALLOW WELLS.

36. AQUIFERS, ARTESIAN WELLS AND SPRINGS
UNCONFINED AQUIFERS- AN AQUIFER IN WHICH THE GROUND WATER IS FREE TO
RISE TO ITS NATURAL LEVEL
CONFINED AQUIFERS- THE WATERS IS TRAPPED AND HELD DOWN BY PRESSURE
BETWEEN IMPERMIABLE ROCKS CALLED AQUICLUDE
RECHARGED ZONE- THE LAND AREA WHERE WATER ENTERS THE GEOUND AND
REPLENISH THE GROUND WATER
FOR UNCONFINED EQUIFERS, THIS IS BASICALLY THE WHOLE DRAINAGE BASIN OR
WATERSHED. IN CONFINED EQUIFERS, THE RECHARGED ZONE IS LIMITED ONLY IN
AREAS WHERE THE EQUIFER IS EXPOSED TO THE SURFACE.
DISCHARGED ZONE- AREA WHERE THE GROUND WATER FLOWS OUT OF THE
AQUIFER AND ONTO LAND SURFACE OR EVEN INSUBMARINE ENVIRONMENT. A
WELL IN WHICH GROUND WATER IS PUMPED OUT IS ALSO A DISCHARGED ZONE.
WHEN GROUND WATER EMERGES TO THE GROUND SURFACE, A SPRING IS
CREATED

37. CHAPTER 4.3
WATER AS OUR RESOURCES

38. • MOST OF THE HUMAN CIVILIZATIONS STARTED NEAR THE
GREATEST RIVERS---- THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES OF
MESOPOTAMIA, THE NILE RIVER OF THE EGYPTIANS AND THE
YELLOW RIVER OF THE HUANG-HE CIVILIZATIONS.
• THEIR VAST FLOODPLAINS ENABLED AGRICULTURE AS WELL AS
LEAD COMMERCE TO FLUORINSH. UNTIL TODAY, PEOPLE ARE STILL
VERY MUCH DEPENDENT ON WATER RESOURCES.

39. ACTIVITIES AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF
WATER
• THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, THERE IS AN INCREASING PRESSURE
ON THE EARTH'S WATER RESOURCES. THIS IS MAINLY DUE TO HOW
HUMAN ACTIVITIES SPED UP CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIATIONS IN
NATURAL CONDITIONS. THE HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECTING WATER
RESOURCES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

40. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
AND CONSERVATION

41. • 1. POPULATION GROWTH PARTICULARLY IN WATER-SHORT
REGIONS
• 2. MOVEMENT OF LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE FROM THE
COUNTRYSIDE TO TOWNS AND CITIES.
• 3. DEMAND FOR GREATER FOOD SECURITY AND HIGHER
LIVING STANDARDS.
• 4. INCREASED COMPETITION BETWEEN DIFFERENT USES OF
WATER RESOURCES.
• 5. POLLUTION FROM FACTORIES, CITIES AND FARMLANDS.

42. • WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IS THE ACTIVITY OF PLANNING,
DEVELOPING, DISTRIBUTING AND MANAGING THE OPTIMUM USE
OF WATER RESOURCES. IT IS A SUB-SET OF WATER CYCLE
MANAGEMENT.
• THE FIELD OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WILL HAVE TO
CONTINUE TO ADAPT TO THE CURRENT AND FUTURE ISSUES
FACING THE ALLOCATION OF WATER. WITH THE GROWING
UNCERTAINITIES OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE LONG
TERM IMPACTS OF MANAGEMENT ACTIONS,THE DECISION-MAKING
WILL BE EVEN MORE DIFFICULT.

43. • IT IS LIKELY THAT ONGOING CLIMATE CHANGE WILL LEAD TO
SITUATIONS THAT HAVE NOT BEEN ENCOUNTERED. AS A RESULT,
ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ARE SOUGHT FOR IN
ORDER TO AVOID SETBACKS IN THE ALLOCATION OF WATER
RESOURCES.

44. DIFFERENT ACTIONS TAKEN TO MANAGE
WATER SUPPLY
• 1. RAIN WATER HARVESTING CAN BE USED FOR DIRECT
CONSUMPTION AND FOR REPLENISHMENT OF GROUND WATER.
• 2. SURFACE WATER IS ALSO DIVERTED INTO BASINS IN RECHARGE
ZONES TO INCREASE INFILTRATION, REDUCE EVAPORATION, AND
IMPROVE WATER QUALITY.

45. • 3. DAMS AND RESERVOIRS ARE BUILT TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL
WATER STORAGE.
• 4. INTERBASIN TRANSFER OF WATER ALSO AUGMENTS THE WATER
SUPPLY IN HEAVILY STRESSED SYSTEMS. FOR EXAMPLE, THE IPO
TRANSBASIN TUNNEL TRANSFERS WATER FROM ANGAT RIVER TO
LA MESA DAM, AUGMENTING THE WATER SUPPLY REQUIRED FOR
METRO MANILA.

46. • 5. CURRENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES MAKE THE WASTE WATER
REUSABLE AFTER EXTRUSIVE TREATMENT TO REMOVE
BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS, NUTRIENTS, AND PATHOGENS. NON
POTABLE WATER CAN BE USED FOR IRRIGATION, IN INDUSTRY, TO
MAINTAIN STREAM FLOW AND TO REPLENISH AQUIFERS.
• 6. DESALINATION IS THE PROCESS OF REDUCING THE MINERAL
CONTENT BY TAKING SALT OUT OF SEA WATER AND BRACKISH
WATER TO PRODUCE FRESH WATER.

47. LAWS AND REGULATIONS
• THE FOLLOWING LAWS AND REGULATIONS WERE MADE FOR
PROTECTION, CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF
FRESHWATER RESOURCES.
INTERNATIONAL POLICY:
• AMAZON COOPERATION TREATY ORGANIZATION - WAS FORMED
TO PROTECT THE AMAZON BASIN. THIS TREATY INVOLVES BOLIVIA,
BRAZIL, ECUADOR, GUYANA, PERU, SURINAME, AND VALENZUALA.

48. PHILIPPINE LAWS AND REGULATIONS
• 1. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE (PD) NO. 424 OF 1974 CREATED THE
NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL (NWRC) TO COORDINATE
AND INTEGRATE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
• 2. PD NO. 1067 (1976) INSTITUTED THE WATER CODE WHICH
CONSOLIDATED THE LAWS GOVERNING THE OWNERSHIP,
APPROPRIATION, UTILIZATION, EXPLOITATION, DEVELOPMENT,
CONSERVATION, AND PROTECTION OF THE WATER RESOURCES
SUBJECT TO REGULATION BY THE NWRC.

49. • 3. EXECUTIVE ORDER (EO) NO. 222 OF 1995 ESTABLISHED THE
PRESIDENTIAL COMMITTEE ON WATER CONSERVATION AND
DEMAND MANAGEMENT WHICH WAS TASKED TO PREPARE A
NATIONWIDE WATER CONSERVATION PLAN.
• 4. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8041 OR THE NATIONAL WATER CRISIS ACT
OF 1995 ADDRESSED THE COUNTRY'S WATER PROBLEMS THROUGH
AN INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT PROGRAM AND
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW WATER RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION
OF IDENTIFIED WATERSHEDS AMONG OTHER PROVISIONS.